英语演讲中的修辞手法

英语演讲中的修辞手法英语演讲中的修辞手法英语演讲中的修辞手法资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月英语演讲中的修辞手法版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech英语演讲中的修辞手法

ForewordAspeechisnotonlyasimpleformaltalkbutakindofencouraginglanguagewitharticcharmbyusingallkindsoflingualskills.Speechisauniquestyle.Itexpressesthoughts,feelings,andideasorallytoaudiencethroughaseriesofwell-organized,well-preparedwordsorsentenceswiththeaimofevokingsomefeelingsofthelisteners.Therefore,tomakeasuccessfulspeech,oneoughttouseformal,vividlanguagesaswellasmanyfiguresofspeech.Thesuccessofaspeechisoftenattributedtotheskilloftheorator,withmeritbeinggiventooratorswhoareconfident,articulate,knowledgeableandabletodeliveraspeechwithconviction.

Persuadinganaudiencetotakeactioninvolvesmorethanaspeakersharingwhatheknowsaboutatopic.Speechesareintendedtogetlistenerstoacceptaparticularpointofview,andthenmotivatethemintoaction.Thechallengeinwritingthiskindofspeechisindeliveringamessagethatwillwinothersoverinsharingthesameprinciplesasthespeaker.Youmustusewordsinsuchawayastoconvincelistenersthatthespeaker'sopinionisreliable.Theartofgivingapersuasivespeechisasmuchaboutusinglanguageeffectivelyasitisaboutcommunicatingaconvincingargument.

Obviously,oneofthemajorfactorstobeagoodorabadspeechiswhethertheuseofrhetoricisappropriateornot.Itcanbefoundthattheuseofrhetoricplaysaveryimportantroleincontent.Thedefinitionofrhetoricisapplyingmanylanguagematerialsandvariousexpressivedevicestomanifesttheorator’spurposeappropriately.Withouttheuseofrhetoric,absolutely,thereisnogoodcontent.Therefore,itisnecessarytomakeananalysisandstudyonthissubject.

ThewholethesisisconcernedabouttheuseofrhetoricinEnglishspeech,andthethesisisdividedintothreeparts.Thefirstparttalksaboutthedefinitionandfunctionofspeech.Thesecondpartillustratesthedefinitionandfunctionofrhetoric.ThethirdpartmakesacarefullystudyontheuseofmainrhetoricaldevicesinEnglishspeech,suchas,simile,metaphor,parallelism,alliterationandrepetition,antithesis,rhetoricalquestionandsoon.

1．Speech

1.1TheDefinitionofSpeech

Oneofthedefinitionsofspeechwhichisaformaltalkthatapersongivestotheaudiences,toexpresshis/herviewsoremotionsonaspecificissue,ortoconductpropagandaactivitiessoastoachieveinspiringtheaudienceandpromoteitsactionasainformation-sharingactivities.Thebenefitofaspeechisobvious—masscommunication.Oratorswanttoengageaudience'sattention,conveytheirideasinalogicalmannerandusereliableevidencetosupporttheirpoint.

Speechcanbemadeinasmalleventasamarriageoralittlepartyaspresidentofacountrymakeittobecloserhispeople.Theopportunityarisesineverybody'slifetogiveaspeech.Initssimplestform,aspeechisaretellingofevents.Itcanbeoverwhelmingtoanintrovertedindividualtothinkaboutgivingaspeech,soknowingthefourtypesofspeechesandtheirpurposescanhelpalleviatesomeofthepressure.Aninspirationalspeechinspires,aninformativespeechinforms,apersuasivespeechpersuadesandspecialoccasionspeechesvary,butonlyduetothespecialoccasion.1.2TheFunctionofSpeech

"Fourscoreandsevenyearsago,ourfathersbroughtforthonthiscontinent,anewnation,conceivedinLiberty,anddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal."Thisispartofatwo-minutespeechgivenbyAbrahamLincolnatGettysburg.Heknewthatspeechesweremorethanjustabunchofwords.Somebelievethatthepoweroflifeanddeathareinthetongue.Thisspeechwaspowerful.

Thepurposeofmakingaspeechcanrangefromsimplytransmittinginformation,tomotivatingpeopletoact,tosimplytellingastory.Goodoratorsshouldbeabletochangetheemotionsoftheirlisteners,notjustinformthem.Makingaspeechcanalsobeconsideredadiscoursecommunity.Interpersonalcommunicationandspeecheshaveseveralcomponentsthatembracesuchthingsasmotivationalspeaking,leadership/personaldevelopment,business,customerservice,largegroupcommunication,andmasscommunication.Speechescanbeapowerfultooltouseforpurposessuchasmotivation,influence,persuasion,informing,ortranslation.

Allkindsofspeechhaveonecommonaim:toconvincepeopletotakeaformofaction.Therefore,theyarecalledspeechesofaction,andthebestwaytoaccomplishthatisthroughmotivation.

Anotherpurposetobeaccomplishedthroughspeechistoreinforcelisteners’existingattitudes,beliefs,behaviors,opinions,orvalues.Youwouldsimplyreiterateafewpowerfulargumentstoreassureourlistenersandstrengthentheirposition.Contents

ABSTRACT

I

摘

要

II

Foreword

1

1．Speech..2

1.1TheDefinitionofSpeech….2

1.2TheFunctionofSpeech……2

2．Rhetoric.3

2.1TheDefinitionofRhetoric

3

2.2TheFunctionofRhetoric….4

3.

AnAnalysisofRhetoricinEnglishSpeec4

3.1Simile

4

3.2Metaphor

6

3.3Parallelism

7

3.4Repetition

9

3.5Alliteration

11

3.6Antithesis

12

3.7Rhetoricalquestion

14

4．Conclusion

15

Bibliography

16

Acknowledgements

1527英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第2页英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第2页

英语演讲中的修辞手法

摘

要

演讲，是在听众面前就某一问题表达发表自己的见解,抒发情感，或进行宣传鼓动从而达到感召听众并促使其行动的一种信息交流活动的正式演说。

修辞是一种重要的语言表达手段，是用简单具体且充满想象的方法将抽象复杂的思想或进程阐释出来，能够促进情感的传递和思想的表达。

修辞存在于各种文体之中，尤其在演讲中起着极为重要的作用，是影响英语演讲成败的关键。论文从分析演讲及修辞的定义和功能出发，认真研究了主要修辞手段在英语演讲中的作用，包括明喻、暗喻、排比、头韵、重复、对偶和设问等修辞手段，旨在更好地欣赏演讲，并学习一些演讲中的语言技巧，从而对演讲进一步理解。关键词：英语演讲;修辞;功能

ABSTRACTSpeech,aformaltalkthatapersonpresentstotheaudiences,toexpresshis/herviewsoremotionsonaspecificissue,ortoconductpropagandaactivitiessoastoachieveinspiringtheaudienceandpromoteitsactionasainformation-sharingactivities.

Rhetoricisonekindofimportantexpressivedeviceinlanguage.Itreferstointerpretingabstractandcomplexideasorprocessesthroughsimpleandconcretemethods.Sincerhetoricisfullofimagination,itcanpromotethetransmissionandcommunicationofemotionsandideas.

Rhetoricexistsinwritingswithvariousstyles,especially,inspeech.RhetoricplaysaveryimportantroleinEnglishspeech,actingasakeyelementforthesuccessofaspeech.Thethesis,basedontherespectivestudiesofthedefinitionofspeechandrhetoric,makesacarefulanalysisoftheuseofmainrhetoricaldevicesinEnglishspeech,includingsimile,metaphor,parallelism,alliteration,repetition,antithesis,rhetoricalquestionandsoon,targetingatbetterappreciatingEnglishspeech,andlearnmoreaboutthelanguageskillsinspeech,soastopromotethefurtherunderstandingofspeech.KeyWords：Englishspeech;rhetoric;function

Athirdpurposeofmakingaspeechistoconvincepeopletochangetheirattitudetowardaparticularsubject.Inyourspeech,trytocapturetheirgoodwillimmediately.Youwouldfollowwithsomestrongargumentsforyourpositionandelaborateonthem.Thenyoumightintroducestatisticsandotherevidenceaccompaniedbyvisualaidsasyoudiscussyourargument.

Anyonewhogoestochurchunderstandstheeffectsthatspeechesarecapableofproducing.Sermonsarealwaysgiventochange,orreinforce,personallifestyle.Whenamanisreadytopropose,hewritesandrehearsesthewordshechoosestowintheheartofawoman.Peopleofhighsocialstatususespeechestoinfluenceothers.Wordsarethemostpowerfulmediumonthisplanetandcancrushorhealself-esteem.Asinglephrasecanmeandifferentthingsbyaddingelementslikeraisedorloweredpitchandvolume,orbyemphasizingdifferentwordsinthephrase.Alloftheseareimportantaspectstogivingaspeech.2．Rhetoric

2.1TheDefinitionofRhetoric

Whatisrhetoric

Therehavebeenmanystudiesfromscholarsasthehumancivilizationreachesthisadvancedandhighly–developedsociety.Rhetoricoriginatedinspeaking.Aristotle,inthe4thCenturyBC,firstdefinedrhetoricisrhetoricastheartofpersuasion.Hesaid,“Rhetoricisthecounterpartofthedialects.”InAthens,thecentreofwesterncivilization,greatorators,byexercisingtheirrhetoric,gainedfollowingandsupport,andeventually,politicalpower.JohnLocke,Englishphilosopherofthelate17thcentury,describedrhetoricas“thescienceoforatory,”or“theartofspeakingwithpropriety,eleganceandforce.”Thisexplainswhytheword“rhetoric”refersto“speaking”inmanyEuropeanlanguages,suchasGreek,Latin,French,etc.

Inpresentday,themeaningofrhetorichasbeenextended.Rhetoricassumesthefollowingcharacteristics,thatis,theelaboratedandexaggeratedlanguage,theartofusinglanguageeffectivelyandpersuasively,theskillsofusinglanguageeffectively,thestructureofverbalcommunication.

Nomatterforspeakingorwriting,rhetoricemphasizesitsimportanceintheeffectivecommunication.AmericanlinguistsCleanthBrooksandRobertPennthereforewroteintheirModernRhetoric,“Rhetoricistheartofusinglanguageeffectively.”InthedictionaryOxfordAdvancedlearner’sEnglish-ChineseDictionary(6thedition)thedefinitionforrhetoricis“theskillofusinglanguageinspeechorwritinginaspecialwaythatinfluencesoren英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第3页英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第3页

2.2TheFunctionofRhetoric

Rhetoricaldevicesarevariationsofliteralorordinaryformsofexpressions.Theirfunctionistomakethethoughtmorestrikingandeffective.Afreshandsuitablerhetoricaldeviceappealstotheimagination,createsmentalpicturesandmakesthespeechorwritingvivid,impressiveandinteresting.

Rhetoricaldevicescanmakelanguagemorevividbyusingthesimplewordstoexpresscomplexmeanings.Bytheuseofrhetoric,evenabstractideascanbecomeconcrete.Rhetoriccanmakethemodifiedsubjectsmoreprominent,distinctive,andspecific.Bytheuseofrhetoric,thelanguagecangivepeoplemorespacetoimagine.Whereas,withouttheuseofrhetoric,thelanguageisboringandthereisnovigorinthelanguage.

Forexample:Lightasabreeze,softasacloud.

Inthesentence,thewriterusedakindofrhetoricaldevices—simile.Simileisafigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikesubjectsarecompared.Simileoftensignalsitselfby“like”or“as”.Byusingsimile,ithelpsthewritertobettercommunicatewithhisreaders.Itiseasyforthereaderstounderstandandrememberthesentence.

3．AnAnalysisofRhetoricinEnglishSpeech

Speechcanarousepeople’sattentionandprofoundfeelingtotakeaction.Languagesshouldbeusedproperlyinspecificsituationsandoccasions.Figuresofspeecharewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Hence,itisquitenecessaryforustolearnrhetoric,whichservesasahelpertousinwritingandspeakingdifferentkindsofstyles.Throughlearningrhetoric,wemaybeinapositiontoexpressourselvesmoreeloquentlyandproperly.

Severalkindsofrhetoricaldevicesarefrequentlyusedinspeech,anditisnecessarytostudythemonebyonebygivingdefinitionsandmakingillustrations.3.1Simile

Asimileisadirectcomparisonbetweentwoobjectsorattributesthat,althoughessentiallydifferent,dohavesomesimilarity.Thesedirectcomparisonsareeasytoidentify,astheyusewordssuchas"like"or"as"todenotethecomparisonbeingmade.Thesimilehelpstocreatetheclearimage,mucheasierfortheotherstoaccept.

Asimileismadeupoffourparts:“thetenor”,“thevehicle”,“thecomparingword”and“theground”.“Thetenor”isthesubjectofsimile.“Thevehicle”isthethingcomparedtoortheparttransported.“Thecomparingword”isthesimilemarkersuchas,“like,as,than,asif,similarto.”“Theground”isthecommonpropertiesownedby“thetenor”and“thevehicle”.

Forexample:

“No,no,wearenotsatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.”

ThissentenceisfromMartinLutherKing's“Ihaveadream”speech,Itcanbefoundthat,inthissentence,“justice”,“righteousness”are“thetenor”and“waters”,“amightystream”are“thevehicle”.Theword“like”signalsthissentencemakesuseoftherhetoricdevice—simile.Thusbyusingsimile,thissentencemakesthistwowords--“justice”and“righteousness”morevividandlively.Itmeansthatwewillnotquituntiljusticeisasplentifulaswaterandisrainingonallofusandtheforceofitspowertoenforceequalityandfairnessisaspowerfulandinevitableastheforceofalargeriver.Thissimileiseffectivebecauseitcommunicatesnotonlytheextentofhishopebutalsothepassionhehasforthefulfillmentofhisexpectationstobecomeapowerfulforcethatwillnotbestopped.

Anotherexample:

“Americaisnotlikeablanket--onepieceofunbrokencloth,thesamecolor,thesametexture,thesamesize.Americaismorelikeaquilt:manypatches,manypieces,manycolors,manysizes,allwovenandheldtogetherbyacommonthread.”

ThissentenceisfromJesseJackson's1984DemocraticNationalConventionAddress.Inthisaddress,“thetenor”is“America”,“thevehicle”are“blanket”andquilt.Theword“like”isthesimilemarkerinthissentence.

Moreexamples,

①“IthatesIsraelbecauseoftheWest--becauseitseesIsraelasanoutpostoffreedomanddemocracythatpreventsthemfromoverrunningtheMiddleEast.”(BinyaminNetanyahu,SpeechtotheAmericanIsraelPublicAffairsCommittee)

②“Ilookforwardtohearingthetruth,exactlywheretheyare.Theycouldstillbethere.Theycouldbehidden,likethe50tonsofmustardgasinaturkeyfarm.”(GeorgeW.Bush,PrimeTimePressConferenceonIraqWar)

③“Theverymanytimesownbodyoccupiesasifinastage,thecriticismandtheoppositionsitunderlookedIperform,theymeetdonotstopthrowthetomatoandtheeggtomeButthistimeIwasonlythinkinghowdevelopsownrole.”(Clinton)

④“TheChineseheldthat“oneshouldbeasinclusiveastheocean,whichisvastbecauseitadmitshundredsofrivers”andcalledfordrawinguponthestrengthofothers.”(ChinesePresidentHuJintao'sRemarksatYale)英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第4页英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第4页

⑤“Thesegreatnationalproblemsarenotforyourprofessionalparticipationormilitarysolution.Yourguidepoststandsoutlikeaten-foldbeaconinthenight:Duty,Honor,Country.”(GeneralDouglasMacArthur,SylvanusThayerAwardAcceptanceAddress)⑥“ThosetwothingstheAlmightysaidtobenecessary--IshouldsayHeknewtobenecessary,orelseHewouldnothavesoprescribedthatthepropertywouldbekeptamongthegeneralrunofthepeopleandthateveryonewouldcontinuetoshareinit;sothatnoonemanwouldgethalfofitandhanditdowntoason,whotakeshalfofwhatwasleft,andthatsonhanditdowntoanotherone,whowouldtakehalfofwhatwasleft,until,likeasnowballgoingdownhill,allofthesnowwasoffofthegroundexceptwhatthesnowballhad.”(HueyP.Long,EveryManaKing--RadioSpeechtotheNation)

⑦“Indians,Chinamen,Filipinos,Japaneseandrepresentativesofanyotherdarkracecanfindhotelaccommodations,iftheycanpayforthem.Thecoloredmanaloneisthrustoutofthehotelsofthenationalcapitallikealeper.”(MaryChurchTerrell,WhatItMeanstobeColoredinCapitaloftheU.S.)3.2Metaphor

Metaphorcanalsotransferqualitiesfromonethingtoanother.Thereisaformaldifferencebetweenmetaphorandsimile,however,inmetaphorthewordlikeorasdonotappear.Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsohasacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Thismeansthewords"like"or"as"areomitted.Forinstance,"Youarelikethesun"isasimile,but"Youaremysunshine"isametaphor.

Metaphorisnotexplicitlysignaled,sotheyaremoredifficulttoidentify.Inmetaphor,onethingisdirectlycomparedtoanotherthing,withoutthemarker—“like”or“as”.Thustherelationshipbetweenthemisimpliedinotherwordsisunstated.Theuseofmetaphorinrhetoricisprimarilytoconveytotheaudienceanewideaormeaningbylinkingittoanexistingideaormeaningwithwhichtheaudienceisalreadyfamiliar.Bymakingthenewappeartobelinkedtooratypeoftheoldandfamiliar,thepersonusingthemetaphorhopestohelptheaudienceunderstandthenew.

Thefollowingisagoodexample:

FranklinRooseveltusedthistechniqueinhis1933inauguraladdresswhenhestatedthat,tociteoneexample,"thewitheredleavesofindustrialenterpriselieoneveryside."

Onewouldnotimmediatelycomparefactorieswithaforest;butbydoingso,RooseveltsuggeststohisaudiencethatthebleakautumnoftheGreatDepressionwouldeventuallyturnbackintospring.Byusingmetaphor,theimageismorevivid.

AnotherexampleofmetaphoristhispassageattributedtoaspeechbyAbrahamLincolnaboutapoliticaladversaryinwhichLincolnsaidthathisadversaryhad"diveddowndeeperintotheseaofknowledgeandcomeupdrierthananyothermanheknew".

Thisattributedquoteusesabodyofwaterasametaphorforabodyofknowledgewiththeironicalideaofsomeonewhogainedsolittlefromhiseducationthatheachievedtheimpossibleofjumpingintoabodyofwaterandclimbingbackoutwithoutgettingwet.

Moreexamples,

①“Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.”(MartinLutherKing,Jr.IHaveaDream)

Inthissentence,Kingused“themountainofdespair”asametaphorforthesystemofapartheid,“astoneofhope”fortheracialequalitysociety,the“thejanglingdiscords”

forracists’advocacyforwhitepeople,and“abeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood”forthepeacepropagandatowardWashington.Throughusingmetaphor,hisspeech,wasdeeplyinspiredtheaudience.

②“And,ifabeachheadofcooperationmaypushbackthejungleofsuspicion,letbothsidesjoinincreatinganewendeavor—notanewbalanceofpower,butanewworldoflaw—wherethestrongarejust,andtheweaksecure,andthepeacepreserved.

(JohnKennedy,InauguralAddress)

Kennedyused“abeachheadofcooperation”asametaphorforthepeacefulcontactandnegotiationbetweenAmericaandTheSovietunionatthattime,“thejungleofsuspicion”forthedistrustofbothsides.Theimageofmetaphortactfullystruckachordwithhisaudiences.3.3Parallelism

ParallelismstructureisthemostcommonlyusedinEnglishspeechisanimportantrhetoricaltool,it’sacommonrhetoricaldeviceswhichgrammaticalstructuresymmetry(includingthesameorsimilarword,phraseorword)tohighlightthesignificance.

Parallelismissyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare‘parallel’withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern”.

Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelementsthataregrammaticallyequal.Inparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword(nounwithnoun,verbwithverb,adjectivewithadjective,etc)phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithsentenceandsoforth.Theuseofparallelismcanmakeaspeechwiththeappealandenhancelanguagepotentialtoimproveexpressiveeffect.英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第5页英语演讲中的修辞手法RhetoricDeviceinEnglishSpeech第5页

Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,esp.Inspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker,thusalwaysencouragingandinspiringtheaudience.WeneednottobeverycarefullytofindoutmanymoreexamplesofparallelismusedinKing’sspeech.InMartinLutherKing,Jr.’s“Ihaveadream”speech,heusesparallelismtocreateastrongrhythmtohelptheaudiencelineuphisideas.Herearefewexamples:

①“Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.”

Inthissentence,therearetwoparallelnounphrases--“themanaclesofsegregation”and“thechainsofdiscrimination”.

②“Wecanneverbesatisfiedaslongasourchildrenarestrippedoftheirself-hoodandrobbedoftheirdignitybysignsstating:‘ForWhitesOnly’”.

Inthissentence,therearetwoparallelverbphrases—“strippedof”and“robbedof”.

③“Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostraggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday”.

Therearefiveparallelinfinitivephrasesinthissentence.

④“ThemarvelousnewmilitancywhichhasengulfedtheNegrocommunitymustnotleadustoadistrustofallwhitepeople,formanyofourwhitebrothers,asevidencedbytheirpresenceheretoday,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestiny.Andtheyhavecometorealizethattheirfreedomisinextricablyboundtoourfreedom.”

Therearetwoparallelobjectiveclausesinthissentence.

MoreexamplesfromBarackOsama:

“IfthereisanyoneouttherewhostilldoubtsthatAmericaisaplacewhereallthingsarepossible;whostillwondersifthedreamofourfoundersisaliveinourtime;whostillquestionsthepowerofourdemocracy，tonightisyouranswer.”

ThissentenceisfromBarackOsama’sVictorySpeech.Thetripleuseof“whostill”,therearethreeparallelverbphrases—“doubts”“wonders”“questions”.

Anotherexample,inObama'sNewHampshirespeech,theexpression“Yes,wecan”ralliedthousandsofsupporterswhenusedlikethis:“Itwasacreedwrittenintothefoundingdocumentsthatdeclaredthedestinyofanation:Yes,wecan.Itwaswhisperedbyslavesandabolitionistsastheyblazedatrailtowardsfreedomthroughthedarkestofnights:Yes,wecan.Itwassungbyimmigrantsastheystruckoutfordistantshoresandpioneerswhopushedwestwardagainstanunforgivingwilderness:Yes,wecan.Inthissentence,Obamarevealedhisspeechbythreeparallelsentences,eachofwhichcontainsasimplesentencewiththesimilarstructure.Theslogan“yes,wecan”isgreatlyenhancedbytheunityandbalanceoftheseparallelstructures.Byusingparallelism,theslogancanaddclarityandcoherencetothespeech.

Obamausesthesamedevicefrequently.InhisIowavictoryspeechonJan.3,Obamasaid,"Youhavedonewhatthecynicssaidwecouldn'tdo.YouhavedonewhatthestateofNewHampshirecandoinfivedays.YouhavedonewhatAmericacandointhisnewyear."3.4Repetition

Repetitionisjustthesimplerepeatingofwords,phrasesorsentences,withinasentenceorapoeticalline,withnoparticularplacementofthewords,thisistomakeemphasis.Therepetitionorrestatementofanideaatintervalsnotonlypromotesclarity,butencouragestheacceptanceofanidea.Becauseoftheintervalformofrepetition,soitnotonlycanincreasetheperformanceofanincreasingsenseofurgency,theperformanceofthegradualstrengtheningthefeelings,anddeepeningtheinfectantpower.

WinstonChurchillwasoneofthemostcelebratedEnglishoratorsofthetwentiethcentury,andhisspeeches(bothasPrimeMinisterandinotherroles)containtextbookexamplesofclassicalrhetoricaldevices.WinstonChurchill'sspeech“weshallfightthemonthebeaches”isoneofthedefiningspeechesduringtheSecondWorldWar.Itusesthetechniqueofrepetitiontoverygoodeffect.

“Weshallgoontotheend;weshallfightinFrance;weshallfightontheseasandoceans;weshallfightwithgrowingconfidenceandgrowingstrengthintheair;weshalldefendourIsland,whateverthecostmaybe;weshallfightonthebeaches;weshallfightonthelandinggrounds;weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets;weshallfightinthehills;weshallneversurrender.”

Inanotherexample,Churchillusedrepetitionina1941speechatHarrow:"thisisthelesson:nevergivein,nevergivein,never,never,never,never–innothing,greatorsmall,largeorpetty–nevergiveinexcepttoconvictionsofhonorandgoodsense."

Churchill'stheuseof"never”,isleavingoutconjunctionssuchas"and”,butthiswaygivesaspeechablunter,moreforcefultone.

InaspeechaddressedbyGeorgeBush,“Weknowwhatworks:freedomworks.Weknowwhat’sright：freedomisright.Weknowhowtosecureamorejustandprosperouslifeformanonearth：throughfreemarkets,freespeech,freeelectionsandexerciseoffreewillunhamperedbytheState.”Repeatedthewords‘free’and‘freedom’,toexpresshisstrongfaithinfreedom.

ThroughoutMartinLutherKing,Jr.’s“Ihaveadream”speech,repeatingwordsandsentence.Repetitionisaveryoutstandingfeatureinthisspeech.Itbelongstothestylisticdeviceofsyntacticover-regularity.Thetermrepetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence,becausealltheover-regularfeaturesinliteratureareinsomesenserepetitious.Usedinspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.“Letusnotwallowinthevalleyofdespair,Isaytoyoutoday,myfriends.

Andsoeventhoughwefacethedifficultiesoftodayandtomorrow,Istillhaveadream.ItisadreamdeeplyrootedintheAmericandream.

Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:"Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal."

IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.

IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheat