九年级中考复习之被动语态课件

am/iswasbeenarewerebeenbreakbrokebrokenbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrivedrovedriveneatateeaten

givegavegiven

growgrewgrownInfinitive

Pasttense

PastparticipleWarming-up课前热身am/is1hearheardheardholdheldheldknowknewknownmakemademadeseesawseensendsentsentsellsoldsoldsingsangsungshowshowedshownspeakspokespokenteachtaughttaughtthrowthrewthrownwritewrotewrittenWarming-upInfinitive

Pasttense

Pastparticiple课前热身hearh2动词复习专题系列：—ByKangDongniThePassiveVoice被动语态动词复习专题系列：—ByKangDongniTheP3ThePassiveVoice被动语态:《中考宝典》P70◆考纲要求：1.重点掌握被动语态的四种基本形式：一般现在时&一般过去时的被动语态；一般将来时&含情态动词的被动语态；了解现在完成时的被动语态。2.被动语态的四个注意事项。◆命题规律：考查题型上主要为单项选择、完形填空以及看图短文填空题。近三年考查内容主要集中在被动语态的四种基本形式方面。ThePassiveVoice被动语态:《中考宝典4九年级中考复习之被动语态课件5

It’sveryimportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.Everyday,manytrees

arecutdown.Wasteisthrownaway.Theairispolluted.Wastewaterispouredintorivers.Wildanimalsarekilled.…保护环境对于我们来说很重要。每天树木被砍伐，废物被乱扔，空气被污染，污水被排放到河里，野生动物被杀……

6观察下列句子并总结：1.manytreesarecutdown.2.Wasteisthrownaway.3.Theairispolluted.4.Wastewaterispouredintorivers.5.Wildanimalsarekilled.

观察下列句子并总结：7★一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.pExercises:Nowsurfing__________(enjoy)bypeopleallovertheworld.现在冲浪受到世界各地人们的喜爱。2.Camera_________(use)fortakingphotos.

相机是用来照相的。areused

isenjoyed

★一般现在时的被动语态：Exercises:areuse83).Ourclassroom____________(clean)byuseveryday.4).Themuseum____________(visit)bymillionsofpeopleeveryyear.5).PeoplelearnEnglishbecauseit___widely__________(speak)intheworld.iscleanedisvisitedisspoken3).Ourclassroom____________9九年级中考复习之被动语态课件10Thoughmumwasn’tathomelastnight,TomandMarystillhadagooddinner.ThevegetableswerecutbyMary.ThefoodwascookedbyTom.Andaftersupper,thedisheswerewashedbyMary.Thetablewaswiped(擦)byTom.Thekitchenwascleanedbythemtwo.尽管妈妈昨晚不在家，汤姆和玛丽仍然吃了一顿很好的晚餐。菜是被玛丽切的，食物是被汤姆煮好的。晚饭后，碗是被玛丽洗的，桌子是被汤姆擦的，厨房是被他们俩打扫干净的。九年级中考复习之被动语态课件11观察下列句子并总结：1.ThevegetableswerecutbyTom.2.ThefoodwascookedbyMary.3.ThedisheswerewashedbyMary.4.Thetablewaswiped(擦)byTom.5.Thekitchenwascleanedbythemtwo.

观察下列句子并总结：12★一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+Vp.pExercises:1.Anewmachine____________(invent)lastmonth.一种新机器上个月被发明了。2.Thewindow____________(break)byTom

yesterday.那扇窗昨天被汤姆打破了。wasinventedwasbroken★一般过去时的被动语态：Exercises:wasinv133).Thebook____________(write)byPeterBrownlastyear.4).Ourschoolhasalonghistory,andit____________(build)in1901.5).Manystudents_____________(send)toAmericabyLinda’sschoollastyear.waswrittenwasbuiltweresent3).Thebook____________(wri14北京朝阳区北京朝阳区15ChaoyangisveryfamousbothinBeijingandinChina.Somenewbuildingswillbebuiltsoon.Moreimportantmeetingswillbeheldthere.Itwillbevisitedbymanypeople.Itwillbelovedbymoreandmorepeople.Webelieveitwillbeknownbythepeopleallovertheworld.朝阳在北京和中国都很出名。新的建筑很快将被修建。更多的重要会议将在这里被召开。它将被许多的人参观。它将被越来越多的人热爱。我们相信它将被全世界的人们所了解。Chaoyangisveryfamousboth16观察下列句子并总结：1.Somenewbuildingswillbebuiltsoon.2.Moreimportantmeetingswillbeheldthere.3.Itwillbevisitedbymanypeople.4.Itwillbelovedbymoreandmorepeople.5.Webelieveitwillbeknownbythepeopleallovertheworld.观察下列句子并总结：17★一般将来时的被动语态：willbe+Vp.pExercises:1.Theletter_____________(post)tomorrow.

这封信明天将被寄走。2.Anewfilm_______________(show)

nextweek.一部新电影下周将被上映。willbepostedwillbeshown★一般将来时的被动语态：Exercises:willbe183).Thehardwork________________(finish)tomorrow

andthenwewillhaveatwo-dayoff.4).Aparty______________(hold)forgrandma’sbirthday

nextweek.5).Shehasmovedtothenewbuilding.Heroldhouse_____________(sell)soon.

willbefinishedwillbeheldwillbesold3).Thehardwork_____________19九年级中考复习之被动语态课件20RulesfortheChemistryLab化学实验室（使用）规定1.Noeatinganddrinkingcanbeallowedinthechemistrylab。在实验室里吃和喝不能被允许。2.Wastepapershouldbethrownintothepaperbasket.废纸应该被扔进纸篓里。3.Nothingmaybetouchedwithoutpermission(允许)。未经允许，什么东西都不能（被）触碰。4.Everytingmustbeputbackaftertheexperiment.试验后每样东西必须被放回（原处）。5.Thelabshouldbekeptclean.实验室应该被保持整洁。RulesfortheChemistryLab化21观察下列句子并总结：1.Noeatinganddrinkingcanbeallowedinthechemistrylab.2.Wastepapershouldbethrownintothepaperbasket.3.Nothingmaybetouchedwithoutpermission.4.Everytingmustbeputbackaftertheexperiment.5.Thelabshouldbekeptclean.观察下列句子并总结：22★含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+Vp.pExercises:1.Thismedicine_____________(take)threetimesaday.这个药必须每天（被）吃三次。2.Wildanimals____________________(protect).

野生动物应该受到保护。mustbetakenshouldbeprotected★含情态动词的被动语态：Exercises:mustbe233).Theyoungtreesmust___________(look)afterwell.4).Thestarscan’t__________(see)inthedaytime.belookedbeseen3).Theyoungtreesmust______24★现在完成时的被动语态：have/has+been+Vp.pExercises:1.Theflowersinthegarden_______________(water)byBobalready.花园里的花已经被鲍勃浇过水了。2.Thiskindofshirt_________________(sellout)

already.这种衬衣已经被卖完了。

havebeenwateredhasbeensoldout★现在完成时的被动语态：Exercises:havebe251.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.p2.一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+Vp.p3.一般将来时的被动语态：willbe+Vp.p4.含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+Vp.p5.现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+been+Vp.pSummary:★解题方法小锦囊：1.找标志词，判定时态。2.看主谓之间的关系，判定语态：主动Or被动？3.确定被动后，套用公式。1.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.pS26九年级中考复习之被动语态课件27()1.It’scommonknowledge(常识)thatblacktea_____inChinamorethan600yearsago.[2009沈阳]A.isinventedB.wasinventedC.inventsD.invented()2.Trees_____everyyeartomakeourcitygreener.[2011南宁]

A.plantB.wereplantedC.areplantedD.willbeplanted()3.Don’tputofftoday’sworkfortomorrow.Imean,today’swork______today.[2009河北]A.maydoB.mustdoC.maybedoneD.mustbedone()4.Afriendlybasketballmatchbetweenteachersandstudents______tomorrowafternoon.[2011浙江]

A.washeldB.isheldC.mustbeheldD.willbeheld()5.—WhatisJim’stelephonenumber?—It_____ontheblackboardalready.[2010深圳]A.writesB.hasbeenwrittenC.iswrittenD.wrote()6.People____totalkloudlyinthelibrary.[2010茂名]A.arenotallowedB.areallowedC.allowedD.don’tallow【中考链接,小试身手】BCDDBA()1.It’scommonknowledge(28◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察1】1.Thiskindofpenwritesverysmoothly.这种钢笔写起来很流畅。2.Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere.这种衬衫在这儿卖得很好。★【我们来总结】1.write,sell,wash,cut等词作不及物动词时，当它们的主语为物，要用主动形式表被动意义。3.Theflowerssmellsnice.4.Mooncakestastedelicious.5.Anaccidenthappenedjustnow.6.Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.2.look,sound,taste,smell,feel,sound等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。4.need+doing相当于needtobedone，表示被动意义。3.happen,takeplace,cometrue等不及物动词没有被动语态。:主动表被动◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察1】1.Thiski29◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察2】1.Thebossmakestheworkersworkallday.→Theworkersaremadetoworkallday.2.Weoftenhearthegirlsinginthenextroom.→Thegirlisoftenheardtosinginthenextroom.主动句中感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice以及使役动词make,let,have等后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时要补to。★【我们来总结:感官动词或使役动词的被动】主动：see/hear/watch/feel/noticesb.dosth.被动：sb.beseen/heard/watched/felt/noticedtodosth.主动：make/let/havesb.dosth.被动：sb.bemade/let/hadtodosth.◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察2】1.Thebos301.Henryisoftenseen_________(draw)bytheriver.2.Bettywasheard__________(play)thepiano

inherroom

atthistimeyesterday.todrawplaying1.Henryisoftenseen_______31◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察3】1.Thenursetakescareofthesickman.→Thesickmanistakencareof

bythenurse.2.Weshouldlistentotheteachercarefullyinclass.→Theteachershouldbelistenedtocarefullyinclass.★【我们来总结】短语动词：短语动词用于被动语态应作为一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。类似的短语还有：

lookafterspeaktotalktotakeawayturnon/off…etc.◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察3】1.Thenur32◆被动语态的四个注意事项:1.Hegivesme

abook.→Iamgivenabook.→Abookisgiventomebyhim.2.Bobsenther

aletterlastweek.→Shewassentaletter.→AletterwassenttoherbyBoblastweek.3.Mumboughtme

anewdress.→Iwasboughtanewdress.→Anewdresswasboughtformebymum.★【请你观察4】★【我们来总结:带双宾语的句子】谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语(人)转化成主语；也可以将直接宾语(物)转化成主语，但这个时候记得要在间接宾语(人)之前加上介词to或for。(givesth.tosb.)(sendsth.tosb.)(buysth.forsb.)◆被动语态的四个注意事项:1.Hegivesmeab33

双宾语：八年级上册P179givebringlendsendshowleavewriteteachpass…sth.tosb.buycookmakeread…sth.forsb.双宾语：八年级上册P179givesth.t34九年级中考复习之被动语态课件35㊣？判断句子正(T)误(F)。1.Anewpenwasgivenherbyhermother.()2.Theoldshouldbespokenpolitely.()3.Thiskindofice-creamistastedverydelicious.()4.Anewhousewillbeboughtforhimbyhisson.()5.Theboywasmadecleanstreetswithoutpay(无偿)

intheolddays.()6.Atrafficaccidentwashappenedonmywayhomeyesterday.()FFFFFT

toher

spokentotastestocleanhappened__________________________㊣？判断句子正(T)误(F)。1.Anewpenwa36()1.—Whatdoyouthinkoftheskirt?—Oh,thecloth_____verysoft.A.feelsB.isfeltC.feltD.isfeeling()2.Greatchanges______inHuizhouinthepast20years.A.havebeentakenplaceB.havebeenhappenedC.havetakenplaceD.havehappened()3.Thebabyareoftenmade_____byitsfather.A.laughingB.laughsC.tolaughD.laughed()4.ThePRC

(中华人民共和国)_______onOctober1st,1949.A.wasfoundB.wasfoundedC.isfoundD.isfounded()5.Weknowthatthepaperis______wood.A.madeofB.madefromC.madebyD.madein【中考链接,小试身手】ACCBB()1.—Whatdoyouthinkof37记住几组被动搭配：bemadein+产地bemadeby+生产制造者bemadeof+材料（原材料可见）bemadefrom+材料（原材料不可见）ThiskindofcarsismadeinJapan.Thebirthdaycakewasmadebymymother.Thetableismadeofwood.Breadismadefromwheat(小麦)

.记住几组被动搭配：Thiskindofcarsis38《英语测试报》A1版

《英语测试报》A1版39★被动语态的基本形式：1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+Vp.p2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+Vp.p3.一般将来时的被动语态:willbe+Vp.p4.含情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+Vp.p5.现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+been+Vp.pSummary★被动语态的四个注意事项。★被动语态的基本形式：Summary★被动语态的四个注意事项40Finish《中考宝典》P70—73.ThePassiveVoiceHomeworkFinish《中考宝典》P70—73.Homework41九年级中考复习之被动语态课件42

am/iswasbeenarewerebeenbreakbrokebrokenbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrivedrovedriveneatateeaten

givegavegiven

growgrewgrownInfinitive

Pasttense

PastparticipleWarming-up课前热身am/is43hearheardheardholdheldheldknowknewknownmakemademadeseesawseensendsentsentsellsoldsoldsingsangsungshowshowedshownspeakspokespokenteachtaughttaughtthrowthrewthrownwritewrotewrittenWarming-upInfinitive

Pasttense

Pastparticiple课前热身hearh44动词复习专题系列：—ByKangDongniThePassiveVoice被动语态动词复习专题系列：—ByKangDongniTheP45ThePassiveVoice被动语态:《中考宝典》P70◆考纲要求：1.重点掌握被动语态的四种基本形式：一般现在时&一般过去时的被动语态；一般将来时&含情态动词的被动语态；了解现在完成时的被动语态。2.被动语态的四个注意事项。◆命题规律：考查题型上主要为单项选择、完形填空以及看图短文填空题。近三年考查内容主要集中在被动语态的四种基本形式方面。ThePassiveVoice被动语态:《中考宝典46九年级中考复习之被动语态课件47

It’sveryimportantforustoprotecttheenvironment.Everyday,manytrees

arecutdown.Wasteisthrownaway.Theairispolluted.Wastewaterispouredintorivers.Wildanimalsarekilled.…保护环境对于我们来说很重要。每天树木被砍伐，废物被乱扔，空气被污染，污水被排放到河里，野生动物被杀……

48观察下列句子并总结：1.manytreesarecutdown.2.Wasteisthrownaway.3.Theairispolluted.4.Wastewaterispouredintorivers.5.Wildanimalsarekilled.

观察下列句子并总结：49★一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.pExercises:Nowsurfing__________(enjoy)bypeopleallovertheworld.现在冲浪受到世界各地人们的喜爱。2.Camera_________(use)fortakingphotos.

相机是用来照相的。areused

isenjoyed

★一般现在时的被动语态：Exercises:areuse503).Ourclassroom____________(clean)byuseveryday.4).Themuseum____________(visit)bymillionsofpeopleeveryyear.5).PeoplelearnEnglishbecauseit___widely__________(speak)intheworld.iscleanedisvisitedisspoken3).Ourclassroom____________51九年级中考复习之被动语态课件52Thoughmumwasn’tathomelastnight,TomandMarystillhadagooddinner.ThevegetableswerecutbyMary.ThefoodwascookedbyTom.Andaftersupper,thedisheswerewashedbyMary.Thetablewaswiped(擦)byTom.Thekitchenwascleanedbythemtwo.尽管妈妈昨晚不在家，汤姆和玛丽仍然吃了一顿很好的晚餐。菜是被玛丽切的，食物是被汤姆煮好的。晚饭后，碗是被玛丽洗的，桌子是被汤姆擦的，厨房是被他们俩打扫干净的。九年级中考复习之被动语态课件53观察下列句子并总结：1.ThevegetableswerecutbyTom.2.ThefoodwascookedbyMary.3.ThedisheswerewashedbyMary.4.Thetablewaswiped(擦)byTom.5.Thekitchenwascleanedbythemtwo.

观察下列句子并总结：54★一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+Vp.pExercises:1.Anewmachine____________(invent)lastmonth.一种新机器上个月被发明了。2.Thewindow____________(break)byTom

yesterday.那扇窗昨天被汤姆打破了。wasinventedwasbroken★一般过去时的被动语态：Exercises:wasinv553).Thebook____________(write)byPeterBrownlastyear.4).Ourschoolhasalonghistory,andit____________(build)in1901.5).Manystudents_____________(send)toAmericabyLinda’sschoollastyear.waswrittenwasbuiltweresent3).Thebook____________(wri56北京朝阳区北京朝阳区57ChaoyangisveryfamousbothinBeijingandinChina.Somenewbuildingswillbebuiltsoon.Moreimportantmeetingswillbeheldthere.Itwillbevisitedbymanypeople.Itwillbelovedbymoreandmorepeople.Webelieveitwillbeknownbythepeopleallovertheworld.朝阳在北京和中国都很出名。新的建筑很快将被修建。更多的重要会议将在这里被召开。它将被许多的人参观。它将被越来越多的人热爱。我们相信它将被全世界的人们所了解。Chaoyangisveryfamousboth58观察下列句子并总结：1.Somenewbuildingswillbebuiltsoon.2.Moreimportantmeetingswillbeheldthere.3.Itwillbevisitedbymanypeople.4.Itwillbelovedbymoreandmorepeople.5.Webelieveitwillbeknownbythepeopleallovertheworld.观察下列句子并总结：59★一般将来时的被动语态：willbe+Vp.pExercises:1.Theletter_____________(post)tomorrow.

这封信明天将被寄走。2.Anewfilm_______________(show)

nextweek.一部新电影下周将被上映。willbepostedwillbeshown★一般将来时的被动语态：Exercises:willbe603).Thehardwork________________(finish)tomorrow

andthenwewillhaveatwo-dayoff.4).Aparty______________(hold)forgrandma’sbirthday

nextweek.5).Shehasmovedtothenewbuilding.Heroldhouse_____________(sell)soon.

willbefinishedwillbeheldwillbesold3).Thehardwork_____________61九年级中考复习之被动语态课件62RulesfortheChemistryLab化学实验室（使用）规定1.Noeatinganddrinkingcanbeallowedinthechemistrylab。在实验室里吃和喝不能被允许。2.Wastepapershouldbethrownintothepaperbasket.废纸应该被扔进纸篓里。3.Nothingmaybetouchedwithoutpermission(允许)。未经允许，什么东西都不能（被）触碰。4.Everytingmustbeputbackaftertheexperiment.试验后每样东西必须被放回（原处）。5.Thelabshouldbekeptclean.实验室应该被保持整洁。RulesfortheChemistryLab化63观察下列句子并总结：1.Noeatinganddrinkingcanbeallowedinthechemistrylab.2.Wastepapershouldbethrownintothepaperbasket.3.Nothingmaybetouchedwithoutpermission.4.Everytingmustbeputbackaftertheexperiment.5.Thelabshouldbekeptclean.观察下列句子并总结：64★含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+Vp.pExercises:1.Thismedicine_____________(take)threetimesaday.这个药必须每天（被）吃三次。2.Wildanimals____________________(protect).

野生动物应该受到保护。mustbetakenshouldbeprotected★含情态动词的被动语态：Exercises:mustbe653).Theyoungtreesmust___________(look)afterwell.4).Thestarscan’t__________(see)inthedaytime.belookedbeseen3).Theyoungtreesmust______66★现在完成时的被动语态：have/has+been+Vp.pExercises:1.Theflowersinthegarden_______________(water)byBobalready.花园里的花已经被鲍勃浇过水了。2.Thiskindofshirt_________________(sellout)

already.这种衬衣已经被卖完了。

havebeenwateredhasbeensoldout★现在完成时的被动语态：Exercises:havebe671.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.p2.一般过去时的被动语态：was/were+Vp.p3.一般将来时的被动语态：willbe+Vp.p4.含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+Vp.p5.现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+been+Vp.pSummary:★解题方法小锦囊：1.找标志词，判定时态。2.看主谓之间的关系，判定语态：主动Or被动？3.确定被动后，套用公式。1.一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are+Vp.pS68九年级中考复习之被动语态课件69()1.It’scommonknowledge(常识)thatblacktea_____inChinamorethan600yearsago.[2009沈阳]A.isinventedB.wasinventedC.inventsD.invented()2.Trees_____everyyeartomakeourcitygreener.[2011南宁]

A.plantB.wereplantedC.areplantedD.willbeplanted()3.Don’tputofftoday’sworkfortomorrow.Imean,today’swork______today.[2009河北]A.maydoB.mustdoC.maybedoneD.mustbedone()4.Afriendlybasketballmatchbetweenteachersandstudents______tomorrowafternoon.[2011浙江]

A.washeldB.isheldC.mustbeheldD.willbeheld()5.—WhatisJim’stelephonenumber?—It_____ontheblackboardalready.[2010深圳]A.writesB.hasbeenwrittenC.iswrittenD.wrote()6.People____totalkloudlyinthelibrary.[2010茂名]A.arenotallowedB.areallowedC.allowedD.don’tallow【中考链接,小试身手】BCDDBA()1.It’scommonknowledge(70◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察1】1.Thiskindofpenwritesverysmoothly.这种钢笔写起来很流畅。2.Thiskindofshirtsellswellhere.这种衬衫在这儿卖得很好。★【我们来总结】1.write,sell,wash,cut等词作不及物动词时，当它们的主语为物，要用主动形式表被动意义。3.Theflowerssmellsnice.4.Mooncakestastedelicious.5.Anaccidenthappenedjustnow.6.Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.2.look,sound,taste,smell,feel,sound等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。4.need+doing相当于needtobedone，表示被动意义。3.happen,takeplace,cometrue等不及物动词没有被动语态。:主动表被动◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察1】1.Thiski71◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察2】1.Thebossmakestheworkersworkallday.→Theworkersaremadetoworkallday.2.Weoftenhearthegirlsinginthenextroom.→Thegirlisoftenheardtosinginthenextroom.主动句中感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice以及使役动词make,let,have等后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时要补to。★【我们来总结:感官动词或使役动词的被动】主动：see/hear/watch/feel/noticesb.dosth.被动：sb.beseen/heard/watched/felt/noticedtodosth.主动：make/let/havesb.dosth.被动：sb.bemade/let/hadtodosth.◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察2】1.Thebos721.Henryisoftenseen_________(draw)bytheriver.2.Bettywasheard__________(play)thepiano

inherroom

atthistimeyesterday.todrawplaying1.Henryisoftenseen_______73◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察3】1.Thenursetakescareofthesickman.→Thesickmanistakencareof

bythenurse.2.Weshouldlistentotheteachercarefullyinclass.→Theteachershouldbelistenedtocarefullyinclass.★【我们来总结】短语动词：短语动词用于被动语态应作为一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。类似的短语还有：

lookafterspeaktotalktotakeawayturnon/off…etc.◆被动语态的四个注意事项:★【请你观察3】1.Thenur74◆被动语态的四个注意事项:1.Hegivesme

abook.→Iamgivenabook.→Abookisgivento