雅思阅读模拟配对练习题

雅思阅读模拟配对练习题：TheReturnofArtificialIntelligenceItisbecomingacceptableagaintotalkofcomputersperforminghumantaskssuchasproblem-solvingandpattern-recognitionAAfteryearsinthewilderness,theterm'artificialintelligence'(AI)seemspoisedtomakeacomeback.AIwasbiginthe1980sbutvanishedinthe1990s.Itre-enteredpublicconsciousnesswiththereleaseofAI,amovieaboutarobotboy.ThishasignitedpublicdebateaboutAI,butthetermisalsobeingusedoncemorewithinthecomputerindustry.Researchers,executivesandmarketingpeoplearenowusingtheexpressionwithoutironyorinvertedcommas.Anditisnotalwayshype.Thetermisbeingapplied,withsomejustification,toproductsthatdependontechnologythatwasoriginallydevelopedbyAIresearchers.Admittedly,therehabilitationofthetermhasalongwaytogo,andsomefirmsstillprefertoavoidusingit.ButthefactthatothersarestartingtouseitagainsuggeststhatAIhasmovedonfrombeingseenasanover-ambitiousandunder-achievingfieldofresearch.BThefieldwaslaunched,andtheterm'artificialintelligence'coined,ataconferencein1956,byagroupofresearchersthatincludedMarvinMinsky,JohnMcCarthy,HerbertSimonandAlanNewell,allofwhomwentontobecomeleadingfiguresinthefield.Theexpressionprovidedanattractivebutinformativenameforaresearchprogrammethatencompassedsuchpreviouslydisparatefieldsasoperationsresearch,cybernetics,logicandcomputerscience.Thegoaltheysharedwasanattempttocaptureormimichumanabilitiesusingmachines.Thatsaid,differentgroupsofresearchersattackeddifferentproblems,fromspeechrecognitiontochessplaying,indifferentways;AIunifiedthefieldinnameonly.Butitwasatermthatcapturedthepublicimagination.CMostresearchersagreethatAIpeakedaround1985.Apublicrearedonscience-fictionmoviesandexcitedbythegrowingpowerofcomputershadhighexpectations.Foryears,AIresearchershadimpliedthatabreakthroughwasjustaroundthecorner.MarvinMinskysaidin1967thatwithinagenerationtheproblemofcreating'artificialintelligence'wouldbesubstantiallysolved.Prototypesofmedical-diagnosisprogramsandspeechrecognitionsoftwareappearedtobemakingprogress.Itprovedtobeafalsedawn.Thinkingcomputersandhouseholdrobotsfailedtomaterialise,andabacklashensued.'Therewasundueoptimismintheearly1980s,"saysDavidLeake,aresearcheratIndianaUniversity.'Thenwhenpeoplerealisedthesewerehardproblems,therewasretrenchment.Bythelate1980s,thetermAIwasbeingavoidedbymanyresearchers,whooptedinsteadtoalignthemselveswithspecificsub-disciplinessuchasneuralnetworks,agenttechnology,case-basedreasoning,andsoon."DIronically,insomewaysAIwasavictimofitsownsuccess.Wheneveranapparentlymundaneproblemwassolved,suchasbuildingasystemthatcouldlandanaircraftunattended,theproblemwasdeemednottohavebeenAIinthefirstplace.'Ifitworks,itcan'tbeAI,"asDrLeakecharacterisesit.Theeffectofrepeatedlymovingthegoal-postsinthiswaywasthatAIcametoreferto'blue-sky'researchthatwasstillyearsawayfromcommercialisation.ResearchersjokedthatAIstoodfor'almostimplemented'.Meanwhile,thetechnologiesthatmadeitontothemarket,suchasspeechrecognition,languagetranslationanddecision-supportsoftware,werenolongerregardedasAI.YetallthreeoncefellwellwithintheumbrellaofAIresearch.EButthetidemaynowbeturning,accordingtoDrLeake.HNCSoftwareofSanDiego,backedbyagovernmentagency,reckonthattheirnewapproachtoartificialintelligenceisthemostpowerfulandpromisingapproacheverdiscovered.HNCclaimthattheirsystem,basedonaclusterof30processors,couldbeusedtospotcamouflagedvehiclesonabattlefieldorextractavoicesignalfromanoisybackground—taskshumanscandowell,butcomputerscannot'Whetherornottheirtechnologylivesuptotheclaimsmadeforit,thefactthatHNCareemphasisingtheuseofAIisitselfaninterestingdevelopment,'saysDrLeake.FAnotherfactorthatmayboosttheprospectsforAIinthenearfutureisthatinvestorsarenowlookingforfirmsusingclevertechnology,ratherthanjustacleverbusinessmodel,todifferentiatethemselves.Inparticular,theproblemofinformationoverload,exacerbatedbythegrowthofe-mailandtheexplosioninthenumberofwebpages,meansthereareplentyofopportunitiesfornewtechnologiestohelpfilterandcategoriseinformation—classicAIproblems.Thatmaymeanthatmoreartificialintelligencecompanieswillstarttoemergetomeetthischallenge.GThe1969film,2001:ASpaceOdyssey,featuredanintelligentcomputercalledHAL9000.AswellasunderstandingandspeakingEnglish,HALcouldplaychessandevenlearnedtolipread.HALthusencapsulatedtheoptimismofthe1960sthatintelligentcomputerswouldbewidespreadby2001.But2001hasbeenandgone,andthereisstillnosignofaHAL-likecomputer.Individualsystemscanplaychessortranscribespeech,butageneraltheoryofmachineintelligencestillremainselusive.Itmaybe,however,thatthecomparisonwit