英语高考-完形填空说明文(原卷版)

资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：第二部分语言知识运用精做08完形填空说明文 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此也是高考完形填空题中较难理解的一种文体。其主要特点为：1.开头点题在说明文类的完形填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明细节的前提。2.结构清晰 说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻辑关系，选择正确答案具有重要意义。3.难度较大 说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为复杂。4.遣词用字简练 说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。5.条理清晰 说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。【解题技巧】1.快速弄清文章大意 对于此类文章我们结合选择项，进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一个大体的了解。说明文往往生词较多，而题材又比较广泛，所以阅读时，首先要能够掌握文章的大意。2.弄清楚说明的顺序 把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。3.把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节 把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，我们还要特别注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4.注重上下文语境 应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服＂思维定势＂，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。5.熟练做题方法，遵循四个原则：（1）上下一致。每个选择项必须从全文出发，从大处着手，避免孤立地分析每一空格，造成误选。（2）语法正确。从语法地角度去考虑动词的时态、语态以及词类用法。（3）逻辑合理。在完形填空题中，逻辑推理非常重要，有时每个选择项从语法上讲都正确，但是有的是不合语境逻辑的。（4）符合搭配。英语中固定搭配很多，需要熟练掌握，才能做好此类题目。Cloze1（2016·上海卷）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文一种新型管理理论——授权管理及其作用。38215分钟★★★☆☆Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthenowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively1workandwilldoanythingtoavoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe2,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,3,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervisioniftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbeimposedfrom4withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysof5people.Unlikeauthoritarianmanagement,—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto6tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollectiveopinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral7.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional8managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout9managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:10thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layeringinthisway,acompanymaybe11withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas12beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto13thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-siteor14management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe15oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.1.A.desire B.seek C.lose D.dislike2.A.contrary B.expectation C.degree D.extreme3.A.viceversa B.forexample C.however D.otherwise4.A.outside B.inside C.below D.above5.A.replacing B.assessing C.managing D.encouraging6.A.refer B.contribute C.object D.apply7.A.agreement B.practice C.election D.impression8.A.bossy B.experienced C.western D.male9.A.asking B.training C.warning D.firing10.A.doubling B.maintaining C.reducing D.estimating11.A.honored B.left C.crowded D.compared12.A.economically B.traditionally C.inadequately D.occasionally13.A.deny B.admit C.assume D.ensure14.A.virtual B.ineffective C.day-to-day D.on-the-scene15.A.opinion B.risk C.performance D.attractivenessCloze2（2014·新课标全国卷I）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文各种形式的活动，如果人们经常做，都会产生厌倦情绪。24917分钟★★★☆☆ Asageneralrule,allformsofactivityleadtoboredomwhentheyareperformedonaroutine(常规)basis.Asamatteroffact,wecanseethis1atworkinpeopleofall2.Forexample,onChristmasmorning,childrenareexcitedabout3withtheirnewtoys.Buttheir4soonwearsoffandbyJanuarythose5toyscanbefoundputawayinthebasement.Theworldisfullof6stampalbumsandunfinishedmodels,eachstandingasamonumenttosomeone’s7interest.Whenparentsbringhomeapet,theirchild8bathesitandbrushesitsfur.Withinashorttime,however,the9ofcaringfortheanimalishandedovertotheparents.Adolescentsenterhighschoolwithgreat10butaresoonlookingforwardto11.Thesameistrueoftheyoungadultsgoingtocollege.Andthen,howmany12,whonowcomplain(抱怨)aboutthelongdrivestowork,13droveforhoursatatimewhentheyfirst14theirdriver’slicenses(执照)

Beforepeopleretire,theyusually15todoalotof16things,whichtheyneverhad17todowhileworking.But18afterretirement,thegolfing,thefishing,thereadingandalloftheotherpastimesbecomeasboringasthejobsthey19.And,likethechildinJanuary,theygosearchingfornew20.1.A.principle B.habit C.way D.power2.A.parties B.races C.countries D.ages3.A.working B.living C.playing D.going4.A.confidence B.interest C.anxiety D.sorrow5.A.same B.extra C.funny D.expensive6.A.well-organized B.colorfully-printed C.newly-collected D.half-filled7.A.broad B.passing C.different D.main8.A.silently B.impatiently C.gladly D.worriedly9.A.promise B.burden C.right D.game10.A.courage B.calmness C.confusion D.excitement11.A.graduation B.independence C.responsibility D.success12.A.children B.students C.adults D.retirees13.A.carefully B.eagerly C.nervously D.bravely14.A.required B.obtained C.noticed D.discovered15.A.need B.learn C.start D.plan16.A.great B.strange C.difficult D.correct17.A.time B.money C.skills D.knowledge18.A.only B.well C.even D.soon19.A.lost B.chose C.left D.quit20.A.pets B.toys C.friends D.colleaguesCloze3（2012·新课标全国卷Ⅰ）体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文身势语在交际中的重要性24618分钟★★★★☆ Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks1thanwords.Accordingtospecialists,ourbodiessendoutmore2thanwerealize.Infact,non-verbal(非言语)communicationtakesupabout50%ofwhatwereally3.Andbodylanguageisparticularly4whenweattempttocommunicateacrosscultures.Indeed,whatiscalledbodylanguageisso5apartofusthatit’sactuallyoftenunnoticed.Andmisunderstandingsoccurasaresultofit.6,differentsocietiestreatthe7betweenpeopledifferently.NorthernEuropeansusuallydonotlikehaving8contact(接触)evenwithfriends,andcertainlynotwith9.PeoplefromLatinAmericancountries,10,toucheachotherquitealot.Therefore,it’spossiblethatin11,itmaylooklikeaLatinois12aNorwegianallovertheroom.TheLatino,tryingtoexpressfriendship,willkeepmoving13.TheNorwegian,veryprobablyseeingthisaspushiness,willkeep14—whichtheLatinowillinreturnregardas15. Clearly,agreatdealisgoingonwhenpeople16.Andonlyapartofitisinthewordsthemselves.Andwhenpartiesarefrom17cultures,there’sastrongpossibilityof18.Butwhateverthesituation,thebest19istoobeytheGoldenRule:treatothersasyouwouldliketobe20.1.A.straighter B.louder C.harder D.further2.A.sounds B.invitations C.feelings D.messages3.A.hope B.receive C.discover D.mean4.A.immediate B.misleading C.important D.difficult5.A.well B.far C.much D.long6.A.Forexample B.Thus C.However D.Inshort7.A.trade B.distance C.connections D.greetings8.A.eye B.verbal C.bodily D.telephone9.A.strangers B.relatives C.neighbours D.enemies10.A.inotherwords B.ontheotherhand C.inasimilarway D.byallmeans11.A.trouble B.conversation C.silence D.experiment12.A.disturbing B.helping C.guiding D.following13.A.closer B.faster C.in D.away14.A.steppingforward B.goingon C.backingaway D.comingout15.A.weakness B.carelessness C.friendliness D.coldness16.A.talk B.travel C.laugh D.think17.A.different B.European C.Latino D.rich18.A.curiosity B.excitement C.misunderstanding D.nervousness19.A.chance B.time C.result D.advice20.A.noticed B.treated C.respected D.pleasedCloze1（2019•广东省广州市2019届高三第二次模拟考试）话题词数难度参考用时正确率发射卫星的意义313★★★☆☆16分钟AlwayswishedtheEarthhadasecondmoonThenyouwillbe1tohearthattheChengduAerospaceScienceInstitutehasplanstolaunchmultipleminimoonsoverthenextfewyears.Similartoour2satellite，thelightoftheartificialorb球体willbeobtainedfromthesunand3toEarthbyitsmirror﹣likecoating.Accordingtoitsdesigners,the4oflightbeingreflectedcanbecontrolledfromEarthandthelightcanevenbe5,ifnecessary.Whilethemultipleminimoonswillcertainlyappearpicturesque，theirmainpurposeistoconserve6TheChengduAerospaceexpertsclaimtheminimoon'sdusk—likeglowwillallowthegovernmenttoeventually7costlystreetlightsincities.TheyestimatethatusingtheartificialsatellitetolightupChengdu'sstreetsatnightwill8thecity1.2billionyuananally.Sincetheorb'slocationcanbe9moved，itcouldalsobeusedtoshinelightoverdisaster—struckareasthathavelost10.Oncethefirstminimoonis11successfully，theexpertsplantolaunchthree12ones.Together，thesatellites，whichwilltaketurnsdependingontheir13inrelationtothesun，areexpectedto14anareaof3，600to6，400squarekilometers.Whiletheorbswillbe15throughatelescopefromanywhereontheglobe,theirrealbeautywillonlybeseenbyvisitingChengdu.Officials,16,believetheywillbeahugetouristattraction，helpingimprovethecity's17.Asisoftenthecasewithmajor18,someexpertsareconcerned.They19thatthemoonswillimpactonthesleeppatternsofhumansandanimals.However，officialsbelievethesatelliteswillcauselittle，ifany20.1.A.pleased B.surprised C.alarmed D.relieved2.A.traditional B.unique C.natural D.famous3.A.carried B.reflected C.introduced D.transformed4.A.colour B.speed C.source D.amount5.A.sentout B.switchedoff C.givenaway D.turneddown6.A.resources B.animals C.farmland D.space7.A.rebuild B.expand C.improve D.remove8.A.bring B.leave C.save D.cost9.A.hardly B.easily C.frequently D.normally10.A.money B.home C.contact D.power11.A.travelling B.appearing C.working D.signaling12.A.additional B.special C.bright D.colourful13.A.size B.importance C.position D.function14.A.pickup B.takeup C.holdup D.lightup15.A.reliable B.visible C.available D.testable16.A.therefore B.however C.otherwise D.moreover17.A.population B.education C.evolution D.conflict18.A.drawback B.breakthroughs C.technology D.economy19.A.doubt B.conclude C.worry D.agree20.A.disturbance B.destruction C.satisfaction D.discussionCloze2（江苏省南京市九月学情调研）话题词数难度参考用时正确率古希腊戏剧的起源355★★★☆☆17分钟TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedonthe

1thatdramaevolvedfromritual(宗教仪式).Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeings

2thenaturalforcesoftheworld—eventheseasonalchanges—asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeansto

3theseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedto

4thedesiredresultswerethenkeptandrepeateduntiltheychangedinto

5rituals.6storiesarosewhichexplainedormaskedthemysteriesoftherituals.Astimespassed,someritualswere

7,butthestories,latercalledmyths,continuedtoexistandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievedthatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritualscontainedthe

8oftheatrebecausemusic,dance,masks,and

9werealmostalwaysused.

10,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformancesand

11theentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,a(n)

12divisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe＂areaofactingandtheatreinwhichanaudiencesits＂.Besides,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewas

13toavoidingmistakesinthepracticeofrituals,religiousleadersusually

14thattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimitated(模仿)otherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimed(用哑剧表演出)the

15effect—successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun—

16anactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentativeswereseparatedfrom

17activities.Anothertheorytracesthetheater’soriginfromthehumaninterestin

18.Accordingtothisview,talesaboutthehunt,warorotherthingsaretoldandgraduallyspread.

19throughtheuseofactionanddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilygymnasticorthatare

20ofanimalmovementsandsounds.1.A.background B.assumption C.evidence D.theory2.A.viewed B.employed C.imagined D.dismissed3.A.take B.possess C.guarantee D.control4.A.start B.show C.bring D.continue5.A.usual B.direct C.convincing D.fixed6.A.Apparently B.Actually C.Eventually D.Naturally7.A.spread B.abandoned C.followed D.celebrated8.A.seed B.content C.myth D.history9.A.costumes B.routines C.instructions D.performances10.A.Asaresult B.Infact C.Onthecontrary D.Inaddition11.A.when B.although C.unless D.while12.A.deep B.equal C.clear D.extra13.A.attached B.related C.committed D.tied14.A.putup B.tookup C.tookon D.puton15.A.unexpected B.unpredicted C.prepared D.desired16.A.whenever B.as C.whatever D.so17.A.social B.political C.economic D.religious18.A.accounts B.story-telling C.descriptions D.drama-writing19.A.atthattime B.atatime C.atfirst D.atonce20.A.imitations B.creatures C.presentations D.exhibitionsCloze1话题词数难度参考用时正确率不同时期社会观点的行为标准246★★★☆☆16分钟IfyouassociatemodernBritishfictionwiththecool,lonelytonesofMartinAmisandJulianBarnes,andUSfictionwithJonathanFranzen’s

1innerworldsorJohnIrving’ssentimentality,itseemsyouhavegood

2.Ananalysisofthe

3textsofEnglish-languagebooksoverthe

4centuryconcludesthat,sincethe1980s,wordsthat

5emotionalcontenthavebecome

6morecommoninUSbooksthaninBritishones.The

7,byanthropologist(人类学家)AlbertoAcerbioftheUniversityofBristol,UK,andhiscolleagues,takesadvantageofGoogle’sdatabaseofmorethan5milliondigitally

8booksfromthepastseveralcenturies.Thisresourcehas

9beenusedtoexaminethe

10ofliterarystylesandtrendsinliteraryexpressionsofindividualism.Such

11oftheculturalinformationmadeavailablebynewtechnologieshasbeen

12＂culturomics＂(文化组学).Its

13thinkthattheseapproachescan

14trendsinsocialopinionsandstandardsofbehaviorthatare

15hiddenwithinvastquantitiesofdata.＂Languageuseinbooks

16whatpeoplearetalkingaboutandthinkingaboutduringa

17time,soGoogleBooksprovidesafascinating

18intothepast,＂sayspsychologistJeanTwengeofSanDiegoStateUniversityinCalifornia.The

19resultscertainlyseemtoshowthatinformaldescriptionsaboutsocialmoodarereflectedinthe

20(bothfictionandnon-fiction)ofthetwentiethcentury.1.A.independent B.emotional C.peaceful D.autonomous2.A.reason B.way C.excuse D.truth3.A.digitized B.translated C.adapted D.adopted4.A.old B.modern C.former D.past5.A.take B.include C.carry D.arrange6.A.significantly B.surprisingly C.doubtfully D.instructively7.A.book B.study C.experiment D.lecture8.A.written B.chosen C.scanned D.made9.A.formally B.casually C.never D.previously10.A.evolution B.development C.progress D.revolution11. A.learning B.mining C.searching D.using12.A.regarded B.formed C.appointed D.called13.A.opponents B.owners C.advocates D.writers14.A.examine B.discover C.cause D.generate15.A.certainly B.often C.also D.otherwise16.A.suggests B.reflects C.explains D.displays17.A.particular B.different C.hard D.pleasant18.A.window B.picture C.sight D.roof19.A.earliest B.best C.latest D.poorest20.A.literature B.science C.politics D.economicsCloze1体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文网络安全问题40016分钟★★★★☆ The

Term

＂CYBERSPACE＂

was

coined

by

WilliamGibson,ascience-fictionwriter.Hefirstuseditinashortstoryin1982,andexpandedonitacoupleofyearslaterinanovelNeuromancer.His1creationturnedouttoberemarkablyprescient（有先见之明）.Cyberspacehasbecomeshorthandforthecomputingdevices,networks,fiber-opticcables,andwirelesslinksthatbringtheinternettobillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.The2madebythesetechnologieshavebroughttremendousbenefitstoeveryonewhousesthewebto3humanity’scollectivestoreofknowledgeeveryday. The

potential

damage,

though,

extends

well

beyond

such

7intrusion.

Wider8_havebeenraisedbytherealizationofagrowingnumbersofcyber-warriorsbeingrecruitedbycountriesthatseecyberspaceasanewterritoryofwarfare.America’spresident,BarackObama,saidinaWhiteHousepressreleasethatcyber-threats＂9oneofthegravestnational-securitydangers＂thecountryisfacing. 13,thesedefenseshaveworkedreasonablywell.Despitethetalkabouttheriskofa＂cyber9/11＂,theinternethasprovedremarkably14.Hundredsofmillionsofpeopleturnontheircomputerseverydayandbankonline,shopat15stores,sharegossipandphotoswiththeirfriendsonsocialnetworksandsendallkindsofsensitivedataoverthewebwithoutilleffect.Companiesandgovernmentsareshiftingevermoreservicesonline.1.A.technical B.literary C.deliberate D.noble2.A.senses B.restrictions C.connections D.differences3.A.breakthrough B.keepback C.standfor D.tapinto4.A.collections B.mistakes C.leaks D.sources5.A.hackers B.agencies C.critics D.victims6.A.assessed B.insisted C.revealed D.concluded7.A.social B.cultural C.civil D.commercial8.A.gaps B.contacts C.effects D.concerns9.A.pose B.solve C.maintain D.reduce10.A.availability B.security C.temptation D.preservation11.A.worryabout B.specializein C.keepaway D.putoff12.A.brokedown B.turnedup C.fellapart D.shutdown13.A.Ofcourse B.Inanotherword C.Onthewhole D.Aboveall14.A.calmandstable B.funandfashionableC.profitableandproductive D.wildandwell-received15.A.luxurious B.favorite C.virtual D.convenienceCloze2体裁文章话题词数建议时间难度自测正确率说明文人际交往中一个重要的原则30317分钟★★★☆☆Peoplearealwaysaskingwhatthemostimportantelementtoahealthyrelationshipis.The1istherearemany.Butthereisonereallyimportantthingthatallgreatandhealthyrelationshipshaveincommon—2.Yes,ofcourse,therearesomelittle3lieseveninthebestofrelationships—4surprisesorunexpectedbirthd