英汉语篇比较解析课件

Lecture13ContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChineseDiscourse英汉语篇对比Lecture13ContrastiveStudiesContentsI.Whatisdiscourse/text?II.BasicfeatureofE&CDiscourseIII.CoherenceofDiscourseContentsI.Whatisdiscourse/t1.Definitionofdiscourse

Acontinuousstretchoflanguagelargerthanasentence,oftenconstitutingacoherentunit,suchasasermon,argument,jokeornarrative.(Crystal,1992:250)Astretchoflanguageconsistingofseveralsentences,whichareperceivedasbeingrelatedinsomeway.(Nunan:5)篇章是指由连贯的句子或语段所构成的、或长或短的语义整体，例如一篇散文、一项合同、一页说明书、一首诗歌、一个剧本、一次谈话、一则寓言、一封书信、一部小说或专著，或其中意义比较完整的片段。I.Whatisdiscourse/text?1.DefinitionofdiscourseA2.Featuresofdiscourse篇章不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体，即表达整体意义。(coherence)语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性（cohesion），如连接、替代、省略、照应；(cohesion)语义逻辑上，全篇通常有首有尾，各句段所反映的概念或命题具有连续性。每个句子都起着一定的承前启后的作用，句与句、段与段的排列一般都符合逻辑顺序。(coherence)I.Whatisdiscourse/text?2.Featuresofdiscourse篇章不是一II.Patternsoftextualdevelopment1.LinearVsspiral(直线VS螺旋)(RobertB.Kaplan)EnglishOrientalII.PatternsoftextualdeveloEnglishdiscourse:

英语篇章的组织结构主要呈直线型(linear)展开,先有主题句（topicsentence）,紧接自然衔接的例证句，然后收尾。或先出现例证句，以主题句收尾，成为典型的演绎(deductive)与归纳(inductive)型段落。直线型语篇结构直观,句子之间使用连接词衔接,体现解析式(analytic)思维。英语段落遵循从一般到具体,从整体到个体的原则,形式结构严谨。整个段落形成一个层级系统,层层递进,环环相扣,具有内在的连贯性。Chinesediscourse:

汉语篇章的组织结构主要呈螺旋型（circular/spiral）展开,即对段落主题而言，作者往往不直接论证,而是在主题外围采取“迂回战术”,以多种间接的角度来说明主题,强调铺、承、转、合，习惯于先分述,或从侧面说明,最后迂回点出主题,以反复而又发展的螺旋型形式加以展开。以语义为中心,只要语义相关,篇章就会自然而然流动。句子之间是靠思维的连贯、语义的自然衔接、上下呼应来表达一个完整的意思。II.PatternsoftextualdevelopmentEnglishdiscourse:II.PatternExample-1—Analyzethetextualdifference①Ibelievethat②IspeakforeverysincereandseriousrepresentativeintheUnitedNations-③soIamencouragedtobelievebythespeechestowhichwehavealreadylistenedthismorning-④whenIsaythat

⑤theanniversarymustbeanoccasionforanhonestassessmentofourfailuresinthepast,⑥matchedbyanequallydeterminedwilltodobetterinthefuture,⑦sothatwecanescapefromfrustrationand⑧turntheanniversaryintoaninspirationandanachievement.Matchthesentenceorderbetweenthetwoversions！这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实的评估我们过去失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相信——今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信——我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。Example-1—AnalyzethetextualHowthetopicisapproachedintheEnglishandChineseversion?ThevillageofMarlottlayamidthenorth—easternundulationsofthebeautifulValeofBlakemoreorBlaekmoreaforesaid，anengirdledandsecludedregion，forthemostpartuntroddenasyetbytouristsorlandscape—painter，thoughwithinafourhoursjourneyfromLondon．(Hardy:TessoftheDurbervilles)前面说过的那个美丽的布雷谷或布莱谷，是一处群山环抱、幽静偏僻的地方，虽然离伦敦不过4个钟头的路程，但是它的大部分都不曾有过游历家和风景画家的足迹。马勒村就在它东北部那块起伏地带的中间。Example-2—AnalyzethetextualdifferenceHowthetopicisapproachedinExample-3—Analyzethetextualdifference在四川，有一处美妙的去处。它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟声婉转，流水潺潺。名胜古迹荟萃。它就是松潘县的黄龙。OneofSichuan’sfinestspotsisHuanglong(YellowDragon),whichliesinSongpancountyjustbeneathXuebao,themainpeakoftheMinshanMountain.Itslushgreenforest,filledwithfragrantflowers,bubblingstreamsandsongbirds,arerichinhistoricalinterestaswellasnaturalbeauty.Chinese：DescriptionoftheplacepointingoutthenameoftheplaceEnglish：ViseversaExample-3—Analyzethetextual①Itisacuriousfact,②ofwhichIcanthinkofnosatisfactoryexplanation,③thatenthusiasmforcountrylifeandloveofnaturalsceneryarestrongestand④mostwidelydiffusedpreciselyinthoseEuropeancountries⑤whichhavetheworstclimateand⑥wherethesearchforthepicturesqueinvolvesthegreatestdiscomfort.A:

这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈和最普遍的。Example-4—Whichversionisbetter?Why?B:欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也想不出一个叫人满意的解释来。①Itisacuriousfact,②ofwhiIII.DiscourseCoherence（语篇连贯）Discoursecoherencerequires:1.Coherenceinregister（语域一致）2.Coherenceinlogicalsequence（逻辑排列）3.Cohesivedevices（衔接手段）4.Intertextuality（互文性）

连贯（Coherence）指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，通过逻辑推理来达到语义的连贯。—语篇的“无形网络”III.DiscourseCoherence（语篇连贯WhatisregisterAregisterisavarietyoflanguageusedforaparticularpurposeorinaparticularsocialsetting.3standardsofcoherenceinregister:①field（话语的范围）Thewordsandsentencesexpressthesametopicorsubtopic;②mode（话语方式）Theyareofthesamestyle:formal/informal;written/oral;argumentativeordescriptiveetc.③tenor(话语基调)Indicatingthespeakers’relationship:socialdistance?1.CoherenceinregisterWhatisregister1.Coherence她的黑发蓬松地飘拂在宽宽的前额上,脸是短短的,上唇也是短短的,露出一排亮亮的牙齿;眉毛又直又黑,睫毛又长又黑,鼻子笔直。Arethetwopassagescoherentinregister?Herdarkhairwaveduntidyacrossherbroadforehead,herfacewasshort,herupperlipshort,showingaglintofteeth,herbrowswerestraightanddark,herlasheslonganddark,hernosestraight.Example-1-CoherenceinregisterComment:话语范围(field):话语方式(mode):话语基调(tenor):facialfeatures.descriptiveneutral她的黑发蓬松地飘拂在宽宽的前额上,脸是短短的,上唇也是短Comment:话语范围(field):有较大的跳跃性;话语方式(mode):有些句子属于书面语,而另一些句子则更像是口语;话语基调(tenor):很难看出交际参与者之间的关系和交际意图是什么。因此，这一段在语域上缺乏一致性,所有这些句子不太可能出现在同一情景语境里。Thelittlewhitemousesniffedthecheese

carefully.Camemertisasoft,Frenchcheese.

TheFrenchconsumealotofdairyproducts.Isn’t

milkanimportantsourceofcalcium?Youknow

ofcoursethatvitamindeficienciescanleadtofeelingsoffatigueandlistlessness.Example-2-Isthefollowingpassagecoherentinregister?Comment:Thelittlewhitemouse2.Coherenceinlogicalsequence（逻辑排列）组织句子的顺序主要有三种:时间顺序(coherencebytimesequence)English:bytenseChinese:timesignals,suchas“着、了、过、当时、随后”etc.空间顺序(coherencebyspatialsequence)English:byactionverb,prepositionsofdirection,conjunctions,adverbsChinese:byactionverbs,locativeverbs,locativeprepositions.事理顺序English:result

→reason;

conclusion

→facts;

Chinese:reason→result;

facts→conclusion;2.CoherenceinlogicalsequenExample-1:Coherencebytime幼年的鲁迅听了这个故事，心里很不舒服，他为白蛇娘娘打抱不平。当时，他的唯一的希望就是这座镇压白蛇娘娘反抗的雷锋塔快些倒掉。Thestorymadetheyoungboyverysad．Hehaddeepsympathyfor1adyWhiteSnakeandstronglywishedthatthepagodawhichrestedonherasadeadweightwouldcollapsesoon.

Chinese:bytimesignal---“了”toshowsequence；“当时”toshowsimultaneousness.English:bytense.Thestorymade...(cause)，and（simultaneousness）

Example-1:Coherencebytime幼年Thesaga（冒险故事）ofthewhiteStarlinerTitanic，whichstruckanice-bergandsankonitsmaidenvoyagein1912，carryingmorethan1500passengerstotheirdeaths，hasbeencelebratedinprintandonfilm，inpoetryandsong.

白星级定期班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年的处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1500多名乘客几乎全部罹难。此后关于它的种种传说就一直成为各种刊物、电影以及诗歌、歌曲的内容而广为流传。Chinese:“此后”toshowtimesequence.English:“struck”，“sank”，“hasbeencelebrated”toshowtimesequence.Example-2:CoherencebytimeThesaga（冒险故事）ofthewhiteSta两人走上窄小的圆拱桥，到了对岸。他们下了桥，前面是一尺多宽的草地，走上台阶，那里有一个大天井，天井里种了几株玉兰树。

Thetwotraversed(穿过)asmallhump-backedbridgetotheoppositeshore．Then，crossinganarrowstripoflawn，theymountedstonestairstoalargegardenofmagnoliatrees．

Chinese:wordsofplacesandactiontoshowthesequenceinthechangeofplaces.English:thenExample-3:Coherencebyspace两人走上窄小的圆拱桥，到了对岸。他们下了桥，前面是一尺多宽的

6cohesivedevices3.1Reference3.2Substitution3.3Ellipsis3.4Conjunction3.5Lexicaldevice:repetition,synonymornear–synonym,super-ordinateorhyponym,generalword3.6Rhetoricaldevices:repetition,regression(回环),parallelstructureetc.3.Cohesivedevices6cohesivedevices3.Cohesive3.1Cohesivedevices--reference3.1Reference(照应)Definition在语篇中，如果对于一个词语的解释不能从词语本身获得，而必须从该词语所指代的对象中寻求答案，这就产生了照应关系。照应是语篇中某一成分和另一成分之间在指称意义上的相互解释关系，使语篇在修辞上言简意赅，在结构上更加紧凑，成为前后衔接的整体。Classificationofreference3.1.1personalreference(人称照应):bypersonalpronounsEnglish:morefrequently;Chinese:lessfrequently3.1.2demonstrativereference(指示照应)3.1.3comparativereference(比较照应)3.1Cohesivedevices--referenc3.1.1CohesionbyPersonalreference

Personalreferencepersonalpronouns(人称代词):I,you,he,she,they;me,you,her,him,thempossessivepronouns:my,your,his,her,their,our;mine,yours,ours,hers,his,theirsrelativepronouns:who,whomContrastbetweenEnglishandChinesepersonalreferenceRelativepronounsonlyexistinEnglish,whichareusuallyreplacedbypersonalpronounsinChinese.PersonalpronounsinEnglishsometimesreplacedbyreiterationofnounsinChinese.Zero-subjectsinChineseareusuallyreplacedbypersonalpronounsinEnglish;3.1.1CohesionbyPersonalre(1)IbegantowonderwhatGodthoughtaboutWestley,whocertainlyhadn’tseenJesuseither,butwho

wasnowsittingproudlyontheplatform,...(3)Plantsbreatheoxygenandcarbondioxide.Indaylightthey

producetheirownfoodatthesametimebyaprocessknownasPhotosynthesis…Someplants,includingmanytrees,gointoaformofhibernationduringthewinter,withtheir

breathingreducedtoaminimum.(a)我开始纳闷,上帝究竟对弗斯特利怎么想呢?他根本没看见耶酥,可他却洋洋得意地坐在教坛上,⋯⋯(b)植物呼吸氧气和二氧化碳。同时植物在白天通过一种叫光合作用的过程为自己生产食物。⋯⋯有些植物,包括许多树木,到冬季就进入冬眠状态,这时,植物的呼吸最微弱。Englishrelativepronoun(who)→Chinesepersonalreference(他)Englishpersonalreference(they)→Chinesereiteration(植物)Example-1-Cohesionbypersonalreference(1)IbegantowonderwhatGod①祥子的手哆嗦得更厉害了，揣起保单，拉起车，几乎要哭出来。（老舍《骆驼祥子》）a)Xiangzi’shandswereshakingevenmoreviolentlyashetuckedtheguaranteeawayandpulledhisrickshawout,feelingreadytoburstintotears.Example-2-CohesionbypersonalreferenceChinese:ellipsisofsubjects/serialverbsEnglish:he,his,

they②朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座大房子时，孩子们还在上着学，如今都成家立业了。（《枣核》）b)Myfriendlookedsomewhatillateasewhenhetoldmethis:Atthetimewhenheboughtthisbighouse,hischildrenhadallbeenatschool.Nowtheyhadtheirownhomesandjobs.(张培基译）①祥子的手哆嗦得更厉害了，揣起保单，拉起车，几乎要哭解净收起图说：“大家出车吧，中午休息的时候再看，就贴在这里。”（蒋子龙《赤橙黄绿青蓝紫》）XieJingfoldedupthediagramandsaid,“Nowgetmoving.I’llpastethisuphereandyoucanhavealookatitduringthemiddaybreak.”Chinese:ellipsisofsubjectandobject---零前指zeroanaphora.English:I,this,you,itExample-3-Cohesionbypersonalreference解净收起图说：“大家出车吧，中午休息的时候再看，就贴在

3typesofdemonstrativereferencesinEnglishDemonstrativepronounsthis/these—that/thoseDefinitearticletheDemonstrativeadverbhere—there,now—then3.1.2CohesionbyDemonstrativereference3typesofdemonstrativerefe

4TypesofdemonstrativesinChinese

指代人或事物 这/这些—那/那些指代处所 这儿/这里—那儿/那里指代时间 这会儿—那会儿指代性质、状态和程度 这么—那么；这样—那样,今（今番，今次）、本（本地、本年）、此（此时、此地），该（该国）等3.1.2CohesionbyDemonstrativereference4TypesofdemonstrativesinFrequencyofThis/thatVS这/那EnglishChinesethisthat这那409212611(任小华、王丽娜,2008)3.1.2CohesionbyDemonstrativereferenceFrequencyofThis/thatVS这/那E①袭人问道：“这一个缠丝白玛瑙碟子哪里了？”……晴雯笑道：给三姑娘送荔枝去的，还没送来呢。袭人道：“家常送东西的家伙也多，巴巴的拿这个去。”晴雯道：“他说这个碟子配上鲜荔枝才好看。”《红楼梦》a)Whathasbecomeofthatwhiteagateplate...Whychoosethatparticularone?…ButBaoyuinsistedthatplatelookedbestwiththefreshleeches.杨译Notes：①汉语语篇里，“这”和“那”在表示时空距离时往往受心理或视觉的影响，而this和that表达的距离概念较接近实际的时空远近距离。Example-1-cohesionbyDemonstrativereference②她到现在还记得很明白的是五六年前的土地庙的香市中看见一只常常会笑的猴子，一口的牙齿那么白！但这也是她最后一次快乐的纪念……茅盾《子夜》b)Shecouldstillrememberthemonkeyshehadseenseveralyearsbeforeatatemplefairathome—itkeptgrinningandshowingamouthfulofgleaningwhiteteeth.Thatwasherlast,happymemory…许孟雄译①袭人问道：“这一个缠丝白玛瑙碟子哪里了？”……晴雯笑道：给Hesaidnothingforamoment.Then:“Iscribedsomethinginmynotebooktheotherdayforfutureuse,justhadtheideawhiletravelingalong;thathappensalot.”(R.J.Waller,TheBridgesofMadisonCounty)

他一时间没说什么。然后说：“我那天在我笔记本里记下了一些话以备将来用。是在开车时临时想到的，这是常有的事。（梅嘉译）Notes：②“这”可以用来指称上文提到的刚发生不久的事，而在英语中却必须用that.Example-2-cohesionbyDemonstrativereferenceHesaidnothingforamoment.Notes:③当发话者指称上文的陈述时，汉语一般用“这”，英语一般用“that”。②ButtherewassomethinginFrancescaJohnsonthatdidinteresthim.Therewasintelligence;hecouldsensethat.(R.J.Waller:TheBridgesofMadisonCounty)(b)可是弗朗西丝卡·约翰逊身上确实有足以吸引他的东西。她善解人意，这他看得出来。（梅嘉译）①Tobeornottobe:thatisaquestion.（Shakespeare，Hamlet）(a)生存还是死亡，这是个问题。Example-3-cohesionbyDemonstrativereferenceNotes:②ButtherewassomethiExample-4-Otherusesof“这”and“那”我也十分得意这幅“大作”，并没有觉得是对老师的不尊重。（钟灵《胡二茄子》）Iwasnaturallyproudofmy“masterpiece”,withouttheslightestideathatitwasanastyinsulttohim.（刘士聪译）Notes:④汉语用“这”指称“说话人自己的”，英语一般用物主代词my，his，her等。Example-4-Otherusesof“这”an①这些书，都是在全国解放以后，来到我家的。（孙犁《书籍》）a)Thebookshavearrivedatmyhomesince1949,theyearthecountrywasliberated.②“混账！”那人大叫起来，使他吃惊了。（鲁迅《聪明人和傻子和奴才》）b)“Damnit!”thelistenersworeinsuchaloudvoiceastomaketheslavestart.（张培基译）Notes:⑤汉语用“这”、“这些”、“那”、“那些”指称特定的人或物，英语一般用定冠词the。Example-5-Otherusesof“这”and“那”①这些书，都是在全国解放以后，来到我家的。（孙犁《书籍》）①

那些日子他们常提起你。（史铁生《老人》）

a)Theyspokeofyouoftenduringthosedays.（刘士聪译）②“倒像是受惯了惊吓似的，”她又说，“这些年呐！”（史铁生《老人》）(b)“Butit’sasifpanicwereawayoflifeforthem.Those

years….”Notes:⑥“这些”、“那些”用在时间名词前，英语一般用these和those。Example-6-Otherusesof“这”and“那”①那些日子他们常提起你。（史铁生《老人》）②“倒像是受惯在这境界这时间唯一的足以感动心情的就是虫儿们的合奏。（叶圣陶《没有秋虫的地方》）The�onlythingcapableofaffectingourmoodthenandthereisthechorusbyinsects.Notes:⑦“这境界这时间”相当于”此时此刻”，英语一般用thenandthere。Example-7-Otherusesof“这”and“那”在这境界这时间唯一的足以感动心情的就是虫儿们的合奏。（叶圣陶Example-8-Otherusesof“这”and“那”这是一所设备和师资水平较高、学费比较昂贵、在全市知名度也较高的中学。（钟灵《胡二茄子》）Ithadahighreputationinthecity,foritwaswell-equippedwithteachingfacilitiesandwell-staffedwithhighqualifiedfaculties,butitstuitionfeewasalsohigh.（刘士聪译）Notes:⑧

“这”指称某物，英语用it。Example-8-Otherusesof“这”an3.1.3comparativereferences比较照应

ComparativereferencesReferencesbyadjectivesoradverbs（same,so,as,equal,similar,different,otherwise,likewise

etc）andtheircomparativeforms.用比较事物异同的形容词或副词以及它们的比较级(如等)所表示的照应关系,在语篇中有承上启下的功能,可以表达实体或事物的相同性、相似性、差异性或质与量的优劣等(黄国文,1988:99)。

Englishadjectivesandadverbshavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms.Chineseadjectivesandadverbsdon’thavecomparativeorsuperlativeforms.Comparativemeaningisexpressedbylexicalorsyntacticmeans,suchas更、更加、越发etc3.1.3comparativereferences比Example-1comparativereferences比较照应今天全没月光,我知道不妙。早上小心出门,赵贵翁的眼色便怪:似乎怕我,似乎想害我。还有七八个人,交头接耳的议论我,又怕我看见。一路上的人,都是如此。—鲁迅《呐喊》

Tonightthereisnomoonatall,Iknowthatthisisabadomen.ThismorningwhenIwentoutcautiously,Mr.Zhaohadastrangelookinhiseyes,asifhewereafraidofme,asifhewantedtomurderme.Thereweresevenoreightotherswhodiscussedmeinawhisper.Andtheywereafraidofmyseeingthem.So,indeed,wereallthepeopleIpassed.

——译者:杨宪益、戴乃迭Note:Chinese:“……都是如此”English:sowere…Example-1comparativereferenExample-2comparativereferences比较照应

Mostfishermenhatedthetaste.

Butitwasnoworsethangettingupatthehoursthattheyroseanditwasverygoodagainstallcoldsandgrippersanditwasgoodfortheeyes.——ErnestHemingway:OldManandSea大多数渔夫不喜欢这种油的味道。但是也并不比抹黑早起更叫人难受,

而且它对防治一切伤风流感都非常有效,

对眼睛也有好处。——译者:段菲Note:Chinese:并不比……难受”English:worseExample-2comparativereferen3.1.4DifferenceinE&Creferences英语定冠词the不同于this和that，其所指的对象是特定的。所以在汉英互译时，一般采用零式特指（the+名词重复）。例：此时骤然吹来了一阵凉风。对面树上有什么鸟儿在叫。一群鸽子扑扑地飞到范博文他们跟前……范博文的注意便移到了鸽子上。Acoolbreezesprangup,andbirdsweretwitteringinthetreesopposite.Aflockofpigeonsflutteredontothegrassinfrontofthem...FanPo-wenshiftedhisattentiontothepigeons.汉语中没有关系代词，而英语中有。因此，在很多情况下，汉语语篇中的人称代词在对应的英语表达中可以用关系代词表示。例：这张条子是安娜留的，她刚才到这儿来过。

ThisnotewasleftbyAnna,whowashereamomentago.3.1.4DifferenceinE&Crefe如果是一种强调指示，英语一定用this表示;如果有数量词，this与数量词一并译出。例：她只剩这一个亲儿子了。Shehadonlythissonleft.汉语常常把“这”、“那”对照使用。出现这种情况时，英语常用one、theother或one,another

（两者以上的照应）。例：只见两个挑粪桶的…这一个拍那一个的肩头说：“兄弟…。”...andtwodung-carrierssetdowntheiremptypailsonthehilltorest,“Brother,”saidone,clappingtheotherontheshoulder...例：这个吃了酒，那个又来吃，足足吃了三四天。Onefeastfollowedanother,thefestivitiescontinuedforthreeorfourdays.3.1.4DifferenceinE&Creferences如果是一种强调指示，英语一定用this表示;如果有数量词3.2CohesionSubstitutionIntheexcitement,thechieftaincrawledoutoftheroom,rantothefrontgateandgropedhiswaytoanunsaddledhorse.Hebrokeabranchfromawillow,leaptontheanimal’sbackandfaileditwithhisimprovisedwhip.Thebeastdidn’tmove.打闹里，那大王扒出房门，奔到门前，摸着空马，树上折枝柳条，托地跳在马背上，把柳条便打那马，却跑不去。

Note:English:horse,animal,beastChinese:马×33.2CohesionSubstitutionInt①EllipsisofsubjectsinChinese（fewsubjectsareomittedinEnglish）3.3CohesionbyEllipsis我从北京到徐州，打算跟着父亲奔丧回家。到徐州见着父亲，看见满院狼藉的东西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼泪。(朱自清《背影》)IleftBeijingforXuZhoutojoinhim,hasteninghometoattendmygrandma’sfuneral.WhenImethiminXuzhou,thesightofthedisorderlymessinourcourtyardandthethoughtofmygrandmastartedmytearstricklingdownmycheeks.(张培基译)①EllipsisofsubjectsinChin.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.(BeaconofStudies)读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确

(王佐良译)。②

EllipsisofverbsinEnglish（FewverbsareomittedinChinese）3.3CohesionbyEllipsis.Readingmakesafullman;con③EllipsisofConnectivesinChinese.兵者,诡道也。故能而示之不能,用而示之不用,近而示之远,远而示之近。利而诱之,乱而取之;实而备之,强而避之;怒而挠之,卑而骄之;佚而劳之,亲而离之。攻其不备,出其不意。(《孙子兵法》)Allwarfaresarebasedondeception.

Therefore,when

capableofattacking,feignincapacity.

Whenneartheenemy,makeitseemthatyouarefaraway.Holdoutbaitstolurethe

enemy.Striketheenemy,whenheisindisorder.Prepareagainst

theenemy,whenheissecureatallPoints.Avoidtheenemyfor

thetimebeingwhenheisstronger.Ifyouropponentisofcholeric

temper,trytoirritatehim.Ifheisarrogant,trytoencourage

hisegotism.

Iftheenemytroopsarewellpreparedafterreorganization,trytowearthemdown..Iftheyareunited,trytosowdissension

amongthem.Attacktheenemywhenheisunprepared,andappearwhereyouarenotexpected.(袁士槟译)3.3CohesionbyEllipsis③EllipsisofConnectivesinC3.4Cohesionbyconjunctions略3.4Cohesionbyconjunctions略3.5CohesionbylexicaldevicesTwowaysoflexicalcohesion:reiteration（复现）andwordcollocation3.5.1Reiteration

复现Repeateduseofthesameword,synonyms,para-synonyms(近义词),antonyms，hypernyms(上义词)andhyponyms(下义词).3.5.2Collocation

搭配Collocationalcohesionisachievedbytheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur.3.5Cohesionbylexicaldevice①孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷……窃书……读书人的事，能算偷么？”a)AtthatKongYijiwouldflush,theveinsonhisforeheadstandingoutasheprotested,“Takingbookscan’tbecountedstealing…Takingbooks…forascholar…can’tbecountedstealing.”Example-1-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–reiteration②动身访美之前,一位旧时同窗写来封航空信,再三托付我为他带几颗生枣核。东西倒不占分量,可是用途却很蹊跷。(萧乾:《枣核》)b)I’vejustreadJohnSmith’sessay.Thewholethingis

verywellthoughtout.①Reiterationofthesameword①孔乙己便涨红了脸，额头上的青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不

TheNewburyHouseDictionaryofAmericanEnglishisthefirstlearner'sdictionarydevelopedfromanAmericanEnglishvocabularybase.Undertheguidanceofanexperiencedlexicographer,ESLandEFLteachersusedthatvocabularytowritethedictionary,puttingthemselvesintothemindsoftheirstudentsandanticipatingstudents'languageneedsbasedonmanyyearsofteachingexperience.Thedefinitionsarecomposedinaneasy-to-understand,limitedvocabulary,whilethesamplesentencesaredesignedtoshowhowthewordsandexpressionsareactuallyused.Theworkisteacher-generatedandstudent-orientedtoensureboththeappropriatelevelofdefinitionsandillustrativevalueofsamplesentences.Example-2-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–reiteration-dictionary×3;-vocabulary×3;-students×3-teachers×2;-sentences×2①ReiterationofthesamewordTheNewburyHouseDictionary

Greatmusichasalwaysrequiredpatronage.BachhadtheLutheranchurch.HaydnhadPrinceEsterhazy.EvenTchaikovskyhadMadamevonMeck.Today'sgreatmusicianshavetheToyotaCorporation,whichsince1990hassponsoredToyotaClassics,aninnovativeandambitiousprogramdesignedtobringthemasterpieceofclassicalmusictoaudiencesacrossAsia.Theideabehinditissimple:topresentthefinestoftoday'sperformersinconcert-withallproceedsgoingtocharity-asToyota'swayofsayingthankyoutoitsloyalcustomerbaseofmorethanthirtyyears.Inthesevenyearssincetheprogram'sinception,nearly70000peoplehaveattended54concerts,withatotalofnearly$2milliongoingtolocalcharities.Thisyear'stour,featuringtheRoyalSwedishChamberOrchestraledbyMatsLiljefors,flutistAnnaNorbergandpianistsCecileLicadandDangThaiSon,runsfromNov.2to21,withstopsinManila,KualaLumpur,Hanoi,BangkokandHongKong,etc.Example-3-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–reiteration②reiterationofsuperordinateswordsandsubordinatesGreatmusichasalwaysrequirExample-3-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–reiterationmusicians/\Bach,Haydn,Tchaikovskyperformers/\flutistAnnaNorberg,pianistsCecileLicad,DangThaiSonExample-3-CohesionbylexicalExample-4-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–reiteration③reiterationofantonymsWefindourselvesrichingoods,butraggedinSpirit;reachingwithmagnificentprecisionforthemoon,butfallingintoraucousdiscordonearth.

我们发现我们自身物质丰富，精神空虚：上可依靠精密的科学登月，下却不能摆脱混乱的秩序。Note:

Twopairsofantonyms:richingoods，raggedinspirit;reachingwithmagnificentprecisionforthemoon,butfallingintoraucousdiscordonearth使文章上下对照鲜明，一气呵成。Example-4-CohesionbylexicalExample-5-Cohesionbylexicaldevice–Collocation黄浦的夕潮不知怎的已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河的两岸的各色船只都浮得高高的，舱面比码头还高了约半英尺。Theeveningtidefromthewhangpoohadturnedimperceptibly,andnowtheassortmentofboatsalongbothsidesofthecreekwereridinghigh,theirdeckssomesixinchesabovethelanding-stages.Example-5-Cohesionbylexical3.6Rhetoricaldevices3.6Rhetoricaldevices4.Intertextuality互文性Intertextualityafeatureofatext(esp.lit.text)linked/withreferencetoothertext.一个语篇的内部成分与其他语篇内部结构之间存在的联系。

Examinecoherencefromabroaderlinguisticandculturalperspective.4.Intertextuality互文性InterteIntertextualitycanbeanalyzedfromthefollowingaspects.(Hatim&Mason,2001:132)：(1)Reference(参照);(2)Cliché(陈词滥调);(3)Literaryimplication(文学暗指)；(4)Citationofone’sownwork(自我引用)；(5)conventionalverbalexchange

(套语)；(6)Idioms(习语)：“Catch-22”(titleofanovel)另外，一个文本同其它文本之间的互文性关联还体现为：(1)Similargenre(相似的语类关系)；(2)Similartopics(类似的主题或话题关系)；(3)Similarstructureorform(结构上、形式上的契合关系)；(4)Functionality(功能性的关系)。4.IntertextualityIntertextualitycanbeanalyzeexample1--Intertextuality-idiomsLadyMacduff: Sirrsah,yourfather’sdead.Andwhat willyoudonow?Howwillyoulive?

Son:

Asbirdsdo,mother.

LadyMacduff: What,withwormsandflies?

Son: WithwhatIget,Imean,andsodothey.Asbirdsdo出自于《NewTestament·Matthew》6:26

：“Lookatthebirdsoftheair:theyneithersownorreapnorgatherintobarns,andyet,yourheavenlyFatherfeedsthem.”(《麦克白》第四幕第二场)example1--Intertextuality-iexample2-Intertextuality-idiomsAtthehotelhefoundJoe,toobusyalldaywiththelaundrytohavecometohimearlier.Itwasthelaststraw,butMartingrippedthearmsofhischairandtalkedandlistenedforhalfanhour.

(J.London:MartinEden)他在旅馆发现了乔，乔成天忙于洗衣店事务，没功夫早来。那是压断了骆驼脊背的最后一根稻草，但马丁仍然抓住椅子扶手，和他交谈了半个小时。Thelaststraw:

Chinese:thelasthopeEnglish:fromtheproverb“Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamel'sback.

”;thelastprobleminaseriesofproblemswhichmakesyougiveuporangry.example2-Intertextuality-idexample3—Intertextuality-CitationWallStreetownsthecountry.Itisnolongeragovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople,butagovernmentofWallStreet,byWallStreetandforWallStreet.

(LeoHubeman:We,thepeople)华尔街拥有了这个国家。它不再是民有、民治、民享的政府，而是一个华尔街有、华尔街治、华尔街享的政府。ThefirstpartquotesLincoln’sGettysburgspeechof1863:agovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeople;thelatterpartwascoinedbyparody(仿拟):

agovernmentofWallStreet,byWallStreetandforWallStreet.example3—Intertextuality-Citexample4--Intertextuality-culture似乎人就像是这束向日葵，即使在落日的余辉里，都拼命要抓住这逐渐远去的夕阳。译文1Itseemsasifmanislikethissunflower,eveninhisafter-lifehestillstrugglestograspthedepartingsun.译文2Itseemedasifman,likethisbunchofsunflowers,wouldtrytohangontothesettingsuninitsafterglow.夕阳无限好,只是近黄昏Thesunuponthelakeislow,/Thewildbirdshushtheirsong,/Thehillshaveevening’sdeepestglow,/YetLeonardtarrieslong,/Nowallwhomvariedtoilandcare/Fromhomeandlovedivide,/Inthecalmsunsetmayrepair/Eachtothelovedone’sside.(SirW.Scott)example4--Intertextuality-cexample5–Intertextuality-genre大宝啊，就是实惠，量又多，还不贵，出门总不忘带一瓶儿，老爸老妈都爱用，大宝啊，明天见，大宝啊，天天见！Notes：口语体，特有的北方聊侃式风格，不仅拉近了与读者的距离，更加增添了广告的可信度。example5–Intertextuality-geExercises-1-Analyzethecohesivedevices阿Q没有家，住本庄的土谷祠里，没有固定的职业，只给人家做短工，割麦便割麦，舂米便舂米，撑船便撑船。（鲁迅，《阿Q正传》）AhQhadnofamilybutlivedintheTutelaryGod’stempleatWeichuang.Hehadnoregularworkeither,simplydoingoddjobsforother