自考-国际商务英语(复习资料)

精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑InternationalBusinessEnglishLesson1InternationalBusiness/国际商务BusinessKnowledge:ThemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessDifferencesinlegalsystems法律体系Differencesincurrencies货币DifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsThemajortypesofinternationalbusinessTradeCommoditytrade商品贸易ServicetradeInvestmentForeigndirectinvestmentPortfolioinvestment证券投资OthertypesLicensingandfranchising许可经营和特许经营Managementcontractandcontractmanufacturing 管理合同和承包生产TurnkeyprojectandBOTTradeTerms:Customsarea关税区:Conversion货币兑换Visibletrade有形贸易:Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.（includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade）Invisibletrade无形贸易 :Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.FDI外国直接投资 :Foreigndirectinvestments.Returnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry./ P.256.Onecountryacquiresassetsinaforeigncountryforthepurposeofcontrollingandmanagingthem.Portfolioinvestment证券投资:Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Stocks股票:Capitalstocksorbonds.Bonds债券:Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.Maturity（票据等）到期Certificateofdeposit大额存单Licensing许可经营 :Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty（许可费） .Franchising特许经营 :Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.TradeMark商标Patent专利Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税Copyright版权Licenser许可方Licensee被许可方Franchiser特许方:Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Franchisee被特许方 :Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.Managementcontract管理合同 :Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerial orotherspecialized servicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Valuechain价值链Turnkeyproject“交钥匙” 工程:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.BOT建设、经营和移交 :Build,Operate,TransferExpertise专门知识Bonus红利、奖金、津贴Royalty许可使用费Internationalinvestment国际投资 :Supplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.Contractmanufacturing承包生产GATT关贸总协定 :GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeInternationalbusiness国际商务 :Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.Intellectualproperty知识产权Oildeposit:石油储备 =oilreservesthereservesofnaturalresources自然资源储备Personaladvancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.A:Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.Somemajordifferencesbetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusinessisfollowing:DifferencesinlegalsystemsDifferencesincurrenciesDifferencesinculturalbackgroundDifferentinnaturalandeconomicconditionsPleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?A:Visibletradeistheformofcommoditytrade.Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.Thelaterisbecomemoreandmoreimportant.Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?A:Culturaldifferencesincludinglanguage,customs,traditions,religion,value,behavioretc.Pleaseelaborate(详细说明) onthetwocategories(种类) ofinternationalinvestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?A:FDI(Foreigndirectinvestment)ismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedininahostcountry./外国直接投资：通过控制其它投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。Portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.Suchfinancialassetsmaybestocks,bondsorcertificatesofdeposit./证券投资：不以控制为目的而购买外国的金融资产，如：股票、债券和定期存款单。Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasameansofenteringaforeignmarket?A:Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry./国际许可即：一家公司允许国外的公司使用它的知识产权。Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty. 可直接收取知识产权费，不必现金开办新业务Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwithoutanyobligationsinownershipormanagement. 享有当地经营优势，而在所有权和经营上不承担义务Theuseoflicensingisparticularlyencouragedbyhighcustomsdutyandnon-tariffbarriersonthepartofthehostcountry. 当东道国的关税高或非关税壁垒多时，国际许可经营更受欢迎。精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?A:Underfranchising,franchiseeisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,franchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty./在特许经营情况下，特许使用方以特许授予方的名义开展业务， 后者向前者提供商标、品牌、公司经营技巧等而获取特许使用费。Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?A:Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservices （管理或其它专门服务） toanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume （相关业务总价值的百分比）.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustriesitconsiderstobeofstrategicimportancebutlackstheexpertiseforoperation,managementcontractsmaybeapracticalchoiceenablingaforeign companytooperateintheindustrywithoutowningtheassets.Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?A:Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaser （夕卜国买方） andundertakesallthedesigning,contracting andfacilityequipping （装配设备） beforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperatesafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyprojectTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易， 它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesformdifferentcountries.Itinvolvesmorefactorsandthusismorecomplicatedthedomesticbusiness..随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。 因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,fewpeopleorcompaniescancompletelystayawayfrominternationalbusiness.Therefore,someknowledgeinthisrespectisnecessarybothforthebenefitofenterprisesandpersonaladvancement..其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。Otherformsforparticipatingininternationalbusinessaremanagementcontract,contractmanufacturingandturnkeyproject..国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现， 即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。Internationalbusinessfirsttooktheformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother..除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。Besidestradeandinvestment,internationallicensingandfranchisingaresometimestakenasameansofenteringaforeignmarket.Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket /收入水平和世界市场BusinessKnowledge:GNPandGDPPercapitaincomeandpercapitaGDPHigh-income,middleincomeandlow-incomecountriesStandardsforclassificationRepresentativecountries 精选文档 精选文档 可编辑可编辑精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑(4)(4)TriadandQuadNIEs(亚洲四小虎) :NewlyIndustrializedEconomiesUnitedStatesWesternEurope西欧JapanCanadaOtherimportantmarketsforChinaTradeTerms:GNP国民生产总值 :Grossnational Product.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbytheproperty andlaborownedbytheresidents ofaneconomy./一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。GDP国内生产总值 :GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy./一个经济体地理区域内所生产的所有实物产品和服务的价值。Nationalincome国民收入Percapitaincome人均收入PercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值 :ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.PPP购买力平价 :PurchasingpowerparityConsumerism消费主义Incomedistribution收入分布 :Theproportions(比例) ofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.Infrastructure基础设施Staplegoods大路货Invoice(开)发票Creditorcountry债权国OECD经合组织， 经济合作与开发组织 :OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.TheCommonwealthofIndependentStates 独联体，独立国家联合体ASEAN东盟，东南亚国家联盟 :AssociationofSoutheastAsianNationals.17.Factorsofproduction生产要素Answerthefollowingquestions:ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?A:GNP(GrossnationalProduct)referstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)measuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThedifferencebetweenthemisthatGNPfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhileGDPconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.ThedifferencebetweenGNPandGDPcanbeignoredsinceitverysmallinmostcases.Therefore,wecanusetheminterchangeably.InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?A:TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulkgoods(grain,steelorcement).PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlow-incomecountriesaccordingtotheWorldBank?Citesomeexamplesforeachgroup.A:High-incomecountries:thoseenjoyingannualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove.Inthisgroupcomprisethreetypesofcountries;mostmembersofOECD,richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast,small-industrializedcountriesorregions./包括经合组织的大多数成员国、中东石油生产国、工业发达的小国和地区。Middle-incomecountries:thosewithannualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765.IncludedinthiscategoryismostEastEuropeancountriesandmostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,sixOECDmembers,quiteanumberofLatinAmericancountriesandsomecomparativelydevelopedcountriesinAsia,SouthAfricaandoil-producingcountriesinAfrican./东欧的大多数国家、大多数独联体国家、经合组织的留个成员国、相当数量的拉美国家。Low-incomecountries:thosethathavepercapitaincomesofonly$765orevenless.MostAfricancountries,someAsiancountriesandafewLatinAmericancountriesareincludedinthisgroup.Whyarehigh-incomecountriesimportanttotradeandinvestment?Shouldweneglectlow-incomecountriesininternationalbusiness?A:High-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure （基础设施）,highpurchasingpower,andadvancedtechnology,efficientmanagement （有效管理）andfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandarebothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment. 是高档消费品的主要市场， 在吸引外资/对外投资都处于有利地位。Ininternationaltradethelow-incomecountriesshouldnotbeneglected,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods（价格低的大宗商品），providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Oncetapped,thebusinesspotentialofthesecountrieswillonedaybecomerealbusinessopportunities./ 一经开发，商业潜力有一天会成为实际的商业机会WasChinaalow-incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?A:Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago.Whatdoestheterm"Triad"refersto （三方组合）？WhatismeantbyQuad（四方组合）？A:ThetermTriadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld;theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.ThescopeofTriadtoincludeCanadaandnamethebroadenedgroupingQuad.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.A:OECDmeansOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Theorganizationisincluded29members,23ofthemarehigh-incomecountriesand6aremiddle-incomecountries.TheheadquartersisinParis.WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunities?A:SofarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus （应特别关注的其它市场还有周边地区，如）:theFourTigers（亚洲四小虎），theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandabitfartherawayAustralia.Thesecountriesorregionseitherhaverichconsumersandoffergoodbusinessopportunitiesoraredevelopingfastwithverypromisingmarketpotential.Andtheirgeographicalproximity （地理上接近） toChinaisagreatadvantageforusindevelopingbusinessrelationswiththem.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.民生产总值和国内生产总值是表明一国收入的两个重要概念。区别在于前者强调的是生产要素的所属权而后者着重于进行生产的国家。GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry 'stotalincome.Thedifferencebetweenthemisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesonthecountrywhere productiontakesplace..要评估某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。Inassessingthepotentialofacountryasamarket,peopleoftenlookatpercapitaincomesinceitprovidescluesaboutthepurchasingpowerofitsresidents...世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。CountriesoftheworldaredividedbytheWorldBankintothreecategoriesofhigh-income,middle-incomeandlow-incomeeconomies..中国现在年人均收入为 1100美元以上，但几年前它还是个低收入国家。Chinawithapercapitaincomeofover$1100isamiddle-incomecountrythoughitwasalow-incomecountryjustafewyearsago..就中国来说，周围还有其他应特别关注的市场，如亚洲四小虎、东盟国家、俄罗斯等国，这些国家都具有前景看好的市场潜力，能为中国提供很好的商机。AsfarasChinaisconcerned,othermarketsweshouldpayparticularattentiontoarethosearoundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,etc.ThesecountrieswithverypromisingmarketpotentialandcanoffergoodbusinessopportunitiestoChina.Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntegration/ 地区经济一体化BusinessKnowledge:Majorobjectivesofregionalintegration*ForlevelsofregionaleconomicintegrationFreetradeareaCustomsunionCommonmarketEconomicunionEuropeanUnion(EU)Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC)OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)TradeTerms:Economicintegration经济一体化Freetradearea自由贸易区 :Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicy./ 自由贸易区扫除了成员间商品、服务自由流动的障碍。Customsunion关税同盟:Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy./ 除消除成员间的贸易壁垒外，所有成员对外实行相同的贸易政策。Tariffrates关税税率SettlementNAFTA北美自由贸易协定 :NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementCommonmarket共同市场 :Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.Banknotescirculation货币流通Cartel卡塔尔APEC亚太经合组织，亚洲太平洋经济合作组织 :AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationOPEC石油输出国组织 :OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesEuropeanCommission欧盟委员会Councilofministers部长理事会Dual-MinisterialMeeting双部长会议QuotaRestrictions配额限制EconomicUnion(EU)经济同盟 :Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.EU欧盟，欧洲联盟 :EuropeanUnionEC欧共体，欧洲共同体 :EuropeanCommunityBenelux荷比卢(比利时、荷兰和卢森堡三国) :Belgium,Netherlands,LuxemburgMercosur南方共同市场 :SouthernConeCustomsUnionECSC欧洲煤钢共同体 :EuropeanCoalandSteelCommunityEEC欧洲经济共同体 :EuropeanEconomicCommunityEURATOM欧洲原子能共同体，欧洲原子能联营:EuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunitySOM高官会议 :SeniorOfficialsMeetingTILF贸易投资便利化自由化 :TradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitationECOTECH经济技术合作 :EconomicandtechnicalcooperationPoliticalentity政治实体Sovereignstate 主权国家Multi-polarization多极化Sub-committee 分委员会NTA新跨大西洋议程 :NewTransatlanticAgenda精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑TABD跨大西洋商业对话 :TransatlanticBusinessDialogueTACD跨大西洋消费者对话 :TransatlanticConsumerDialogueTerritoryeconomies区域经济体PacificRim环太平洋圈InformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders领导人非正式会议Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.A:Freetradeareaistheloosestformintheregionaleconomicintegration (经济一体化程度最低) .Membersinthisformremovesbarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotableoneistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991withover360millionconsumersandtotalGDPofmorethan6trillionUSdollars.Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?A:TheCustomsUniongoesastepfurtherbyadoptingthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetradebarriersamongthemselves.theirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetradebarriersamongthemselves.Importsfromothercountriesaresubjecttothesametariff.Whatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?ofacommonmarket?WhichorganizationA:Thecommonmarketisfurtherupthescaleofregionaleconomicintegration.adoptionofcommonexternalBesidesfreemovementofgoodsandservicesandtradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.regionaleconomicintegration.adoptionofcommonexternalHowmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?A:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegration,which ischaracterizedbyintegration ofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectof(在•一方面)economy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpolicyandfreeproductionfactormobility.ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonize (保持一致)theirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolicies,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency.Thememberarerequiredtosurrendersomeoftheirnationalsovereignty,whichiserodingthetraditionoftheworldpoliticalsystembasedontheautonomyandsupremepowerofsovereignstates.MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU(EuropeanUnion).A:Thefirstcommunity,theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)wasestablishedin1952,whichsetthestageformoreambitiousintegrationefforts.ThesigningofthemonumentalTreatyofRomein1957markstheestablishmentoftheEuropeanEconomicCommunitywiththeaimofgraduallyrealizingthefreemovementofgoods,services,laborandcapitalaswellastheharmonizationofeconomicpoliciesofthemembercountries.Tenyearslaterin1967,theEuropeanCommunitywasformedbymergingEEC,ECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM).1992itbecameatruecommonmarketasenvisagedbythe SingleEuropeanAct.ThenonJanuary1,1994theEuropeanUnion(EU)cameintobeingonthestrengthoftheMaastrichtTreaty.Fromthebeginningof1999mostofthemembersbegantousethecommonEuropeancurrencyforaccountingandsettlementandin2002,eurobanknotesandcoinswereputintocirculation.WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?A:ThemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommissioncomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.Decisionsofthecouncilaremadebyvotesallocatedtomembercountriesonthebasisoftheirsize.Differentministersattendthecouncilmeetingdependingonthemattersdiscussed.Thecouncilevenhasthepowertopasslegislation.ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-PacificEconomicCooperation.A:a.theInformalMeetingofEconomicleadersDual-MinisterialMeetingMinistersResponsibleforTradeTheSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM)SubordinatecommitteesunderSOM:CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSub-committeeofSOMandBudgetManagementCommittee.WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatdoitstwowheelsmean?A:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenandmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers.Itstwowheelsmeantradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH).WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?A:OPECisacommoditycartel.Ittriedtolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilprices.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:.过去的几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。Thepastdecadeswitnessedincreasinglygrowingimportanceofregionaleconomicintegration..最著名的自由贸易区是北美自由贸易区， 它是由美国、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),thelargestfreemarketformedbytheUnitedStates,CanadaandMexicoin1991..经济联盟成员国不仅要在税收、 政府开支、企业策略等方面保持一致， 而且还应使用同一货币。ThemembersofanEconomicUnionarerequirednotonlytoharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypolices,etc.,butalsousethesamecurrency..欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一， 此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定， 并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。TheEuropeanCommissionisoneofthegoverningorgansoftheEuropeanUnion.ItisthebodythatputsproposalstotheCouncilofMinisterfordecisionandseesthatthememberscarryouttheirdutiesunderthetreaty..APEC建立于在澳大利亚首都堪培拉召开的一次部长级会议上。 当时有12位成员国出席，分别为澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、新西兰和东盟六国。APECwassetupattheMinisterialMeetingheldintheAustraliancapitalCanberraattendedby12membersofAustralia,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,RepublicofKorea,NewZealandandsixASEANcountries.Lesson4EconomicGlobalization/ 经济全球化BusinessKnowledge:EconomicglobalizationasanobjectivetrendBasicfeature*AdvantagesandnegativeimpactsMultinationalcorporationsOrganization-parentandaffiliatesCharacteristicsEnormousinsizeWidegeographicalspreadLongevityandrapidgrowth

C.Need,goalsandrolesProfitSecurityAsvehiclesforcross-bordertransferresourcesD.FourtypesMulti-domesticcorporationGlobalcorporationTransnationalcorporationWorldcompanyTradeTerms:Shareholders股东Economicglobalization经济全球化Boardofdirectors董事会Inputs投入Economicenvironment经济环境ParentMNCheadquarter跨国公司母公司，总部AffiliateMNC子公司，分支机构，附属机构Branchcompany分公司Subsidiarycompany 子公司Day-to-dayrunning 日常管理MNC跨国公司 =TNC:Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.Homecountry母国:Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.…母公司所在地：ThecountrywheretheparentcompanyofaMNElocates.Hostcountry东道国:Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.…东道国：ThecountrywhereanaffiliateMNClocates.MNE跨国企业 :Multinationalenterprise:Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallorpartly）,bedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns（whetherwhollycontrolsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.orpartly）,Economiesofscale规模经济Increaseandgrowth数量的增多和规模的增大Revenueadjustedforinflation（除去通货膨胀后的）实际收入Answerthefollowingquestions:Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA:Thebasicfeatureofeconomicglobalizationistofreeflowofcommodity,capital （资本）,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation（以求最优配置） .Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization.Whatistherightattitudetowardsit?（有利和不利方面 ）A:Theprosisthatwiththebasicfeatureoffreeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation,economicglobalizationisgivingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependent.Whiletheconsofeconomicglobalizationisdifferentcountriesandpeoplesdonotenjoybalancedbenefits.Therightattitudetowardsitisfollowthetrendclosely,availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopourselvesandavoidingitspossibleimpacts.Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise （MNE：跨国公司） ?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?A:Amultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationthatowns（whetherwhollyorpartly）,controlsandmanagesassetsinmorethanonecountry.IftheMNCistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itisknownastheparentMNC,which精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑精选文档精选文档可编辑可编辑 精选文档 精选文档 可编辑可编辑isnormallyalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.IftheMNCisestablishedasaresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughanotherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs （跨国企业）A:ThecharacteristicsofMNEsisasfollow:MNEsaregenerallyenormousinsize组织庞大Wi