英国国家概况英语版

English[EnglandsynthesizesintroducedEngland'sfulltitleis"GreatBritainandtheNorthernIrelandunitedkingdom"byapproachesnortheasttheEuropecontinenttheseacoastBritisharchipelagomajorityofislandstobecomposed.SheseparatesNorthSea,StraitsofDoverandtheEnglishChannelfacesoneanotherwiththeEuropecontinentisanislandcountry.accordingtothehistory,thegeographyandthenationalcharacterdividesintoEngland,Scotland,Wales,theNorthernIrelandfourparts,Englishpeopleaccountforthetotalpopulation80%.EnglandisthemoderntimesIndustrialRevolutionplaceoforigin,theofficialname"theunitedkingdom,thenationalareaaltogether244,000squarekilometers,thepopulationnearly59million,theinhabitantmulti-lettersChristianityprotestantism,theNorthernIrelandareapartialinhabitantsbelieveCatholicismsomeEnglishesalsobelieveintheIslamism,Buddhism,Hinduism,therace,theJudaismandsoon.TheentireboundarybyapproachesnortheasttheEuropecontinenttheseacoastBritisharchipelagomajorityofislandstobecomposed,separatesNorthSea,StraitsofDoverandtheEnglishChannelfacesoneanotherwiththeEuropecontinentisanislandcountry.Coastlinetotallength11,000kilometers.TheeastsideBritishislandisinthearchipelagothebiggestislands,alsoistheEnglishmostmainnationalterritory.ItbythenorthScotland,southandthemiddleEnglandandthenorth-westWelshthreeareasiscomposed.【Britishflag]comprehensivetheoriginalEngland(white-flooredredflag),Scotlandiscrosstothewhitecrosscross(blueflag)andIreland(RedCrosscrosswhite-flooredflagsoftheflag)symbol.NowtheredFlagiswhitecrossonbehalfofEnglandpatronsaintst.George,thewhitecrosscrossforScotland,theredguardsacredAndrewcrosscrossrepresentativeIrishpatronsaintst.PatrickBritishFlag,commonlyknownasthe"MiZiQi",theofficialnameistheUnionFlag,andoftencalled"theUnionJack".Jackisnavyterms,referstotheflaghanginginprows.UnionFlagismeaning"jointflags".BritishflagrepresentEnglandpatronsaintofcrossst.George's,ScotlandguardsacredAndrewandIrishpatronsaintst.Patrick.【Britishnationalanthem]Britishnationalanthemproducedinthe1740s,formerlyknownasthefortunefavorstheking"in1837queenVictoriato1901daysand1952Elizabethiiwasrenamedasortunefavorsthequeen,"afterpraisekingofEngland,itisthesongs.【Britishpopulation]Britainisthetypicalgentlemanladyofthetownshiplifeconservativeandspeaktradition,butalsorespectpersonalfreedomandthoughtthenation.ToleranceBritain'spopulation6020million(aboutinJune2005),includingEngland,Scotland5040millionpopulationdada510millionto300million,wales,NorthernIreland170million.80%ofthepopulationinthecity,London'spopulation1/5ofChina'spopulation.BothofficialandlanguageisEnglish.Wales,northernstillusewelshScottishhighlandsandNorthernIrelandnorthwestpartsstillusetheGaeliclanguage.Residents,mainpoints,protestantChristianchurchofEngland(alsocalledanglicans,itsmembersaccountedforabout60percentofBritishadults)andthechurchofScotland(alsocalledPresbyterian,haveadultchristians66million).BritishpopulationstatisticsofficedatashowedthatBritainhasnearlydistance1158millionelderly,theywereolderthan65ofmenandwomenovertheageof60.Incontrast,theageoflessthan161152million,theoldmanismorethanteenagers.ThefirstnumberThestatisticsofficealsosaysthatBritainhasalreadybeenfullyintoagingsociety.Inthepast30years,England,morethan80yearsofagepopulationhastripled,just2.7milliontwice30yearsago.Asmedicalconditiongetsgreatimprovement,80yearsoldmanbecameBritain'sfastest-growingbracket,andthegrowthrateinfuturetimewillalsocontinuetoaccelerate.Andbecausethepopulationaveragerisinglifeexpectancy,Britishannualdeathtollisalsoonthedecline.【languageandreligion]theofficiallanguageisEnglish.Wales,northernScottishhighlandsinwalesandNorthernIrelandstillnorthwestpartisstillusetheGaeliclanguage.ReligiousmainlyprotestantChristianchurchofEngland(alsoknownasAnglican,itsmembersabout60%ofBritishadults)andthechurchofScotland(alsocalledPresbyterian).OtherwisetheCatholicchurchandbuddhist,Hindu,jewishandMuslimbigreligiousorganizations.【climate]Britishpoplevelcontrol,mildinthewet,thefourseasonsischanging.Temperatedeciduousbroadleavedforestbelt.Usuallythehighesttemperaturenotmorethan32C,thelowesttemperaturenotbelow-10C,theannualaveragetemperatureintheJanuary4〜7〜17C,July13th.Theaverageannualrainfallofabout1000mm.Northernandwesternmountainousarearainfall2000millimeters,centralandeastlessthan800mm.FromFebruarytoMarch10monthstomostdry,wetyear.MostJanuaryresourcesandtraffic]Britishmajormineralresourcesarecoal,iron,oilandgas.YingMeireservestotal17milliontons.About38milliontonsofironreserves.Cornwallpeninsulasouthwestatank.InCheshireanddapullmucontaininglargerocksalt.Staffordcountyhashighqualityclay.Cornwallproducesandwhiteclay.Rushningmountainslopepeninsuladolostonecanbemined.LancashirenearbyhillsouthwestxeroxShiYingDaforcefield.NorthseaoilreservesinEnglandnearly10〜40tonsofcontinentalshelfinbetween.Naturalgasreservesin25,850about86-hundred〜aboutbillioncubicmeters.Britishtransportinfrastructureiscomplete.Highway,railway,waterway,airtransportaremoredeveloped.Londonhasverysubwaynets.In1994thechanneltunnelbreakthrough,andmainlandEurope,Englandareconnectedrailwaysystem.Theprivateenterpriseasthemainbodyoftheeconomy,accountingfor60%ofGDP.Serviceindustryisthemainstayindustry,BritisheconomyofGDPthree-fourths.Undertheinfluenceoftheglobalfinancialcrisis,theBritishbankingsteelmakers,economicsituationgrim.Inaddition,theenergyindustryintheUKeconomy,occupiesanimportantpositioninrecentyearstheUKgovernmentemphasizetoimproveenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy,foundedtheconstruction"alowcarboneconomy"goal.【political]BritainisintheEuropean,in25yearsmaintainanddeveloptherelationshipbetweentheeuandChina,italwaysandenthusiasticsupporters.BritainintheChinesebiggesteucountriesinvestors.Britain'sconstitutionisdifferentfrommostofthecountry'sconstitution,notaseparatedocument,itisthecommonlaw,practicebystatute,composed.Mainlymagnacarta(1215),personalprotectionact(1679years),thebillofrights(1689years),theparliamentmethod(1911and1949)andformermodifiedtheelectorallaw,thecityautonomy,countycouncilmethodandsoon.Regimeforconstitutionalmonarchy.Parliamentisthehighestlegislativeandjudicialauthority,jun,up,ordown)and(651civilians.Thesenatemembersincluderoyaldescent,hereditarynoble,lifelongnoble,appealcourtjudgesandchurchbishopandbishop.InNovember1999,thesenatereformbillpassed,inadditiontostayoutside,92peoplelostmorethan600hereditarynoblelordsofthequalification,andnotapoliticalappointedLordwillspecialroyalcommissionrecommended.ThehouseofCommonsalsocalledciviliancourts,senatorsbyuniversalsuffrage,adoptthemostvoteselecteddistrictelectedsystem,smallforatermoffiveyears.Butthegovernmentmaydecidethatearlyelections.Thegovernmentimplementcabinetsystembyqueenappointmentinwonamajorityinparliamentaryelectionsthepartyleaderandprimeministerresponsibleforhisappointmenttotheparliament.Thegovernmentimplementedthecabinetsystembyitsdesignatedseats.Inparliamentarymajorityleaderisresponsibletoparliamentfortheprimeministerandhisappointment.Britishenergyresourcesarerichineuropeancountries,inthefirstplace,notonlyhasagreatdealofoilandgasresources,andcoalreservesalsoisveryrich.SteelandaluminumalsohavecertainreservesCoastalfisheriesresourcesabundant.【Britain'seconomic]Britain'sGDPinwesterncountriesinthesixth,behindtheUnitedStates,Japan,Germany,FranceandItaly.TheprivateenterpriseisthesubjectoftheUKeconomy,accountingfor82%ofGDPandoftotalemployment79%.Britainisthebeginningofthecapitalistcountriesindustrializationprocess.Thefirsttimetheindustrialrevolution;firstoccursinBritain1850,industrialoutputintheworldintheUK,39percentinworldtrade,all21percentinthemonopolyposition;Thefirstworldwar,Britain'seconomicstrengthsufferedaseriousblow,Britishpossessionof250yearslost;seasAfterthesecondworldwar,Britain'seconomicpowerhavebeenbadlyweakened,colonialmarketfurthernarrowing;Inthelate1960'spushingthehightaxes,welfareandnationalizationpolicythattheUKeconomyisinextremedifficult;However,theBritishofindustrialdevelopmenthistorylongerhaverelativelycompletenationaleconomicsystemandindustrialsystem,sothereisstilltheworld'scountrieswithstrongeconomicstrength;In1973,BritainjoiningtheEuropeaneconomiccommunity,changeditsdependenceoncommonwealthanddevelopingcountriestostrengthentheruleofthetradingrelationswithEuropeancountries;ByMargaretthatcherin1979,whentheconservativegovernmentheadedover"Englishdisease"began,themeasuresare:emphasisoneconomicroleplaymarket,reducestateintervention,retrenchandlowertaxes,rectifywelfare,adjusttheforeignexchangecontrol,industrial,cancelitsprivatizationandmonetaristpoliciesandasaresult,theUKeconomyhadapparentrecovery;Inrecentyears,itsservicesintheproportionofGDPiscontinuouslyincreasing,andhaveaccountedfor,andindustrialproportionistakingup71.1percentreducedgradually,andaccountedforonly27.1%;Englishistheworld'sthirdlargestforeigninvestor,themaincreditor'srights,Britishoroneoftheworld'slargestinvisibletradeoneofimportandexportcountries.Britishindustrialbaseisasteelmanufacturing,heavyindustry,cotton,coalmine,shipbuilding.ManufacturingthecurrentisstillanimportantpartofBritishindustry;Industrialsteelproductsaremainly,aerospace,chemicalindustry,plasticproducts,textile,shoes,clothingandelectronicinstrumentindustry,motorvehiclesandtransportequipment,energysupply,etc.;Inaddition,pharmaceutical,electronic(includingcomputer),aviationtechnologyandotherfieldshaveaprominentdevelopment;Moreover,theforeigninvestmententerprisesinEnglishhasbecomeanimportantpartofitseconomy.Britain'sserviceindustryinthenationaleconomyhasimportantposition,themerchandisewholesale,retail,thehotelindustryisveryflourishing,finance,insurance,moreasaworldleader;Itsservicesoutputvalueaccountsforabout65%ofGDP,numberofemployeesaccountedfor75%ofthetotalemployment,andindustrialproductiondepartmenthasthecloserelation.Britishagricultureaccountsforthenationaltotalpopulation2.1%,theproductionoflaboragriculturalproductscansatisfythenationalfooddemand70%,agriculturaloutputvalueofgrossdomesticproduct1.5%;Britainiscattle,food,agriculturalchemical,agriculturalmachinery,themainexporters77percentoflandusedforfarming,themaincropshavewheat,barley,oats,potatoes,oil,beet,etc.;Mainfruitsandvegetableshavemushroom,carrots,celeryclass,apple,strawberry,woodblackberryandgreenhousecultivationoftomatoes,cucumbers,peppers,etc.;Theanimalhusbandrydeveloped,animalby-productsmore.Wool,cowhide,milkproductsarehighquality,animalhusbandryproductsprocessingindustrysuchaswool,dairyproductsprocessingandleatherprocessingetcarealsorelativelydeveloped.Fisheriescanmeetitsneeds60,mainfryhasDie,cod,cod,halibut,blackbysilvercarpsandtheherring,etc.;Britain237.95millionhectaresofforestarea,theforestcoveragerateof10%.【cultureeducation]educationsystemBritainimposed284obligations.1998/1999educationfundsofGDPinthefiscalyear4.9%.Publicschoolstudentswerefreetuition.Privateschoolteachers'conditionsandteachingequipmentarebetter,butfeesarehigh,thestudentmoreforamillionaire.Britainishighereducationintheworldthemostdevelopedcountries,havetheworld'stophighereducationlevels,highereducationsystemisthebirthplaceofmoderncivilization.Britainistheworld'soldestuniversity,alsohavealargenumberoftheworld'stopuniversities,fortheUKandworldnurturedmanyoutstandingscientistsandstatesmanandsoon.ThefamousBritishuniversity,OxfordUniversity,universityofCambridge,universitycollegeLondonimperialcollege,Sheffielduniversity,universityofEdinburgh,Birminghamuniversity,Londonpoliticalandeconomicinstitute,theuniversityofManchesterinEngland,NewcastleuniversityandtheuniversityofNottinghamandsoon.Britisheducationgenerallydividedintofivestages.Thefirststageistheagein3-5yearseducation;thekindergartenThesecondstageistheprimaryschoolaged5-11education;Thethirdstage11--16ofmiddleschooleducation5yearsold-16obligationsoftheprovisionsoftheeducationlawstage.School-agechildrenmustbythestateisresponsibleforentrancefees,booksandnecessarysupplies.16to18yearsoldorabove(orcollegeprepschoolclass),forsecondaryschooluniversitytransition;Fourthorder5years;Thefifthstagefor16yearslatercontinuetoeducation.Includingyouthandadulteducationnormaluniversityvocationaldon'tcount,thewayapart-time,]]3.5andsparetime.Inlocallengthofschooling,departments,andeachmajorisnotthesame.【Britishcelebrity]Cromwell,ShakespeareChurchill,Newton,Montgomery,ElizabethI,Halleywatt,hawking,Margaretthatcherandsoon.【festival]BritainhasmanytraditionalfestivalholidayBritainandactivities.Statistics,Britishannualfestivalwithmilkylocal106.Itsmainfestivalsare:1.AlltheYear's/(NewYear'sDay),jan.1YearcelebratedtheNewYearbegin.PeopleholdallkindsofNewYearpartyintheNewYear,thequeenremarks,variouschurchShouSuiweekdoonNewYear'seve.St.Valentine's/(saintValentine'sDayeachyearonFebruary14),isthethirdcenturymartyrdomsaintsshengwalundinganniversary.Theloversinthisdayexchanginggifts,thereforecalls"valentine'sday".St.And's/(St.Patrick'sDay),everyMarch17th,isthepatronsaintofthememorialIrelandStPatrick'sholiday.MakeanappointmentHolySaturday)press,theEasterdayis.Easter(Easter),generallyinthefirstyearafterthevernalequinoxonSunday,abouttheMarch21orso.ThissectionisthecelebrationofChristJesustheresurrectionofChrist)(,atthefeastpeopletoeatmoreEasterEggs(EasterEggs).FortheEasterSundayistheseconddayoftheEaster).GoodFriday(ChristbeforeEasterblack),onFriday,thechurchheldaceremonycommemoratingChristcrucified.InBritainthisdayispublic,peopleeattraditionalhotcrossbunscrossgao(hot).ShengTianJieAscensionEaster(Christ/Easter),isthefirst40dayslaterThursday,alsoknownasmakepress.TheholyghostiscomePentecost(day),isthefirst7afterEasterSunday,alsocalledwhite.onthatoccur.Are's/Day,virginMary(eachyearonMarch25,alsocalledAnnunciation/(tiantimesdetails).April11.Throwa's/year(AprilFool'sDay),April1,thisquarterYuQingZhuVenalcomefromequinoxinApril1AprilFoolcalledbyprankAprilwise).(Away'sBirthday(theQueenbirthdays),everyyearApril21,thisdayiscelebratetheQueen'sBirthday.Shakespeare's/(Shakespeareanniversary),everyyearApril23,thissectionisthecelebrationofShakespeare'sbirthday.Mayeachyear,WuYueJie)/(onMay1,thisDayistomeetthespringfestivals.Commonwealthanniversary,eachyear(onMay1,theholidayfromYuQingZhuqueenVictoria'sbirthday.Away'sBirthday(could),theBritishQueenlegalbirthdaysonJune10orpreviousSaturdayoff,toreplacetheApril21sttheQueen'sBirthday.Halloween(Halloween),everyOctober31,thechildrenmasqueradedasaghostheartilylaughandplayandscareothers.(Christmas),Christmas/eachDecember25,christianscelebratetheDayofthebirthofChrist,istheUK'slargestfestival.ChristmaspeoplenotonlycanoftenseeSantaSantaClausorit(Christmas),butalsocaneattoChristmasdinnerandChristmaspudding(ChristmasChristmaspudding),personallydinnerdecoratetheChristmastreeandenjoycelebratingChristmaseve,etc.【customs】wearthepeopleofScotlandcaseskirtIntheworldofmenwearingskirts,theScottishdidn'tseeisoneofthem.In2006,wearingblackcaseskirt,andsocks,holdingapipe,bagpipes,thisistheprideofScottishpeopleweargoodclothes.Scotlandlovetowearabeautifulskirt,becauseofdifferentphotos,beautifulcloth,everyclanrepresentdifferentclanfortheirdesignarepresentativeclanspiritandbloodrelations,throughtheclothskirtofcases.Whenthemanputonhisfamily,bytheirfathers'households,alsowearingacasetheprideoftheirclansmancloth,responsibilityandloyalty.folkmannersTheBritishwhogivetheimpressionofbeingandconservativeandasenseofhumor.Familiarwiththings,Britishtendtoacceptfornovelty,orexoticthingalways'sskeptical.Britishcomparisonmodest,boastingiswithoutbreedingperformance.Britishpeopleveryvaluedaperson'ssenseofhumor.Britain'sstartingpoint,humorself,theirownprofitsandlossesdownenemyandtheirultimatepurposeistoself-mockery,laughattheirownfaults,failuresandembarrassmentshisideal.Theydon'tbelieveincolorfulwordsandboastwords.Englishmenlikesports,modernformsofsportswerealmostallBritishinvention,suchasboxing,football,hockey,tennisetc.Britishfoodpreparationmethodissimpler,onlytwo:intotheoven,orintothepotcooking.Cookingis,won'tmakewhatdressingeatinpersonalinterestsputsomesalt,pepperandmustard,suchaschillioil.Britain'sspecialtyisroastbeefsteak,Friedfish,Friedpotatoes3,theetiquetteInBritishladyfirst,isknowntostandardsofbehaviour.Intotheroomalast-in-first-outrestaurantsaremostlywomenbefore,maleopened.Forwomentowalkinthestreetoracrossthestreet,theladiesmantowalksidebyside.Thedirectionofautomobiledinner,ladiesintothelivingroom,hall,whostooduptoshowrespect,madam,notitsasgifts.Summary,usuallywhenyouareintroducedtoawoman,youngintroducedtoanolderperson.Sitinthesittingroom,thepartystartedmenshouldhelplady,ladieschairseat.WasinvitedtoBritishhome.purchasingthem,ifispreparingsocialgathering,earlyisrude,becausethehostess,haven'tcompletelypreparedguestshere,wouldmakehimfeelveryembarrassed.Late,late10minutesoptimalhalfanhourbeforeit'stoolate,master,mustapologizetoyou.Inthemastercalledalsoisveryimpolite.Iamgoodatbetweenthe10:00to11pointsafterleaving1houroreatfarewell.Ifinvitedtostayforafewdaysoraweekend,canleavemoneyflowermistress.Britishpeopleeatcustomcomplex,themainestissitstraight,eatingisnotkeeptalking.Ifitisa"soupbasinshouldbeplacedonaplate,coffeespoononthesaucer.Can'tputpersonaluseaspooninsoupbasinfirecoffeecup.Eatnotphonate,otherwise,itwillbeconsiderednotunderstandrules.Whenyoudrinksoupside,frominsidetooutside,cannotuseladlespoonfulsofhead,themorecannotcarrysoupbasindrinksoupdrankallthebasin.Everymealusuallyonlythemaincourse,saladsanddesserts.Notinthetablesmokingandburps.Whendrinkingcoffeecup,coffeekeysinatrayBritishstreetsandlanesareeverywherebar,drinkingbeer,hasbecomeatraditionofLondon.Somebarmorethan100yearsofhistory.Britishpubsusuallyadornmentantique,carvepatternsordesignsonwoodworkdoorsandWindows,wearbigglassWindowsbrushstage.ThebarhasbecomeaculturalinLondon