中级写作精讲课件

ContemporaryCollegeEnglish

IntermediateWriting,BookTwo

1

UnitThree:PopIconsandHeroes

2Maintasks

Tolearn

1)howtosupportyouclaiminanargumentativeessay2)theuseoflanguage(conciseness)MaintasksTole3

I.Revision:Argumentation1.Essentialelementsofargumentation

1)Theissue2)Theclaim3)Thesupporttypesofsupport–reasons,evidence,emotionalappeal)4)Refutation

I.Revision:Argumentation4Theclaiminanargumentativeessay1)Itisthepointofviewtheauthortriestoproveabouttheissue,thatis,theauthor’sviewontheissue(thethesisstatement)

2)Aclaimisbasicallycomposedoftwoparts:thefirstpartistheissueunderthediscussionandthesecondpartisthecommentorthejudgment

ontheissue.Theclaiminanargumentative53)Itisnotobjective/impartial,butsubjectivelyassertedbytheauthor,basedonhis/herspecificknowledgestructure,valuesystem,etc.4)Aclaiminargumentationismeanttobepresentedfor“publicacceptance”-anyclaimthatclasheswiththebasicinterestsandprinciplesofthetargetedpublicismostlikelytoberejected(basedonthepublicgood)3)Itisnotobjective/impart65)Itrequiressupportiveevidencetoshow

totheaudience/readersthatitiswell-foundedandtrustworthy.中级写作精讲课件7Typesofclaims

[seep.26-]

Claimsinargumentationareusuallyclassifiedintothreetypes,eachwithadifferentquestiontoaddress:aclaimoffactaclaimofvalueaclaimofpolicyTypesofclaims[seep.2681).

Aclaimoffact

A)Itrefersto

thetypeofclaimanauthormakesaboutacertainfact;inotherwords,itisastatementaboutthestatusorconditionsofafact.

1).Aclaimoffact9

B)Asaclaimoffactconcernsthefactualstatusofanissue,tojustifyitrequiresonetodemonstratehowtrueitisinrealityB)Asaclaimoffactconcer10Aclaimoffactcanonlybesupportedbyfactualevidence

a)directfactualevidence(statistics,hardproof,etc.)b)indirectfactualevidence(authority,inferencesbasedonknownfacts)

中级写作精讲课件11C)Aclaimoffactshouldnotbeconfusedwiththefactitself.a)aclaimoffactisamentalinterpretationofacertainreality;areportoradescriptionaboutafact,usuallybasedontheauthor’sbelief,outlook,wayofperception,knowledgestructure,etc.b)theauthoractuallygivesthefactastrongsubjectivecoloring.C)Aclaimoffactshouldnot122)Aclaimofvalue-ItisdifferentfromaclaimoffactA)NotastatementaboutthetruthfulnessoffactsB)Notintendtoassertwhethersomethinghasexisted,exists,orwillexist,butusedtomakejudgmentsC)Toexpressone’sattitudetowardssomethingbyapprovingordisapprovingaccordingtosomestandardorvaluesystem2)Aclaimofvalue-Itis13

B)Effectiveclaimsofvaluearebasedon

a)somevaluesystem,tastesorpreferences

sharedbyacertainpublic

b)supportedbysufficientevidence/prooftoshowtotheaudience/readerthatitiswell-foundedandtrustworthy

B)Effectiveclaimsofvalue143)AclaimofpolicyA)Asthenamesuggests,itadvocatesadoptionofpoliciesorcoursesofactionbecauseproblemshavearisencallingforsolutionB)Itusuallycontainstwosubclaims:

3)Aclaimofpolicy15Claimofpolicysubclaimsubclaim

problemtobeaddressedactiontotacklethe

problemClaimofpolicysubclaimsubclai16II.

Argumentation(thesupport)

1.Thesupportdefined

Theevidencetheauthorprovidestoshowthathis/herclaimiswell-founded.The3commontypesofsupportare:II.Argumentation(thesupport172.TypesofsupportReasons(p.51)Evidence(pp.51-52)Emotionalappeal(pp.51,125)2.Typesofsupport18A)Emotionalappealiseffective

a)whenpureevidentialsupportisnotsufficienttowinovertheaudiencetoyoursideb)theauthormakesadirectappealtotheaudienceforsupport

tryingtobringtheaudiencearoundtoaccepthis/herclaimbysayingthattheysharethesamevalue,needs,etc.A)Emotionalappealiseffect19B)Inrealargumentation–

a)thesetypesofsupportareoftencombinedtoworkfortheeffect;b)itisofvitalimportancetomakesurethesupportprovidedfortheclaimissufficient,up-to-dateandrelevantB)Inrealargumentation–20Practicingtheguidelines

[p.53-]Ex.2Studythefollowingshortpassagesandfindoutwhattype(s)ofevidenceusedineachtosupportthetopicsentence(reason).Practicingtheguidelines[211)Examples2)statistics3)personalobservation4)expertopinion中级写作精讲课件22III.Theuseoflanguage

(conciseness)

1.Whatisconciseness?

a)Itmeansbeingdirectandtothepoint,withoutusingunnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwords,thebetter.III.Theuseoflanguage(con23b)Theoppositeofconciseness-

redundancy(usingmorewordsthannecessary)wordiness(usingtoomanywords)onlyobscure,insteadofclarifying,theidea.avoidredundancyandtightenwordysentencestoachieveconciseness.b)Theoppositeofconciseness242.Howtoachieveconciseness1)Avoidrepetitionofideas1.Thanksgivingfostersasenseofbelongingandtogetherness.Revised:Thanksgivingfostersasenseofbelonging.2.Howtoachieveconciseness252.ItwasblueincolorRevised:Itwasblue.3.Itwassmallinsize.Revised:Itwassmall.4.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.

Revised:Maryisquietandcareful.

2.Itwasblueincolor262)Avoidunnecessaryrepetitionofwords

Example:1.ThefirstwomantochairthecommitteewasLiMing.Ms.LiMingwasalsotheyoungestpersonevertoholdtheoffice.Revised:Ms.LiMing,thefirstwomantochairthecommittee,wasalsotheyoungestevertoholdtheoffice.2)Avoidunnecessaryrepetiti27

2.MyfathercomplainsthatI’malwaysonthephone,atanytimeoftheday.HemeansthatIdon’tgiveanyoneelseachancetouseit.Revised:MyfathercomplainsthatnooneelsehasachancetousethephonebecauseI’monitallday.2.Myfathercomplainsthat28

3)Takeoutthepadding(unnecessaryanduninterestingwordsaddedtomakeasentencelonger)Examples

1.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Revised:HereturnedinearlyAugust.3)Takeoutthepadding(unne292.WhatIbelieveisthatyousucceedlargelybecauseofyourperseverance.Revised:Ibelieveyousucceedlargelybecauseofyourperseverance.4).Changeclauses/phrasesintophrases/singlewords.

Examples2.WhatIbelieveisthatyou301.Thereport,whichwasreleasedrecently,shockedeveryoneintheschool.Revised:Therecentreportshockedeveryoneintheschool.2.theclassshowingthebestperformance–thebestclass3.amanwithambition–anambitiousman1.Thereport,whichwasrelea31

5)Avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs.Thefunctionofthisdepartmentisthecollectionoffundsforchildrennotinschool.Revised:Thisdepartmentcollectsfundsforchildrennotinschool.5)Avoidoverusingthenounf32

3.PracticingtheGuidelines[p.55]Ex.11)W;2)W;3)C);4)C;5)W;6)W;7)W;8)W;9)W;10)C

3.PracticingtheGuidelines33Ex.2

Rewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemmoreconcise[p.55]1.Theteachingplantooktwomonthstorevise.2.Thestudentscompletedtheprojectbythedeadline3.InMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsinthiscitywillelectrepresentatives,whowillattendanationalcongressofmodelworkersinBeijinginOctober.4.Allmembersagreedthatameetingwasnecessary.Ex.2Rewritethefollowings34

5.Surroundedbytrees,thehousecanhardlybeseenfromtheoutside.6.Mrs.Johnsonapprovedofmyideatoreducethehomeworkload.7.ThecommitteeagreedtohelpMr.Smithdecideonpriorities.

358.Ifyouneedhelpincompletingyourproject,pleasenotifyMr.Wills,myassistant.9.Wewillnotknowtheresultsuntilwecompletethiscontest.10.Iamamazedtodiscoverthatwehavebeencontactingthewrongpersonforasolution.8.Ifyouneedhelpincompl36ReadingforWriting

YourPeers’Compositions[pp.65-]

LiAo-GongYiduoHeJiong:IsHeWorthAdmiring?-LiNaPleasforSisterLin-SongRuiKeepaSafeDistancefromPopIcons-FeiChenReadingforWritingYourPeers37Questionstothinkabout1.Whataretheargumentsforthefouressays?2.Doyouconsiderthewriters’waysofdevelopingtheirthesiseffectively?Why?Questionstothinkabout381.Whataretheargumentsforthefouressays?Passage1:thewriterarguesthatsheadmiresLiAoforhisknowledge,pertinacityandout-spokennessdespiteallthecriticismshehasreceived.Passage2:thewriterstatesthereasonswhysheadmiresHeJiong:histalent,humorandpersonality1.Whataretheargumentsfor39

Passage3:althoughLinDaiyuisgenerallysaidtobenarrow-minded,noteasy-goingandacrimonious,theseremarkscannevermarherbeautyinheartandinlooks.

Passage4:thewritercautionsreaderstokeepasafedistancefrompopiconsbecausetheycanbeanegativeexampleforthehealthydevelopmentofyoungpeople.Passage3:althoughLinDaiy402.Doyouconsiderthewriters’waysofdevelopingtheirthesiseffectively?Why?

Yes,sincetheyallprovidereasonsandevidencetosupport/provetheirpointofview.Theywanttoprovethatafigure,thoughcontroversial,maymeritouradmiration,asinthecasesofLiAo,HeJiongandLinDaiyu;foralltheirgoodlooksandpopularity,somepopiconsmayevenhavenegativeinfluenceuponyoungpeople,asinthecaseofMichaelJackson,etc.2.Doyouconsiderthewrite41

ContemporaryCollegeEnglish

IntermediateWriting,BookTwo

42

UnitThree:PopIconsandHeroes

43Maintasks

Tolearn

1)howtosupportyouclaiminanargumentativeessay2)theuseoflanguage(conciseness)MaintasksTole44

I.Revision:Argumentation1.Essentialelementsofargumentation

1)Theissue2)Theclaim3)Thesupporttypesofsupport–reasons,evidence,emotionalappeal)4)Refutation

I.Revision:Argumentation45Theclaiminanargumentativeessay1)Itisthepointofviewtheauthortriestoproveabouttheissue,thatis,theauthor’sviewontheissue(thethesisstatement)

2)Aclaimisbasicallycomposedoftwoparts:thefirstpartistheissueunderthediscussionandthesecondpartisthecommentorthejudgment

ontheissue.Theclaiminanargumentative463)Itisnotobjective/impartial,butsubjectivelyassertedbytheauthor,basedonhis/herspecificknowledgestructure,valuesystem,etc.4)Aclaiminargumentationismeanttobepresentedfor“publicacceptance”-anyclaimthatclasheswiththebasicinterestsandprinciplesofthetargetedpublicismostlikelytoberejected(basedonthepublicgood)3)Itisnotobjective/impart475)Itrequiressupportiveevidencetoshow

totheaudience/readersthatitiswell-foundedandtrustworthy.中级写作精讲课件48Typesofclaims

[seep.26-]

Claimsinargumentationareusuallyclassifiedintothreetypes,eachwithadifferentquestiontoaddress:aclaimoffactaclaimofvalueaclaimofpolicyTypesofclaims[seep.26491).

Aclaimoffact

A)Itrefersto

thetypeofclaimanauthormakesaboutacertainfact;inotherwords,itisastatementaboutthestatusorconditionsofafact.

1).Aclaimoffact50

B)Asaclaimoffactconcernsthefactualstatusofanissue,tojustifyitrequiresonetodemonstratehowtrueitisinrealityB)Asaclaimoffactconcer51Aclaimoffactcanonlybesupportedbyfactualevidence

a)directfactualevidence(statistics,hardproof,etc.)b)indirectfactualevidence(authority,inferencesbasedonknownfacts)

中级写作精讲课件52C)Aclaimoffactshouldnotbeconfusedwiththefactitself.a)aclaimoffactisamentalinterpretationofacertainreality;areportoradescriptionaboutafact,usuallybasedontheauthor’sbelief,outlook,wayofperception,knowledgestructure,etc.b)theauthoractuallygivesthefactastrongsubjectivecoloring.C)Aclaimoffactshouldnot532)Aclaimofvalue-ItisdifferentfromaclaimoffactA)NotastatementaboutthetruthfulnessoffactsB)Notintendtoassertwhethersomethinghasexisted,exists,orwillexist,butusedtomakejudgmentsC)Toexpressone’sattitudetowardssomethingbyapprovingordisapprovingaccordingtosomestandardorvaluesystem2)Aclaimofvalue-Itis54

B)Effectiveclaimsofvaluearebasedon

a)somevaluesystem,tastesorpreferences

sharedbyacertainpublic

b)supportedbysufficientevidence/prooftoshowtotheaudience/readerthatitiswell-foundedandtrustworthy

B)Effectiveclaimsofvalue553)AclaimofpolicyA)Asthenamesuggests,itadvocatesadoptionofpoliciesorcoursesofactionbecauseproblemshavearisencallingforsolutionB)Itusuallycontainstwosubclaims:

3)Aclaimofpolicy56Claimofpolicysubclaimsubclaim

problemtobeaddressedactiontotacklethe

problemClaimofpolicysubclaimsubclai57II.

Argumentation(thesupport)

1.Thesupportdefined

Theevidencetheauthorprovidestoshowthathis/herclaimiswell-founded.The3commontypesofsupportare:II.Argumentation(thesupport582.TypesofsupportReasons(p.51)Evidence(pp.51-52)Emotionalappeal(pp.51,125)2.Typesofsupport59A)Emotionalappealiseffective

a)whenpureevidentialsupportisnotsufficienttowinovertheaudiencetoyoursideb)theauthormakesadirectappealtotheaudienceforsupport

tryingtobringtheaudiencearoundtoaccepthis/herclaimbysayingthattheysharethesamevalue,needs,etc.A)Emotionalappealiseffect60B)Inrealargumentation–

a)thesetypesofsupportareoftencombinedtoworkfortheeffect;b)itisofvitalimportancetomakesurethesupportprovidedfortheclaimissufficient,up-to-dateandrelevantB)Inrealargumentation–61Practicingtheguidelines

[p.53-]Ex.2Studythefollowingshortpassagesandfindoutwhattype(s)ofevidenceusedineachtosupportthetopicsentence(reason).Practicingtheguidelines[621)Examples2)statistics3)personalobservation4)expertopinion中级写作精讲课件63III.Theuseoflanguage

(conciseness)

1.Whatisconciseness?

a)Itmeansbeingdirectandtothepoint,withoutusingunnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwords,thebetter.III.Theuseoflanguage(con64b)Theoppositeofconciseness-

redundancy(usingmorewordsthannecessary)wordiness(usingtoomanywords)onlyobscure,insteadofclarifying,theidea.avoidredundancyandtightenwordysentencestoachieveconciseness.b)Theoppositeofconciseness652.Howtoachieveconciseness1)Avoidrepetitionofideas1.Thanksgivingfostersasenseofbelongingandtogetherness.Revised:Thanksgivingfostersasenseofbelonging.2.Howtoachieveconciseness662.ItwasblueincolorRevised:Itwasblue.3.Itwassmallinsize.Revised:Itwassmall.4.Maryisaquietandcarefulwoman.

Revised:Maryisquietandcareful.

2.Itwasblueincolor672)Avoidunnecessaryrepetitionofwords

Example:1.ThefirstwomantochairthecommitteewasLiMing.Ms.LiMingwasalsotheyoungestpersonevertoholdtheoffice.Revised:Ms.LiMing,thefirstwomantochairthecommittee,wasalsotheyoungestevertoholdtheoffice.2)Avoidunnecessaryrepetiti68

2.MyfathercomplainsthatI’malwaysonthephone,atanytimeoftheday.HemeansthatIdon’tgiveanyoneelseachancetouseit.Revised:MyfathercomplainsthatnooneelsehasachancetousethephonebecauseI’monitallday.2.Myfathercomplainsthat69

3)Takeoutthepadding(unnecessaryanduninterestingwordsaddedtomakeasentencelonger)Examples

1.HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.Revised:HereturnedinearlyAugust.3)Takeoutthepadding(unne702.WhatIbelieveisthatyousucceedlargelybecauseofyourperseverance.Revised:Ibelieveyousucceedlargelybecauseofyourperseverance.4).Changeclauses/phrasesintophrases/singlewords.

Examples2.WhatIbelieveisthatyou711.Thereport,whichwasreleasedrecently,shockedeveryoneintheschool.Revised:Therecentreportshockedeveryoneintheschool.2.theclassshowingthebestperformance–thebestclass3.amanwithambition–anambitiousman1.Thereport,whichwasrelea72

5)Avoidoverusingthenounformsofverbs.Thefunctionofthisdepartmentisthecollectionoffundsforchildrennotinschool.Revised:Thisdepartmentcollectsfundsforchildrennotinschool.5)Avoidoverusingthenounf73

3.PracticingtheGuidelines[p.55]Ex.11)W;2)W;3)C);4)C;5)W;6)W;7)W;8)W;9)W;10)C

3.PracticingtheGuidelines74Ex.2

Rewritethefollowingsentencestomakethemmoreconcise[p.55]1.Theteachingplantooktwomonthstorevise.2.Thestudentscompletedtheprojectbythedeadline3.InMaypeopleofdifferentprofessionsinthiscitywillelectrepresentatives,whowillattendanationalcongressofmodelworkersinBeijinginOctober.4.Allmembersagreedthatameetingwasnecessary.Ex.2Rewritethefollowings75

5.Surroundedbytrees,thehousecanhardlybeseenfromtheout