名词解释自考《英语词汇学》173

1¡¢typesofmorphemes:Freemorphemes;boundmorphemes;inflectionalmorphemes.2¡¢typesofboundmorphemes£ºPrefix;Suffix.3¡¢typesofidioms:IdiomsNominalinnature;IdiomsAdjectivalinnature;IdiomsVerbalinnature;IdiomsAdverbalinnature;sentenceidioms.4¡¢typesofwordmeaning:Grammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning;conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning(connotativemeaning\stylistic~\affective~\collocative~)5¡¢idiomsstylisticfeatures:colloquialisms;slang;literaryexpressions.6¡¢idiomsrhetoricalfeatures:phoneticmanipulation(alliteration\rhyme);lexicalmanipulation(reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition);figures of speech(simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification)7¡¢typesofwordformation:affixation;compounding;conversion;blending;clipping;acronym;back-formation;wordfrompropernames.8¡¢changesinwording:extension;narrowing;elevation;degradation;transfer.9¡¢typesofmotivation:morphologicalmotivated;semantic~;etymological~;onomatopoeic~10¡¢Óïϵ»®·ÖµÄ±ê×¼Esternset:Balto-Slavic(Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.),Indo-Iranian£¨Persian,Hindi£©,ArmenianandAlbanian£»Westernset:Celtic(Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton),Italic(Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek),Germanic(Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,English,German).Îå¡¢41-45Ãû´Ê½âÊÍ*2£»Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Morphology:thestudyofmorphemeandtheirdifferentforms.Semantics£ºthestudyofwordmeaning.Etymology:thestudyoftheoriginofwords,andoftheirhistoryandchangesintheirmeaning.Stylistics:thestudyofthevariationinlanguagewhichisdependentonthesituationinwhichthelanguageisusedandalsoontheeffectthewriterorspeakerwishestocreateonthereaderorhearerLexicography:thecompilingofdictionaries.Synchronicstudy:thestudyofawordorwordsatoneparticularpointintime.Diachronicstudy:anapproachtolexicologywhichstudieshowaword(orwords)changesoveraperiodoftime.word:awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.vocabulary£ºVocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.TerminologyÊõÓïconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:JargonÐл°referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.slangÙµÓïbelongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwordsArgotºÚ»°generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,Archaisms¹Å´ÊÓïarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.NeologismsдÊÓïarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.denizensͬ»¯´ÊarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Alien·Çͬ»¯´Êareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Translation-loans.½èÒë´ÊTranslation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.Semantic-loans½èÒå´ÊWordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.Contentword:thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabulary,whichaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.Itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.Creation:theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguageAllomorph:anyofthedifferentformsofamorphemeFreemorpheme:alinguisticformwhichcanbeusedonitsownasawordBoundmorpheme:aform(morpheme)whichcannotheusedalonehutmustbeusedwithanothermorpheme.BoundmorphemesincludehoundrootsandaffixesAffixes:formsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunctionPrefixation(suffixation):istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixes(suffixes)tostemInflectionalaffixes:affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsDerivationalaffixes:affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordsRoot:amorphemewhichisthebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentityStem:aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeaddedBoundroot:arootthatcannotstandaloneasawordMonomorphemicwords:wordsthathavenothingmorethanafreemorphemeAffixation:Derivation(alsoknownasaffixation)istheprocessofformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Affixatonconsisitsofprefixationandsuffixation.Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems;suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Compounding:Compoundingorcompositionistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswaytirecalledcompounds.Conversion£ºConversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation.Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversionAcronymyAcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy°üº¬Á½Àà:1)initialisms(²»·¢Òô)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(ÐγÉеķ¢Òô)e.g.CORE,TEFLBlendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowo