2023考研英语：技巧飞跃

2023考研英语•技巧飞跃Parttwo阅读partA.阅读技巧总结最高原则：角色定位：六大题型：细节题推断题猜词题例证题主旨题态度题.整篇演练2009年英语一PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingAzB,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine."Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,“WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit"carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincellsthatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry—themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone—themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.Butdon'tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they'retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder：saysDawnaMarkova,authorofTheOpenMind."Butwearetaughtinsteadto'decide,'justasourpresidentcallshimself'theDecider/"Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe'reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960sdiscoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem一thatanyonecandoanything/'explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006bookThisYearIWill...andMs.Markova'sbusinesspartner."That'saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou'regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.*'Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.InWordsworth*sview,“habit“ischaracterizedbybeing.casual[B]familiarmechanicalchangeableBrainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofnewhabitcanbepredictedregulatedtracedguidedTheword"ruts"(Line1,Paragraph4)isclosestinmeaningto.tracksseriescharacteristicsconnectionsDawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat<ideasarebornofarelaxingmindinnovativenesscouldbetaughtdecisivenessderivesfromfantasticideascuriosityactivatescreativemindsRyan'scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtestingpreventnewhabitsfrombeingformednolongeremphasizescommonnessmaintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodecomplieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystemText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe'sthekid'sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore-andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecameavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists—andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily'sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical."There'sakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting/1saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors—numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather1slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon'trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson,stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.InParagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTKrs.easyavailabilityflexibilityinpricingsuccessfulpromotionpopularitywithhouseholdsPTKisusedto.locateone'sbirthplacepromotegeneticresearchidentifyparent-childkinshipchoosechildrenforadoptionSkepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto.tracedistantancestorsrebuildreliablebloodlinesfullyusegeneticinformationachievetheclaimedaccuracyInthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesisdisorganizeddatacollectionoverlappingdatabasebuildingexcessivesamplecomparisonlackofpatentevaluationAnappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe.ForsandAgainstsofDNATestingDNATestingandItsProblemsDNATestingOutsidetheLabLiesBehindDNATestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessionandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycausesofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterparts-aresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexamininghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry'swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon*tforceit.Afterall,that*showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn'thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity,sproductivitypotentialincreasedaswell.Whenthecompetitiveenvironmentpushedourancestorstoachievethatpotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn'tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld'sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn/tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.TheauthorholdsinParagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries.issubjecttogroundlessdoubtshasfallenvictimofbiasisconventionallydowngradedhasbeenoverestimatedItisstatedinParagraph1thattheconstructionofaneweducationsystemchallengeseconomistsandpoliticianstakeseffortsofgenerationsdemandspriorityfromthegovernmentrequiressufficientlaborforceAmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat.theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplinedtheJapaneseworkforceismoreproductivetheU.SworkforcehasabettereducationtheU.SworkforceismoreorganizedTheauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged.whenpeoplehadenoughtimepriortobetterwaysoffindingfoodwhenpeoplenolongerwenthungryasaresultofpressureongovernmentAccordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation.resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironmentsdoesnotdependoneconomicperformancefollowsimprovedproductivitycannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4ThemostthoroughlystudiedintellectualsinthehistoryoftheNewWorldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits/*Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland1sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeanstostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch—importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeanculture,adjustingtoNewWorldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchesinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Thesemenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,itisobviousthattheirviewswerelessfullyintellectualized.Theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitiousquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.Sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope—allcametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthatthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"Comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople/'OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinPuritanchurches.Meanwhile,manysettlershadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane1s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”Theauthorholdsthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.PuritantraditiondominatedpoliticallifeintellectualinterestswereencouragedpoliticsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavorsintellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironmentItissuggestedinParagraph2thatNewEnglanders.experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistorybroughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorldpaidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallifewereobsessedwithreligiousinnovationsTheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay.werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritingsgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairsabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorldcreatedanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEnglandThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften.influencedbysuperstitionstroubledwithreligiousbeliefspuzzledbychurchsermonsfrustratedwithfamilyearnings

ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland.weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivitiesweremotivatedbyanillusoryprospectcamefromdifferentintellectualbackgroundsleftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferenceBackgroundinformation新英格兰在美国本土的东北部地区，当地华人常叫做“纽英仑”，是美国大陆东北角、濒临大西洋、毗邻加拿大的区域。新英格兰地区包括美国的6个州，由北至南分别为：缅因州、佛蒙特州、新罕布什尔州、马萨诸塞州（麻省），罗得岛州、康涅狄格州。马萨诸塞州（麻省）首府波士顿是该地区的最大城市以及经济与文化中心。新英格兰地区拥有全美国乃至全世界最好的教育环境。美国新英格兰地区缰因州Mame美国新英格兰地区缰因州Mame新罕布什尔州NewHampshire弗蒙特州Vtermont马萨渚塞州（麻石）Massachusetts罗博岛州RhodeIsland康淫欢格州Connecticut2013年英语二PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica”,theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines/1Davidson*sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere1sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,Tnthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs-about6millionintotal—disappeared//Therewillalwaysbechange-newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemploymentbutnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate,theimpactoftechnologicaladvancesthealleviationofjobpressuretheshrinkageoftextilemillsthedeclineofmiddle-classincomesAccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto.workoncheapsoftwareaskforamoderatesalaryadoptanaveragelifestylecontributesomethinguniqueThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat.gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerasedjobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeedfactoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbeforenewjobsandserviceshavebeenofferedAccordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis_.toacceleratetheLT.revolutiontoensuremoreeducationforpeopletoadvanceeconomicglobalizationtopassmorebillsinthe21stcenturyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?NewLawTakesEffect.TechnologyGoesCheap.AverageIsOver.RecessionIsBad.Text2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandgohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio”,birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedoutThatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday"sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem.“Birdsofpassage“referstothosewho.immigrateacrosstheAtlanticleavetheirhomecountriesforgoodstayinaforeigncountrytemporarilyfindpermanentjobsoverseasItisimpliedinParagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUS_.needsnewimmigrantcategorieshasloosenedcontroloverimmigrantsshouldbeadaptedtomeetchallengeshasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeansAccordingtotheauthor,today*sbirdsofpassagewant.financialincentivesaglobalrecognitionopportunitiestogetregularjobsthefreedomtostayandleaveTheauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreatedasfaithfulpartnerswitheconomicfavorswithlegaltoleranceasmightyrivalsThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe.ComeandGo:BigMistakeLivingandThriving:GreatRiskLegalorIllegal:BigMistakeWithorWithout:GreatRiskText3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe'redoing.Subjectsexposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytorejectattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin“thicksliced0long-termstudy.WhenDr.Gottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforamuchlongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogcanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn1tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay.varyaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituationprovethecomplexityofourbrainreactiondependontheimportanceoftheassessmentpredeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgmentOurreactiontoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdecisions.canbeassociativearenotunconsciouscanbedangerousarenotimpulsiveToreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdecisions,weshould.trustourfirstimpressiondoaspeopleusuallydothinkbeforeweactaskforexpertadviceJohnGottmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedon.criticalassessment''thinsliced''studysensibleexplanationadequateinformationTheauthofsattitudetowardreversingthehigh-speedtrendis.tolerantuncertainoptimisticdoubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyfamily-friendlyuntilwomenarepartofseniorman