英语语言学 框架知识 中文版

英语语言学框架知识中文版英语语言学框架知识中文版英语语言学框架知识中文版资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月英语语言学框架知识中文版版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：一、绪论语言学的定义

语言学的研究范畴

几对基本概念

语言的定义

语言的甄别特征Whatislinguistics什么是语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴

Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性

Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.

Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.

Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"writtenlanguageSynchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历史性

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy

Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语

Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:

（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution

（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting

（3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguageLanguageandparole语言与言语

Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity

ParolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuseCompetenceandperformance能力与运用

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers'knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationWhatislanguage什么是语言Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication

Characteristicsoflanguage:语言的特性

Languageisarule-governedsystem

Languageisbasicallyvocal

Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.ThisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswellillustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare'splay"RomeoandJuliet":"Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet."）

LanguageisusedforhumancommunicationDesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的甄别特征

AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:

1）arbitrariness武断性

2）productivity创造性

3）duality二重性

4）displacement移位性

5）culturaltransmission文化传递性二、音系学语言的声音媒介

什么是语音学

发音器官

音标……宽式和严式标音法

英语语音的分类

音系学和语音学

语音、音位、音位变体

音位对立、互补分部、最小对立

几条音系规则

超切分特征Twomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting

Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Phonetics语音学:isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguage.

Threebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics发音语音学（mosthighlydeveloped）,auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacousticphonetics声学语音学Organsofspeech发音器官

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareasorcavities:

Thepharyngealcavity咽腔——thethroat

Theoralcavity口腔——themouth

Thenasalcavity鼻腔——thenose

Vibrationofthevocalcords（声带）resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled"voicing"浊音，whichisafeatureofallvowels元音andsomeconsonants辅音。单词补充：01）velum:Thesoftpalate.软腭

02）uvula:Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterofthesoftpalate.小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块

03）larynx:n.喉

04）vocalcord:声带

05）membrane:n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparatingorconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官

06）thesoftpalate:软腭

07）thehardpalate:硬腭

08）theteethridge:齿龈

09）alveolus:Atoothsocketinthejawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床

10）theteeth:牙齿

11）thelips:上下唇

12）bladeoftongue:舌面

13）backoftongue:舌根

14）pharyngealcavity:咽腔

15）nasalcavity:鼻腔

16）velar:Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as（g）ingoodand（k）incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在good中的（g）以及在cup中的（k）

17）thetipofthetongue:舌尖

18）theupperfrontteeth:上齿

19）theroofofthemouth:上颚

20）thelowerlip:下唇音标……宽式和严式标音法

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）

Thevowels（monophthongsanddiphthongs）元音（单元音&双元音）

Theconstants辅音

Broadtranscription:transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.（indictionariesandteachingtextbooks）

用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。

Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.

但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，比如Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。

在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。

ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds英语语音的分类

Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconstantisthatinthepronunciationoftheformertheairthatcomesfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,orthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.

ClassificationofEnglishconstants

英语辅音分类

此主题相关图片如下：ClassificationofEnglishvowels

:thepositionofthetongueinthemouth舌位高低

:theopennessofthemouth,口的张开程度

:theshapeofthelips园唇与否

:lengthofthevowels元音的长度此主题相关图片如下：Phonology音系学

Phonologyandphonetics音系学和语音学

Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages.

语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。

Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

音系学研究的重点是特定语言的语音体系，语音表达意义作用。Phone，phonemeandallophone

语音，音位，音位变体Phones,whichcanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.

语音是语音学研究的单位，是一个个具体的声音。

Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.

音位是音系学研究的单位，是抽象的概念，每一个音位是一组语音特征的集合体，音位具有区别意义的作用。

Thedifferentwhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

音位变体是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现，同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体，也就是语音。

Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对

ropeandrobethat/P/and/b/canoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning;thereforetheyareinphonemiccontrast.

可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。

/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.[pen]and[ben]

最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。Somerulesinphonology几条音系规则

Sequentialrules序列规则：blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.Butlbki,ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.

Assimilationrules同化规则

Deletionrule省略规则

Sign,design,thereisno{g}sound

Signature,designationthe{g}ispronounced.

Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.Suprasegmentalfeatures——stress,tone,intonation

超切分特征——重音，声调，语调

thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;

超切分特征指切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。三、MORPHOLOGY形态学请结合《词汇学中的构词法》进行学习。语素：语言最小的意义单位

语素的类型

复合词的类型

复合词的特征Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.

形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则，有屈折形态学和词汇形态学两大分支。Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

语素：语言最小的意义单位。FreeMorpheme:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.（independent）

自由语素可以作为单词独立使用。BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

粘着语素必须和其他语素结合成单词

BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:（1）root（2）Affix（词缀）

1）Inflectionalaffixes（屈折词缀）（inflectionalmorphemes）:

affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional

2）Derivationalaffixes（派生词缀）A）prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B）suffix

Anadjectivesuffix（形容词后缀）thatisaddedtothestem,whateverclassisbelongsto,theresultwillbeanadjective.

free=freeroot（自由词根）Morpheme（词素）

Boundrootprefix

boundderivational

affixsuffix

inflectionalRootandstem（词根和词干）

1）Root2）Stem

Thedifferencesbetweenrootandstem:

Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.

IndividualisticUndesirables

Individualist（stem）undesirable（stem）

Individual（stem）desirable（stem）

dividual（stem）desire（root,stem）

divide（root,stem）Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：addingword-formationorderivationalaffixestostem.

Prefixation前缀@：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.

1）'表示否定'nagativeprefixes:un-,non,in-,dis,a-etc.

2）''reversativeorprivativeprefixes:un-,de-disetc.

3）'表示贬义'pejorativeprefixes:mis-,mal-,pseudo-etc.

4）'表示程度'degreeorsizeprefixes:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,mini-etc.

5）'表示方向、态度'orientation&attitudeprefixes:counter-,contra-,anti-,pro-etc.

6）locativeprefixes:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-etc.

7）'表示时间、次序'timeandorderprefixes:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.

8）'表示数量'numberprefixes:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri-,multi