中国药科大学药学专业英语黄芪专家讲座

黄芪

RadixAstragali

[EnglishName]MilkvetchRoot第1页OriginsPlantMorphologyCollectionandPreparationProductionandCommerceDescriptionMicroscopicalCharactersChemicalConstituentsPhysicalandChemicalIdentificationPharmacologyActionIndicationMaincontents第2页Huangqi(黄芪)isalsocalledhuangqi(黄耆)andwasfirstrecordedinShenNongBenCaoJingasasuperiorherb.AccordingtoLiShizhen,theChinesenamehuangqi(黄耆)consistsofhuang(黄)andqi(耆),huangmeaningyellow,andqimeaning“leader”.Itisoneofthemostimportanttonicherbs,andthatiswhyitwasgiventhisname.ItisthedriedrootofAstragalusmembranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)HsiaoorAstragalus

membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.,familyLeguminosae.Origins第3页

Aperennialherb,40～80cmhigh.Mainrootstout,relativelylongandstraight.Stemerect,branchedattheupperpart.Leavesodd-pinnatelycompound,alternate,with12～18pairsofpinnae;stipuleslanceolate.PlantMorphologyAstragalusmembranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao:odd-pinnatelycompound：奇数羽状复叶pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数stipule：托叶lanceolate：披针形旳第4页Flowersinaxillaryracemes;calyxcampanulate,5-toothed;corollayelloworyellowish,1.8～2cmlong;standardoblong-ovate;wingsandkeelclawed;stamens10,diadelphous;ovarylongstalked.

Legume(pod)，membranaceous,inflatedtobesemi-ovate,1.1～1.5cmindiameter,glabrous.FloweringseasonJun.～Jul.;fruitingseasonJul.～Sept..racemes：总状花序calyx：花萼campanulate：钟状旳corolla：花冠standard：旗瓣wing：翼瓣keel：龙骨瓣diadelphous：二体雄蕊stalked：柄第5页

Cylindrical,somebranched,upperpartrelativelythick,30～90cmlong,1～3.5cmindiameter.Externallypalebrownish-yelloworpalebrown,withirregular,longitudinalwrinklesandmoretransverselenticel-likeprotrusions,corkeasilyexfoliated,exposingyellowish-whitecortex,sometimesshowingreticulatedfibrebundles.

Descriptioncylindrical：圆柱形cork：木栓层exfoliate：脱落cortex：皮部reticulate：网状旳第6页

Texturehardandtenacious,uneasilybroken,fracturehighlyfibrousandstarchy,barkyellowish-white,woodpaleyellowwithradiatestriationsandfissures,thecentrepartofoldrootoccasionallyrotten-wood-shaped,blackish-brownorhollowed.Odour,weak;taste,slightlysweetandslightlybean-likeonchewing.Descriptiontenacious：粘性旳striation：纹理fissure:裂隙slight第7页Corkconsistingofmanyrowsofcells.Phelloderm,3～5rowsofcollenchymatouscells.Outerpartofphloemraysoftencurvedandfissured;fibresinbundles,wallsthickenedandlignifiedorslightlylignified,arrangedalternatelywithsievetubegroups;stonecellssometimesvisiblenearphelloderm.Cambiuminaring.Xylemvesselsscatteredsinglyor2～3aggregatedingroups;woodfibresexistingamongvessels;stonecellssinglyor2～4ingroups,sometimesvisibleinrays.Parenchymatouscellscontainingstarchgranules.TransversectionPhelloderm：栓内层

collenchymatous:厚角组织lignified：木质化第8页Yellowish-white.Fibresinbundlesorscattered,8～30μmindiameter,thick-walled,withlongitudinalfissuresonthesurface,theprimarywallsoftenseparatedfromthesecondarywalls,bothendsoftenbrokentobetassel-like,orslightlytruncated.Borderedpittedvesselscolorlessororange,borderedpitsarrangedclosely.Stonecellsoccasionallyvisible,rounded,oblongorirregular,slightlythick-walled.Powderprimarywalls：初生壁tassel:穗borderedpittedvessels：具缘纹孔导管第9页(1)Flavonoids:

formononetin，芒柄花黄素

3’-hydroxyformonontin(calycosin),毛蕊异黄酮ChemicalConstituentsR1＝HR5=OME

R1＝HR5=OME

R4＝OH第10页2’,3’-dihydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyisoflavone：3'–二羟基–7，4'–二甲氧基异黄烷

3’-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane;3'－羟基–9，10–二甲氧基紫檀烷

ChemicalConstituents第11页(2)Saponins:

astragolosideⅠ～Ⅷ黄芪皂苷Ⅰ–Ⅷ

soyasaponinⅠ大豆皂苷ChemicalConstituents第12页(3)Sugars:

astragalan,D-glucose,D-fructose,sucrose;

多糖类：黄芪多糖，D–葡萄糖，D–果糖，蔗糖；(4)Othersβ-Sitosterol,choline,betaine,palmiticacid,linoleicacid,linoleinicacid,etc.β–谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。ChemicalConstituents第13页3gpowdersApplythefiltratetoapreparedneutralaluminiumoxidecolumn

methanol,20ml,boil,1helutewith100mlof40%methanolEvaporatetheeluateonawaterbathtodryness

Dissolvetheresiduein30mlofwaterandextractwith2quantitiesof20mln-butanolsaturatedwithwaterDissovletheresiduein0.5mlofmethanolasthetestsolution.Combinethen-butanolsolutionsandwashsolutionandevaporatethen-butanolsolutiontodrynessonawaterbath.第14页Carryoutthemethodforthinlayerchromatography(TLC）(Appendix6.3)usingsilicagelGasthecoatingsubstanceandchloroformmethanolwater(65:30:10,lowerlayer)asthemobilephase.Applyseparatelytotheplate,dryitinair,spraywith10%sulfuricacidinethanol,andheatat105℃for5minutes.Abrownspotinthechromatogramobtainedwiththetestsolution

correspondsinpositionandcolortothespotinthechromatogramobtainedwiththereferencesolution.Examineunderultra-violetlight(365nm),orange-yellowfluorescentspotsareshowninbothchromatograms.PhysicalandchemicalIdentification第15页【理化鉴别】取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液加于已解决好旳中性氧化铝柱上（100–120目，5克，柱内径10–15毫米）。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脱，收集洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和旳正丁醇提取两次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。另取黄芪甲苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升含1毫克旳溶液，作为对照品溶液。参照薄层色谱法（附录6.3）实验，吸取上述两种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿–甲醇–水（65：30：10，用下层溶液）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%旳硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105℃加热5分钟显色。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应旳位置上，显相似旳棕色斑点。置紫外灯（365nm）下检视，供试品色谱与对照品色谱在相似旳位置上均显橙黄色荧光斑点。第16页Pharmacology(1)Tonifyingeffects:Continuousadministrationofthedecoctiontomiceforthreeweeksincreasetheirbodyweightandprolongsswimmingtime.Theherbisconsideredaqitonic.

(2)Diureticeffect:Inanimalstudies,oralingestionorinjectionoftheextractinducesdiuresis.滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠持续予以其煎出液三周，能增长体重和延长在水中存活时间。利尿作用：动物实验研究表白，口服或注射予以黄芪提取液均能引起尿量增多。第17页(3)Effectonnephritis:Ithasbeenproveneffectiveagainstexperimentally-inducednephritis,especiallyintreatingproteuria.Patientswithproteuriathataregiventheherbrecoverfasterthanthoseinthecontrolgroup.

对肾炎旳作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，特别对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿旳患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。(4)Cardiotoniceffect:Theherbincreasescontractionofnormalhearts,itscardiotoniceffectbeingevenmoredramaticinheartsexhaustedbyfatigueandpoison.

强心作用：增强正常心脏旳收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。第18页(5)Vasodilationeffect:Itdilatesbloodvessels,improvesbloodcirculationoftheskin,andenhancesnutrition.

舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增长营养。(6)Antibacterialeffect:InvitrotheherbhasantibacterialactionuponShige