医疗行业竞争动态

CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsMichaelA.HittR.DuaneIrelandRobertE.HoskissonChapter51©2003SouthwesternPublishingCompanyStrategyImplementationChapter13StrategicEntrepreneurshipChapter11OrganizationalStructureandControlsChapter10CorporateGovernanceChapter12StrategicLeadershipStrategyFormulationStrategicCompetitivenessAbove-AverageReturnsStrategicIntentStrategicMissionChapter2TheExternalEnvironmentChapter3TheInternalEnvironmentTheStrategicManagementProcessFeedbackStrategicInputsStrategicActionsStrategicOutcomesChapter5CompetitiveRivalryandCompetitiveDynamicsChapter4Business-LevelStrategy2DefinitionsCompetitorsfirmsoperatinginthesamemarket,offeringsimilarproductsandtargetingsimilarcustomersCompetitiverivalrytheongoingsetofcompetitiveactionsandresponsesoccurringbetweencompetitorscompetitiverivalryinfluencesanindividualfirm’sabilitytogainandsustaincompetitiveadvantages3DefinitionsCompetitivebehaviorthesetofcompetitiveactionsandcompetitiveresponsesthefirmtakestobuildordefenditscompetitiveadvantagesandtoimproveitsmarketpositionCompetitivedynamicsthetotalsetofactionsandresponsestakenbyallfirmscompetingwithinamarket4FromCompetitorstoCompetitiveDynamicsCompetitorsThroughcompetitive behaviorCompetitiveactionsCompetitiveresponsesTogainanadvantageous marketpositionCompetitiveDynamicsCompetitiveactionsandresponsestakenbyall firmscompetinginamarketCompetitiverivalryEngageinWhatresults?Whatresults?Why?How?5個案:GeneralMills早餐穀片市場主要競爭者—家樂氏與Post(PhilipMorris旗下的Kraft)競爭手法—價格/創新產品買一送一的促銷GeneralMills的問題現有競爭者潛在競爭者供應商的貨源受污染1995年GM總裁宣佈取消價格促銷戰術家樂氏跟進Post乘機爭奪市場次要競爭者(私有品牌)伺機大顯身手改良產品提高效率和零售商建立良好關係大廠的競爭反應減價私有品牌利潤受到壓縮而出售產品線6EffectofCompetitiveRivalryonaFirm’sStrategiesSuccessofastrategyisdeterminedby:thefirm’competitiveactionshowwellitanticipatescompetitors’responsestothemhowwellthefirmanticipatesandrespondstoitscompetitors’initialactionsCompetitiverivalryaffectsalltypesofstrategiesmostdominantinfluenceisonthefirm’sbusiness-levelstrategyorstrategies.

7AModelofCompetitiveRivalryCompetitiveAnalysisMarketcommonalityResourcesimilarityDriversofCompetitiveBehaviorAwarenessMotivationAbilityInterimRivalryLikelihoodofAttackFirstmoverincentivesOrganizationalsizeQualityLikelihoodofResponseTypeofcompetitiveactionReputationMarketdependenceOutcomesMarketpositionFinancialperformancefeedback8CompetitiveRivalryFirmsaremutuallyinterdependent

onefirm’scompetitiveactionshavenoticeableeffectsoncompetitorsonefirm’scompetitiveactionselicitcompetitiveresponsesfromcompetitorscompetitorsfeeleachother’sactionsandresponsesMarketplacesuccessisafunctionofbothindividualstrategiesandtheconsequencesoftheiruse9CompetitorAnalysisCompetitoranalysisatechniquefirmsusetounderstandtheircompetitiveenvironment.Alongwiththegeneralandindustryenvironments,thecompetitiveenvironmentcomprisesthefirm’sexternalenvironmentatechniqueusedtohelpthefirm

understanditscompetitorsthefirststeptobeingabletopredictcompetitors’behaviorintheformofitscompetitiveactionsandresponses10MarketCommonalityMarketCommonalityisconcernedwiththenumberofmarketswithwhichafirmandacompetitorarejointlyinvolvedthedegreeofimportanceoftheindividualmarketstoeachcompetitorMostindustries’’marketsaresomewhatrelatedintermsoftechnologiescorecompetenciesMultimarketcompetitionFirmscompetinginseveralmarkets11ResourceSimilarityResourcesimilaritytheextenttowhichthefirm’stangibleandintangibleresourcesarecomparabletoacompetitor’sintermsofbothtypeandamountFirmswithsimilartypesandamountsofresourcesarelikelytohavesimilarstrengthsandweaknessesusesimilarstrategiesAssessingresourcesimilaritycanbedifficultifcriticalresourcesareintangibleratherthantangible12AFrameworkofCompetitorAnalysisMarketCommonalityHighLowLowHighResourceSimilarityTheshadedarearepresentsdegreeofmarketcommonalitybetweentwofirmsResourceendowmentBResourceendowmentAKEYIIIIIIIV13DriversofCompetitiveActionsandResponses:AwarenessistheextenttowhichcompetitorsrecognizethedegreeoftheirmutualinterdependencemutualinterdependenceresultsfrommarketcommonalityresourcesimilarityAwarenessAwarenessDriversofcompetitivebehavior14MotivationDriversofCompetitiveActionsandResponses:Motivationconcernsthefirm’sincentivetotakeactionortorespondtoacompetitor’sattackandrelatestoperceivedgainsandlossesAwarenessDriversofcompetitivebehaviorMotivation15AbilityDriversofCompetitiveActionsandResponses:Abilityrelatestoeachfirm’’sresourcestheflexibilitytheseresourcesprovideWithoutavailableresourcesthefirmlackstheabilitytoattackacompetitortorespondtothecompetitor’sactionsAwarenessDriversofcompetitivebehaviorMotivationAbility16DriversofCompetitiveActionsandResponses:AfirmismorelikelytoattacktherivalwithwhomithaslowmarketcommonalitythantheonewithwhomitcompetesinmultiplemarketsBecauseofthehighstakesofcompetitionundertheconditionofmarketcommonality,thereisahighprobabilitythattheattackedfirmwillrespondtoitscompetitor’sactioninanefforttoprotectitspositioninoneormoremarketsMarketcommonalityDriversofcompetitivebehaviorinfluencedbyMarketCommonality17ResourcesimilarityDriversofCompetitiveActionsandResponses:Thegreatertheresourceimbalancebetweentheactingfirmandcompetitorsorpotentialresponders,thegreaterwillbethedelayinresponsebythefirmwitharesourcedisadvantageWhenfacingcompetitorswithgreaterresourcesormoreattractivemarketpositions,firmsshouldeventuallyrespond,nomatterhowchallengingtheresponseDriversofcompetitivebehaviorinfluencedbyMarketcommonalityResourceSimilarity18CompetitiveRivalryCompetitiveactionastrategicortacticalactionthefirmtakestobuildordefenditscompetitiveadvantagesorimproveitsmarketpositionCompetitiveresponseastrategicortacticalactionthefirmtakestocountertheeffectsofacompetitor’’scompetitiveaction19StrategicandTacticalActionsStrategicactionorastrategicresponseamarket-basedmovethatinvolvesasignificantcommitmentoforganizationalresourcesandisdifficulttoimplementandreverseTacticalactionoratacticalresponsemarket-basedmovethatistakentofine-tuneastrategy;itinvolvesfewerresourcesandisrelativelyeasytoimplementandreverse20FactorsAffectingLikelihoodofAttack:FirstmoversallocatefundsforproductinnovationanddevelopmentaggressiveadvertisingadvancedresearchanddevelopmentFirstmoverscangaintheloyaltyofcustomerswhomaybecomecommittedtothefirm’sgoodsorservicesmarketsharethatcanbedifficultforcompetitorstotakeduringfuturecompetitiverivalryFirstmoverincentivesFirstMoverIncentives21SecondMover跟隨第一行動動者的競爭性性行動而行動動的企業(可可享有搭便車車效果)第二行動者通通常是的第一一模仿行動者者第二行動者掌掌握部分顧客客與顧客忠誠誠避免部分第一一行動者所面面臨的未知市市場風險成功與否決定定於反應的速速度(愈快與與有利)必須擁有模仿仿的必要能力力第二行動者22SizeFactorsAffectingLikelihoodofAttack:SmallfirmsaremorelikelytolaunchcompetitiveactionstobequickerindoingsoSmallfirmsareperceivedasnimbleandflexiblecompetitorsrelyingonspeedandsurprisetodefendtheircompetitiveadvantagesordevelopnewoneswhileengagedincompetitiverivalrySmallfirmshavetheflexibilityneededtolaunchagreatervarietyofcompetitiveactionsFirstmoverincentivesSize23FactorsAffectingLikelihoodofAttack:LargefirmsarelikelytoinitiatemorecompetitiveactionsaswellasstrategicactionsduringagiventimeperiodLargeorganizationscommonlyhavetheslackresourcesrequiredtolaunchalargernumberoftotalcompetitiveactionsFirstmoverincentivesSizeSize“Thinkandactbigandwe’llgetsmaller.Thinkandactsmallandwe’llgetbigger.”-HerbKelleher,FormerCEO,SouthwestAirlines24QualityFactorsAffectingLikelihoodofAttack:Qualityexistswhenthefirm’sgoodsorservicesmeetorexceedcustomers’expectationsFirstmoverincentivesSizeQualityProductqualitydimensionsincludePerformance性能Features特徵Flexibility彈性Durability耐久性Conformance構造Serviceability有用性Aesthetics美感Perceivedquality品質知覺25QualityFactorsAffectingLikelihoodofAttack:Qualityexistswhenthefirm’’sgoodsorservicesmeetorexceedcustomers’expectationsFirstmoverincentivesSizeQualityServicequalitydimensionsincludeTimeliness及時Courtesy殷勤Consistency一致Convenience方便Completeness完整Accuracy準確26FactorsAffectingLikelihoodofResponseFirmsstudythreefactorstopredicthowacompetitorislikelytorespondtocompetitiveactionstypeofcompetitiveactionreputationmarketdependence27FactorsAffectingLikelihoodofResponse:StrategicactionsreceivestrategicresponsesTacticalresponsesaretakentocountertheeffectsoftacticalactionsStrategicactionselicitfewertotalcompetitiveresponsesAcompetitorlikelywillrespondquicklytoatacticalactionThetimeneededtoimplementandassessastrategicactiondelayscompetitors’responsesTypeofcompetitiveactionTypeofCompetitiveAction28ReputationFactorsAffectingLikelihoodofResponse:AnactoristhefirmtakinganactionorresponseReputationisthepositiveornegativeattributeascribedbyonerivaltoanotherbasedonpastcompetitivebehaviorThefirmstudiesresponsesthatacompetitorhastakenpreviouslywhenattackedtopredictlikelyresponsesTypeofcompetitiveactionReputation29市場領袖較易易被模仿高風險的企業業行動較少被被模仿價格掠奪者較較少被模仿行動者的名聲聲30MarketdependenceFactorsAffectingLikelihoodofResponse:Marketdependenceistheextenttowhichafirm’srevenuesorprofitsarederivedfromaparticularmarketIngeneral,firmscanpredictthatcompetitorswithhighmarketdependencearelikelytorespondstronglytoattacksthreateningtheirmarketposition(比較富士軟片片攻擊美國市市場與台灣市市場)TypeofcompetitiveactionReputationMarketDependence31CompetitionCompetitiveDynamicscompetitivedynamicsconcernstheongoingactionsandresponsestakingplaceamongallfirmscompetingwithinamarketforadvantageouspositionsCompetitiveRivalrybuildingandsustainingcompetitiveadvantagesareatthecoreofcompetitiverivalrycompetitiveadvantagesarethelinktoanadvantageousmarketposition32StrategicConductisDynamicAfirm’sstrategicconductisdynamicinnatureActionsandresponsesshapethecompetitivepositionsofeachfirm’sbusinesslevelstrategyFirmBFirmA33FirmBFirmAStrategicConductisDynamicActionstakenbyonefirmelicitsresponsesfromcompetitorsCompetitiveresponsesleadtoadditionalactionsfromthefirmthatactedoriginallyActionsResponseNewActionsNewResponse34CompetitiveDynamics:Slow-cyclemarketsthefirm’scompetitiveadvantagesareshieldedfromimitationforlongperiodsoftimeimitationiscostlyCompetitiveadvantagesaresustainableinslow-cyclemarketsAproprietary,one-of-a-kindcompetitiveadvantageleadstocompetitivesuccessinaslow-cyclemarketSlow-cyclemarketsSlow-CycleMarkets35GradualErosionofaSustainableCompetitiveAdvantageReturnsfromaSustainableCompetitiveAdvantageTime(Years)0510LaunchExploitationCounterattack36Fast-cyclemarketsCompetitiveDynamics:Fast-cyclemarketsthefirm’’scompetitiveadvantagesaren’’tshieldedfromimitationimitationhappensquicklyandsomewhatinexpensivelyCompetitiveadvantagesaren’tsustainableCompetitorsuse反攻toquicklyimitateorimproveonthefirm’sproductsNon-proprietarytechnologyisdiffusedrapidlySlow-cyclemarketsFast-CycleMarkets37ObtainingTemporaryAdvantagestoCreateSustainedAdvantageReturnsfromaSeriesofReplicableActionsTime(Years)051015LaunchExploitationCounterattackFirmhasalreadymovedtonextadvantage38掌握握快快速速週週期期市市場場先先機機的的策策略略性性步步驟驟1中斷斷現現狀狀以確確認認新新機機會會與與改改變變競競爭爭規規則則來來中中斷斷現現有有狀狀態態，，透透過過速速度度與與變變化化達達成成目目的的2創造造短短暫暫的的優優勢勢以瞭瞭解解顧顧客客、、科科技技與與未未來來為為基基礎礎，，強強調調顧顧客客導導向向與與員員工工授授權權賦賦能能3掌握握主主動動權權積極極轉轉進進新新的的競競爭爭領領域域，，努努力力創創造造新新優優勢勢或或破破壞壞競競爭爭者者原原有有的的優優勢勢4維持持衝衝勁勁一個個接接一一個個的的行行動動，，用用來來掌掌握握先先機機與與維維持持衝衝勁勁，，使使企企業業持持續續發發展展優優勢勢39CompetitiveDynamics:Standard-cyclemarketsthefirm’’scompetitiveadvantagesmaybeshieldedfromimitationimitationismoderatelycostlyCompetitiveadvantagesarepartiallysustainableifthefirmisabletocontinuouslyupgradethequalityofitscompetitiveadvantagesFirmsseeklargemarketsharesgaincustomerloyaltythroughbrandnamescarefullycontroloperationsSlow-cyclemarketsFast-cyclemarketsStandard-cyclemarketsStandard-CycleMarkets40產業生生命週週期的的行動動模式式主要任任務發展開開放利利基與與競競爭的的不確確定性性第一行行動