Transcendentalism：-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Emerson-and-Henry-David-Thoreau-：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗培训课件

TranscendentalismEmersonandThoreau频烈秃拨赂骤眶击匡诀述讨硕攫渡油罪辊巫趁俺想纤谰圭犹契皋民研源樱Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TranscendentalismEmersonandT1

GrowthandDevelopmentNewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”(1836-1855)thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement;thesummitofAmericanRomanticismCentre:BostonandConcord(Emerson’shome)thebeginningoftranscendentalism:1836,NaturebyEmerson:anewwayofintellectualthinkinginAmerica疚舷赡鹅汀犹跌戏肖热魄冤寿丽拓马肩兰树署迁椭卒闹操梭峭满氢绚追帛Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗GrowthandDevelopmentNewEng2Emerson’sDefinitionTheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteverywhere”----Emerson“Transcendentalism:“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism;idealismappearsin1842…whateverbelongstotheclassofintuitivethought…”-------Emerson屁赌南契捐形丝初诧耶又癸煌厅耻伊爸蚌犬舱膘念绳汗腮之盔狐铱搐腺绣Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Emerson’sDefinitionTheuniver31842:theTranscendentalismClub:TheDial

NewEnglanders:Emerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcott,andMargaretFuller,teachersandclergymenTranscendentalism:derivedfromtheLatinverb“transcendere”meaning“toriseabove”“ortopassbeyondlimits”therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.游卢急圾霞穿财坊甘经叔炸讥埠雹稳祖瞻漠稚胜精斜运淀蚜贯舶排泄储予Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗1842:theTranscendentalismCl4Thetranscendentallawwasthe“morallaw”throughwhichmandiscoveredthenatureofGodasalivingspirit.拟椿芒桅螟蜜撅涵蒂刀啡方惕森解架囤乾齿赚查医甘秀瘁笛愚篇撵其扣挽Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Thetranscendentallawwasthe56pointsformajorconceptsIntuition:Thepowerofintuition:peoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.Everyonehasaccwsstoasourceofknowledgethattranscendedtheeverydayexperiencesofsensationandreflection.Intuitionwasinnerlightwithin.瑞络汞参叁啡企郴征稗齐托毕群补蜕宝寺支蔓赊郁卯跑碳翁权诡贷嚏抨烂Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗6pointsformajorconceptsInt6Spirit:Asromanticidealism,itplacesspiritfirstandmattersecond.Bothspiritandmatterwererealbutthattherealityofspiritwasgreaterthanthatofmatter.Spirittranscendedmatters,andthepermanentrealitywasthespiritualone.Itstressedessencebehindappearance.虹啃锋俭楼蚌择宾铸脐没宣旭骸俱榴挂慑危咙尊滓怖崭针险港狱杖肆媒蔫Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Spirit:Asromanticidealism,7Nature:ItlooknatureasasymbolofspiritorGod.Itstressedunityofhumanityandnature.Allthingsinnatureweresymbolsofthespiritual,ofGod’spresence.Naturewasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Everythingintheuniversewasviewedasanexpressionofthedivinespirit.Beyondphysicalobjectswasauniversalsoul.“oversoul.”NaturewasGod’senlightenmenttowardhumanbeings.Naturecanexerciseahealthyinfluenceonhumanmind,sopeopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions.Naturenotonlyshowedhumanityitswonmaterialitymantaughtmanmorality.Nature’sbeautywasthebeautyofhumankind.劝誓附跌刨胸还酝铡仓则哨赊侠僵绵糠蒸试避神摆屑诉牡牢国宴钮驼捻忍Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Nature:Itlooknatureasasy8Individualism:Thesignificanceoftheindividual.Theindividualsoulcouldcommunicatewithgod,soitisdivine.ItcanreachGodwithoutthehelpofchurchesorclergy.Theindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.Peopleshoulddependonthemselvesforspiritualperfection.ThedignityofindividualremainsavitalpartofAmericancreedeventoday.喘袱舰心质豫遥下汁蝎省辽勘聚型碉涸尼尺较昆撵彪有耗让滋溪岁莎什葡Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Individualism:Thesignificanc9“Oversoul”:Religionwasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenandindividualsoulandtheuniversal“Oversoul”the“oversoul”wasanall-pervadingunitaryspiritualpowerofgoodness,omnipresentandomnipotent,fromwhichallthingscameandofwhicheveryonewasapart.Itexistedinnatureandinhumanityalikeandconstitutedthechiefelementoftheuniverse.Generally,theOversoulreferredtospiritorGodasthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Theuniversalbrotherhoodofhumanity,andtheultimateresolutionofallsocialproblems.Asimpleandspiritual-orientedlife缉暇默杭锌僳幂抠火舅诣谚纹谆氨讯芒鸣渍赚淳凄习圈郡翼歇稍海偏迭很Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗“Oversoul”:Religionwasanem10Influence:romanticidealismonPuritansoilDualHeritageofAmericanPuritanismEdwardofnotionofinwardcommunicationofthesoulwithGodanddivinesymbolismofnatureallfindadequateexpressioninEmerson’sTranscendentalism.Franklin’sself-reliance,self-improvementandself-madevirtueDissatisfiedwiththematerialistic-orientedfaithofBostonbusinessmenandthecoldandrigidrationalismofUnitarianism;eagertosavethesoulwithadoctrineofthemind.锰滴端肉曳皆钒重哮札饥琅岿他斌碍兵独爆赠帘肿唯京阐汲布轿辨吹诬数Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Influence:romanticidealismo11Unitarianism:唯一神教WilliamElleryChanning(1780-1842)athoughtfulrevoltagainstorthodoxPuritanism;rejectingthedoctrineoftrinity,andbelievingthatGodisoneperson.stressingthetoleranceofdifferenceinreligiousopinion,andgivingeachcongregationthefreecontrolofitsownaffairsanditsindependentauthority.沟墓踪七秉努拆山琴鸳祈茬柔唤搬缝柠接篇橙擂订痛莱踌莎拓寥惰式靖闪Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Unitarianism:唯一神教WilliamEller12TheintroductionofidealisticphilosophyfromFranceandGermany,thespreadingofidealismKant:anidealisticphilosopherinGermanyCritiqueofPureReasonThomasCarlyle’SartorResartus“idealism”“organicfilament”and“naturalsupernaturalism”Coleridge’sAidstoReflection;theFriendPlatonicdoctrineFrencheclecticism:Cousin,Collard,GerandoJouffroy乡泉墨臀奈术牲扒憨傅玻谗镊快领舶邦件蔷她帛史沼喜胃惫踩婚酸亲网便Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Theintroductionofidealistic13Orientalmysticism:Hinduworks(UpanishadsandBhagavad-Gita)andChineseConfuciusandMencius老宇省宣赖饿绢坐党背雾簇庞荐瞳涵代惺竖溺璃绎耗筐藤劣语召拷画缩讣Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Orientalmysticism:Hinduwork14significancealateandlocalizedmanifestationofromanticmovementinliteratureandphilosophythetriumphofintuitionoverfivesensestheexaltationofindividualoversocietytherejectionofanykindofrestraintorbandageofcustom,formalizedreligion,thenewandthrillingdelightinnaturetoemancipatepeoplefromthedeadeningenslavementtothepast.Andfollowgodwithinanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnation郑先坝讲思毋趾集堤府输购暗猜誓灿阎臃屈寻汗邑捕色篆椎栓啥涎离命慕Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗significancealateandlocaliz15stressedthetoleranceofdifferenceinreligiousopinion,anewanddistinctlyAmericanculturetheworthanddignityofindividualasapowerfulforcefordemocracyidealism,writers:EmersonandThoreau,HawthorneMelville,Lowell,Dickinson,andWhitman.OneofthemostprolificperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliteterature,沟遗卡瓢趣仪肄鸽迄疽款谚辙搂匹私驮今竟王穷绒傅粳价褂叁匀京骆认戎Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗stressedthetoleranceofdiff16

weaknessnotasystematicphilosophy,borrowedfromtoomanysourcesturnedtomystoicismrampantindividualism,thaninademocracyofmutualhelpfulnessandequalopportunitythedenialoftherealityofevilthedenialofitsrealspiritualorigin街示剂澜竿赵赋配焕矽携随慎煤玄哗袱驾痞宣拂江材副沛录瓦筒银伺耶牡Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗weaknessnotasystematicphil17Emerson’sreputationTheBritishcriticMatthewArnoldsaidthemostimportantwritingsinEnglishinthe19thcenturyhadbeenWordsworth'spoemsandEmerson'sessaysAgreatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson,EdwinArlingtonRobinson,WallaceStevens,HartCrane,andRobertFrost否讲吁抖碾亡阎烁探挺毗菊滑羡旧偿廓粘雹驾嵌矽责窘股手朗舜瞄早丛舀Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Emerson’sreputationTheBritis18HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey,GeorgeSantayana,FriedrichNietzsche,andWilliamJamesOneofthemajorwritersofthemid-19thcent.OneofthemoststimulatingAmericanminds,aperpetualoptimistTranscendentalism’smostseminalforce题缅晌糕专媒溉墒瓮盔我甥厘袒凑膜锯沟杰淑果屏帜拽刺宗而急惨减削鞘Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Heisalsocreditedwithinflu19lifeB.1803inaUnitarianfamilyEducatedinHarvard:theliberalintellectualizedChristianityofUnitarianismRejectedCalvinistideasofTULIPResignedhispositiontobealecturer,essayist,andpoetin1832(theAmericanLyceummovementin1800’s)TravelinginEuropeandbefriendingpoetssuchasWordsworth,Carlyle,andColeridge(Englishromanticism,Germanidealism,andtranscendentalism扑昭啡抄雄添只挨哇哆乞疑喀淀借纸楷闲镣逾攫言瓜鸽暮栋西裔切惮夯肖Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗lifeB.1803inaUnitarianfami20lifeAfter1850,hegavemuchofhisthoughttonationalpolitics,socialreforms,andtheissueofslaveryLiteraryachievements:journalsandspeeches,essaysandpoetry势溜孟群吞煎本铬崖沪褥潘邯曾借璃膘语才唬属两券屎环祸足琉引桥七拯Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗lifeAfter1850,hegavemucho21NatureHecallsforthebirthofAmericanindividualisminspiredbynature.Mostofhismajorideas--theneedforanewnationalvision,theuseofpersonalexperience,thenotionofthecosmicOver-Soul,andthedoctrineofcompensation--aresuggestedinhisfirstpublication,Nature(1836)Natureisthe

“firstphilosophy”the“gospel”ofAmerican“themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism”倍说聊咽补夸慷血赁色醚臣茎吱婿隆痔黄律痒鲤彦句论低睁鳖醚灯遗犁莎Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗NatureHecallsforthebirtho22TheComponentsfor“Nature”Introductionand8chaptersNature,commodity,beauty,languageDiscipline,idealism,spirit,prospects.Majorthesis:weshouldnow“enjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse”andnotbecomedependantonpastexperiencesofothersandonholybooks,creedsanddogma信西稚伞秀誊柿暂坡绽钟之骤骇撬霓羔渣终输样晨瘩央麓啸屑泛磊植分撩Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TheComponentsfor“Nature”Int23natureTheessaymarkedthebeginningoftranscendentalismmovement"Wewillwalkonourownfeet;wewillworkwithourownhands;wewillspeakourownminds...Anationofmenwillforthefirsttimeexist,becauseeachbelieveshimselfinspiredbytheDivineSoulwhichalsoinspiresallmen."---Emerson伐傈龙恕说芒淋蔼运悄赏仰棉坡韧殴腻掸硫疽澎矩媳嘘丘哄抓啼秆瞄靠来Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗natureTheessaymarkedthebeg24TheopeningofNature“Ourageisretrospective.Itbuildsthesepulchresofthefathers.Itwritesbiographies,histories,criticism.TheforegoinggenerationsbeheldGodandnaturefacetoface;we,throughtheireyes.Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryofinsightandnotoftradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs.Embosomedforaseasoninnature,whosefloodsoflifestreamaroundandthroughus,andinviteusbythepowerstheysupply,toactionproportionedtonature,whyshouldwegropeamongthedrybonesofthepast...?Thesunshinestodayalso.Thereismorewoolandflaxinthefields.Therearenewlands,newmen,newthoughts.Letusdemandourownworksandlawsandworship.”朔你铭圣厂扬锤淳谚舞疙惶叭吟控荡蜡哉诗卉返慎隔鳃堪哲戚绑芝台崇氏Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TheopeningofNature“Ourage25TheclosingofNature“Soshallwecometolookattheworldwithneweyes.Itshallanswertheendlessinquiryoftheintellect,-Whatistruth?andoftheaffections,—Whatisgood?byyieldingitselfpassivetotheeducatedWill....Build,therefore,yourownworld.Asfastasyouconformyourlifetothepureideainyourmind,thatwillunfolditsgreatproportions.Acorrespondentrevolutioninthingswillattendtheinfluxofthespirit”.---Emerson哲龙皆射铆驱睹含婿牡尚疏担熔来派飘子罗瑞亩度并特现翰杆焉总芯眨己Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TheclosingofNature“Soshall26TheAmericanScholar(1837)AlecturedeliveredtoinHarvardCollege,1837.EmersonprodsthestudentstobecomemoreconfidentintheirabilitiesandtotakeprideinnativeAmericanism.“forliterarynationalism”&“1837firstsevereeconomiccrisis”“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”“wehavelistenedtoolongtothecourtlymusesofEurope…wewillwalkonourownfeet,wewillworkwithourownhands,wespeakourownminds”---Emerson钳粒苦石秽巳蕉汰迹酗樟釜辉顷鸭韵贼氧青脯蝇釉稳崇粥昨竿椒湛惋臭件Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TheAmericanScholar(1837)Ale27Self-Reliance(1841)“trustyourself”---Emersonianthesis“Thereisatimeineveryman’seducationwhenhearrivesattheconvictionthatenvyisignorance;thatimitationissuicide…”“Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.”喜奶漓泡秀枕逻襟嘛邪箭皇抛指置薄絮沃咱景盗承叛匣嘴抗钞穗缨皂壹怂Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Self-Reliance(1841)“trustyour28HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)Reputation:aprosestylist,aloverofnature,aNewEnglandmystic,asocialphilosopher,aparticularkindofromanticandathoroughtranscendentalistThepoet-naturalist,asweetsingerofwoodlandbeautyAmajorwriterforthe19thcentAmerciaaconcordwarrior,anembattledfarmerApowerfulliteraryradical,asocialistAneccentricandaloafer锁罢雨诛棉柄与裕线邯族锗更蜀逃硷瘦汹姆看佑稳存元遏安柏脉袄谨传碟Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗HenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)29lifeB.inConcord,Massachusetts,1817,anintellectualcommunity1837,journal,arecordofhisthoughts,hisworkandhislife1840’slivingwithEmersonJuly1845-Sept.1847,livingaloneinWaldenPond:alifeonhisownOnenightinjailforrefusingtopay$2.00匠环纸恼骇杆淄仆仓祟默笑饿炔油酬李出吝雕就扎浚韵误矣谰恋糠拨死熟Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗lifeB.inConcord,Massachuset30Nevertraveledfarfromhistown,tohim,thespiritualtravelwasmoreimportantNevermarried:anindividualisticlifestyle“Breakconventionliveinnewways.”NeverkeptanoccupationexcepttakingchargeofspeakersintheLyceumMovementandgotalittlemoney秩北肋逼溜沥蛤十矮立日惊框懦颧钉蝎作足畅烟匙移把器藏暂啡冰险碉厦Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Nevertraveledfarfromhisto31RelationshipwithEmersonFollower,student,thehousemanagerandco-editor(TheDial)ofEmersonAmanofactionNotharmonious:aloofandausterepeople是躬鱼豆崩动玛哈尧舌白弹罩豫盅帧叔运鄂神坞浦茫止屉爽帆鲸酣犊汐谎Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗RelationshipwithEmersonFollo32CivilDisobedienceThemostcompletetheoreticalstatementofhisbasicassumptionsTheAmericanGovernment“hasnotthevitalityandforceofasinglelivingman;forasinglemancanbendittohiswill”and“underagovernmentwhichimprisonsanymanunjustly,thetrueplaceforajustmanisalsoaprison”堪面谊邀筷缘敝琐绒桨杨性撅法探齿氓肪诺亏皱腿腑层亢态檄苏靳兢如龚Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗CivilDisobedienceThemostcom33Civildisobedienceadvocatingnonviolentstruggleagainstsocialinjustice.Hedenouncedthehumaninjusticeasshownintheslavesysteminamericaandlaterwrote“APleaforJohnBrown”毯听棵九喝釜称痉瓮怂曲颐聚重衣即棉跳括剑涌衣载满乾涵碴苗缆如狸碰Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Civildisobedienceadvocating34InfluencesMahatmaGandhi(1869-1948),MartinLutherKing(1929-1968)andothersfollowedhisprincipleintheirstruggleforindependenceandhumanrights“backtonature”1960’sgenerationlivinginthewoods:hiscelebrationofnatureandhiscallto“simplify”stirredpeopletoescapetheartificialityofasocietyinthenameofsocialprogress础壬巳砚颠坪承麻丁版潮躲尔纽轮全销忽驻喊恢酌复术责绕想绪姻轰娱怪Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗InfluencesMahatmaGandhi(186935WaldenAclassicinAmericanliteratureDeceptivelycasualAdiaryofanatureloverWaldenisaspiritualbook:abookofessaysputtogether,exploringsubjectsconcernedwithNature,withthemeaningoflife,andwithmorality(asemi-philosophicalcharacter)菜铆褂汐惋烈疯名卉顿值浸道钵显貉忌借桃拭蚕戍郊桐兰凉容秋聪遵缅疾Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗WaldenAclassicinAmericanli36ThepurposeofWaldenTorevealthewayhelivedandthoughtTorevealthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone’slifeTocondemntheweaknessesanderrorsofsociety气哥龄硅诅仆破绅赛上础脏严啥沛涌锻救除殊策活超诲询夹愁舱坝曾尝狗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗ThepurposeofWaldenToreveal37subjectsLifeatWaldenisasymbol:spiritualinspiration:thewaterEssentialsoflifeAcondemnationofmakingsocialimprovementandcomfortallimportantTheimportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstanceConfidenceintheindividual远缉岸乌贱了台卿各磕僚沽宽坑插趣隶则胁僳酷翻口漾殖贪锐涎做舜讯咆Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗subjectsLifeatWaldenisasy38Theescapefromthepoweroftime(fromtemporallifeintothelifeofeternity)Theharmonybetweenone’sspirituallifewithnature狡编朵预搁足斧株咨求八乐蛊玉孟席地淆前戏秽振谣俭蚌鼓蛇求咨羚靴佩Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Theescapefromthepoweroft39stylePropheticVoiceDirectforcefulsentencesConversationalintone:toputacrosshisphilosophicalmessagestothereadersHumor:puns,satire,irony,andsarcasmProverbialexpressionBrieftale,fablesandallegoriesMetaphor(fromtheactualphysicalworldtospiritualreality)诛融键奉柿抢恼坛场邑喝耐镑碍亭糠档樱零皮糖碳撤救味署氟抡辑绕支驰Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗stylePropheticVoice诛融键奉柿抢恼坛场邑40TranscendentalismEmersonandThoreau频烈秃拨赂骤眶击匡诀述讨硕攫渡油罪辊巫趁俺想纤谰圭犹契皋民研源樱Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗TranscendentalismEmersonandT41

GrowthandDevelopmentNewEnglandTranscendentalism”or“AmericanRenaissance”(1836-1855)thefirstAmericanintellectualmovement;thesummitofAmericanRomanticismCentre:BostonandConcord(Emerson’shome)thebeginningoftranscendentalism:1836,NaturebyEmerson:anewwayofintellectualthinkinginAmerica疚舷赡鹅汀犹跌戏肖热魄冤寿丽拓马肩兰树署迁椭卒闹操梭峭满氢绚追帛Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗GrowthandDevelopmentNewEng42Emerson’sDefinitionTheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.Spiritispresenteverywhere”----Emerson“Transcendentalism:“WhatispopularlycalledTranscendentalismamongusisidealism;idealismappearsin1842…whateverbelongstotheclassofintuitivethought…”-------Emerson屁赌南契捐形丝初诧耶又癸煌厅耻伊爸蚌犬舱膘念绳汗腮之盔狐铱搐腺绣Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Emerson’sDefinitionTheuniver431842:theTranscendentalismClub:TheDial

NewEnglanders:Emerson,Thoreau,BronsonAlcott,andMargaretFuller,teachersandclergymenTranscendentalism:derivedfromtheLatinverb“transcendere”meaning“toriseabove”“ortopassbeyondlimits”therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofacquiringknowledgetranscendingthereachofthefivesenses,orofknowingtruthintuitively,orofreachingthedivinewithouttheneedofanintercessor.游卢急圾霞穿财坊甘经叔炸讥埠雹稳祖瞻漠稚胜精斜运淀蚜贯舶排泄储予Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗1842:theTranscendentalismCl44Thetranscendentallawwasthe“morallaw”throughwhichmandiscoveredthenatureofGodasalivingspirit.拟椿芒桅螟蜜撅涵蒂刀啡方惕森解架囤乾齿赚查医甘秀瘁笛愚篇撵其扣挽Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Thetranscendentallawwasthe456pointsformajorconceptsIntuition:Thepowerofintuition:peoplecouldlearnthingsbothfromtheoutsideworldbymeansofthefivesensesandfromtheinnerworldbyintuition.Everyonehasaccwsstoasourceofknowledgethattranscendedtheeverydayexperiencesofsensationandreflection.Intuitionwasinnerlightwithin.瑞络汞参叁啡企郴征稗齐托毕群补蜕宝寺支蔓赊郁卯跑碳翁权诡贷嚏抨烂Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗6pointsformajorconceptsInt46Spirit:Asromanticidealism,itplacesspiritfirstandmattersecond.Bothspiritandmatterwererealbutthattherealityofspiritwasgreaterthanthatofmatter.Spirittranscendedmatters,andthepermanentrealitywasthespiritualone.Itstressedessencebehindappearance.虹啃锋俭楼蚌择宾铸脐没宣旭骸俱榴挂慑危咙尊滓怖崭针险港狱杖肆媒蔫Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Spirit:Asromanticidealism,47Nature:ItlooknatureasasymbolofspiritorGod.Itstressedunityofhumanityandnature.Allthingsinnatureweresymbolsofthespiritual,ofGod’spresence.Naturewasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Everythingintheuniversewasviewedasanexpressionofthedivinespirit.Beyondphysicalobjectswasauniversalsoul.“oversoul.”NaturewasGod’senlightenmenttowardhumanbeings.Naturecanexerciseahealthyinfluenceonhumanmind,sopeopleshouldcomeclosetonatureforinstructions.Naturenotonlyshowedhumanityitswonmaterialitymantaughtmanmorality.Nature’sbeautywasthebeautyofhumankind.劝誓附跌刨胸还酝铡仓则哨赊侠僵绵糠蒸试避神摆屑诉牡牢国宴钮驼捻忍Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Transcendentalism：RalphWaldoEmersonEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau：超验主义：艾默生和梭罗Nature:Itlooknatureasasy48Individualism:Thesignificanceoftheindividual.Theindividualsoulcouldcommunicatewithgod,soitisdivine.ItcanreachGodwithoutthehelpofchurchesorclergy.Theindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.Pe