选择题型的篇章阅读理解应试策略

选择题型的篇章阅读理解2篇文章，文章的题材：历史、文化、科技、地理、生物、化学、医学、文学、人物传记、电子、一般常识等文章的体裁：记叙文、议论文、说明文，其中说明文和议论文较为多见考题类型：主旨题、细节题、词义题、推断题、观点态度题考题类型：第一类

主旨大意题

把握文章的主旨大意，有一个重要前提就是要通过略读了解文章的主题和行文结构。常见的英语文章有四种结构：一般特殊型或演绎型；问题解决型；匹配型；驳论型和劝说型。

主旨大意题的考查形式有：考查文章/段落的主题、考查文章的标题、考查文章的写作目的、考查文章的选材来源。

（2006年6月17这是一篇关于对女性教育问题的论说文。Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.25.Thepassagemainlydiscuses________.A)unequaltreatmentofboysandgirlsindevelopingcountriesB)themajorcontributionsofeducatedwomentosocietyC)theeconomicandsocialbenefitsofeducatingwomenD)thepotentialearningpowerofwell-educatedwomen文章第一句指出“让女孩受教育在发展中国家比其他任何投资所产生的回报率都要高”，最后一段为结论段，本段第一句“女性受教育不仅有社会效益，而且产生经济效益。故答案为C。如：（2002年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean’slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficult,andvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehavior.Sobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhen,withthehelpoftheNavy,theywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43days,monitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy’sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofanexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwaterlisteningsystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialenemies.Earthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption(爆发)forthefirsttimeandthattheyplansimilarstudies.Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyonemileasecondslowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope(听诊器)doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyones,canoftentravelthousandsofmiles.31.Thepassageischieflyabout_______.A)anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinespeciesB)thecivilianuseofamilitarydetectionsystemC)theexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretweaponD)anewwaytolookintothebehaviorofbluewhales第1，2段以追踪蓝鲸为例引出话题，水下监听技术在非军事领域的应用，第3段加以明确，第4，5段是说水下监听技术在monitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruption及trackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures方面的应用，各段要点经归纳，得出答案为B第二类

事实细节题

事实细节题所考查的主要是考生对于文章信息的识别能力。所以掌握词句转换的技能和归纳概括的能力对于事实细节题有着关键作用。

实际上，这些题目很多时候都会涉及逻辑关系、比较关系等的明暗转换，又常常涉及存在于段落与段落之间的这些逻辑关系。这是需要通过仔细理解原文才能识别的信息。

考生需要重点掌握的逻辑关系有：因果、转折、举例等。需要重点掌握的从句有：主语从句、定语从句、原因/条件状语从句、结果/目的状语从句等。需要重点掌握的结构有：强调结构、倒装结构、双重否定、分词结构等。

（2007年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）I’vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinctionandonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting(稍纵即逝的)thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou’vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouavailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.58. Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis________.A)puttingtheirideasinrawformB)attemptingtoeditastheywriteC)ignoringgrammaticalsoundnessD)tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts原文句子较长，句子包含一个定语从句和表语从句，Thepractice即“freewriting.”canhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabits，而badhabits即tryingtoedit，反过来preventspeoplefromwritingonisattemptingtoedit，故选B.又如：（2005年1月大学英语四级阅读真题）InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonpreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofind.InmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondents(答问卷者)listed“togivechildrenagoodstartacademically”asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twoper-centofthemoreindividuallyoriented(强调个性发展的)Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschools.SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren’schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.18.InJapan’spreschooleducation,thefocusison________.A)preparingchildrenacademicallyB)developingchildren’sartisticinterestsC)tappingchildren’spotentialD)shapingchildren’scharacter日本学校donotteachreading,writing,andmathematics，而是教persistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup，这几点可归纳为“性格塑造。”故选D.第三类

语义理解题

语义理解题的形式如下：在题干中明确给出了某个单词、短语或句子在文中的具体位置，要求考生理解这些内容的意思或所指。

语义理解题考查的内容包括：熟词在语境中的具体意思；生词的意思；代词指代的内容；词或词组的比喻义；词句的言外之意。

语义理解题的解题关键在于在把握文章主题的情况下，弄清所问词句所在段落的作用，进而弄清词句本身的作用。

1.d.通过标点符号，如破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等，以及提示词or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,say,i.e.等引出同位语或加以解释。（2006年6月24日大学英语四级阅读真题）Inacountrythatdefinesitselfbyideals,notbysharedblood,whoshouldbeallowedtocome,workandlivehere?InthewakeoftheSept.11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.11,2001,aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurity,federalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged“OperationSafeTravel”–raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification（身份证明）.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralofSouthAmerica,Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworkers’illegalstatusmadethemopentoblackmail(讹诈)byterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent.“We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,andthenwhenit’sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons,”Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.AnaCastro,amanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairport,hadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation(驱逐出境).Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.Whilesheawaitstheoutcome,thegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s65.Bysaying“…we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare”(Line2.Para.4),MayorAndersonmeans“______”.wewillturnablindeyetoyourillegalstatuswewillexaminethelawsinadifferentwaythereareotherwaysofenforcingthelawtheexistinglawsmustnotbeignoredAnderson市长说，移民们感到愤怒从某种程度来说是有道理的，接着一句引文补充此句，引文很长，由and连接，前后为转折关系，后半部意为：当我们方便的时候，或者当我们证明加强国防安全的必要的时候，……，你们可以打发掉。……由此推断出前半部分意思，我们需要你们工作的时候，你们即使是非法移民，也不会按法规驱逐他们。故答案为A。（2006年6月17日大学英语四级阅读真题）Educatinggirlsquitepossiblyyieldsahigherrateofreturnthananyotherinvestmentavailableinthedevelopingworld.Women’seducationmaybeunusualterritoryforeconomists,butenhancingwomen’scontributiontodevelopmentisactuallyasmuchaneconomicasasocialissue.Andeconomics,withitsemphasisonincentives(激励),providesguidepostthatpointtoanexplanationforwhysomanygirlsaredeprivedofaneducation.Parentsinlow-incomecountriesfailtoinvestintheirdaughtersbecausetheydonotexpectthemtomakeaneconomiccontributiontothefamily:girlsgrowuponlytomarryintosomebodyelse’sfamilyandbearchildren.Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy(预言)becomesself-fulfilling,trappingwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.Aneducatedmother,ontheotherhand,hasgreaterearningabilitiesoutsidethehomeandfacesanentirelydifferentsetofchoices.Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.Theeducationofherdaughtersthenmakesitmuchmorelikelythatthenextgenerationofgirls,aswellasofboys,willbeeducatedandhealthy.Theviciouscircleisthustransformedintoavirtuouscircle.Fewwilldisputethateducatingwomenhasgreatsocialbenefits.Butithasenormouseconomicadvantagesaswell.Mostobviously,thereisthedirecteffectofeducationonthewagesoffemaleworker.Wagesriseby10to20percentforeachadditionalyearofschooling.Suchbigreturnsareimpressivebythestandardofotheravailableinvestments,buttheyarejustthebeginning.Educatingwomenalsohasasignificantimpactonhealthpractices,includingfamilyplanning.22.Bysaying“…theprophecybecomesself-fulfilling…”(Lines4-5,Para.2),theauthormeansthat________.A)girlswilleventuallyfindtheirgoalsinlifebeyondreachB)girlswillbeincreasinglydiscontentedwiththeirlifeathomeC)girlswillbecapableofrealizingtheirowndreamsD)girlswillturnouttobelessvaluablethanboys破折号后的theprophecy即指Girlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandarekeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool，破折号后的句子是对前句加以解释。父母从小就预测女孩不如男孩有价值，故不让女孩有受教育的机会，预测也就成为事实，故选D.（2004年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）AssoonasitwasrevealedthatareporterforProgressivemagazinehaddiscoveredhoetomakeahydrogenbomb,agroupoffirearm(火器)fansformedtheNationalHydrogenBombAssociation,andtheyarenowlobbyingagainstanylegislationtostopAmericansfromowningone.“TheConstitution,”saidtheassociation’sspokesman,“giveseveryonetherighttoownarms.Itdoesn’tspelloutwhatkindofarms.Butsinceanyonecannowmakeahydrogenbomb,thepublicshouldbeabletobuyittoprotectthemselves.”“Don’tyouthinkit’sdangeroustohaveoneinthehouse,particularlywheretherearechildrenaround?”“TheNationalHydrogenBombAssociationhopestoeducatepeopleinthesafehandlingofthistypeofweapon.Weareinstructingownerstokeepthebombinalookedcabinetandthefuse(导火索)separatelyinadrawer.”“Somepeopleconsiderthehydrogenbombaveryfatalweaponwhichcouldkillsomebody.”Thespokesmansaid,“Hydrogenbombsdon’tkillpeople-peoplekillpeople.Thebombisforself-protectionanditalsohasadeterrenteffect.Ifsomebodyknowsyouhaveanuclearweaponinyourhouse,they’regoingtothinktwiceaboutbreakingin.”“ButthosewhowanttobanthebombforAmericancitizensclaimthatifyouhaveonelockedinthecabinet,withthefuseinadrawer,youwouldneverbeabletoassembleitintimetostopanintruder(侵入者).”“Anotherargumentagainstallowingpeopletoownabombisthatatthemomentitisveryexpensivetobuildone.Sowhatyourassociationisbackingisaprogramwhichwouldallowthemiddleandupperclassestoacquireabombwhilepoorpeoplewillbeleftdefenselesswithjusthandguns.”18.Bysayingthatthebombalsohasadeterrenteffectthespokesmanmeansthatit________.A)willfrightenawayanypossibleintrudersB)canshowthespecialstatusofitsownersC)willthreatenthesafetyoftheownersaswellD)cankillthoseenteringothers’housesbyforce第二句Ifsomebody…….是对deterrenteffect具体解释，即炸弹可让入侵者有所顾忌，故选A。（2002年1月大学英语四级阅读真题）ForanincreasingnumberofstudentsatAmericanuniversities,Oldissuddenlyin.thereasonisobvious:thegrayingofAmericameansjobs.Coupledwiththeagingofthebaby-boom(生育高峰)generation,alongerlifespanmeansthatthenation’selderlypopulationisboundtoexpandsignificantlyoverthenext50years.By2050,25percentofallAmericanswillbeolderthan65,upfrom14percentin1995.Thechangeposesprofoundquestionsforgovernmentandsociety,ofcourse.Butitalsocreatescareeropportunitiesinmedicineandhealthprofessions,andinlawandbusinessaswell.“Inadditiontothedoctors,we’regoingtoneedmoresociologists,biologists,urbanplannersandspecializedlawyers,”saysProfessorEdwardSchneideroftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia’s(USC)SchoolofGerontology(老年学).Lawyerscanspecializein“elderlaw”,whichcoverseverythingfromtrustsandestatestonursing-homeabuseandagediscrimination(歧视).Businessmenseehugeopportunitiesintheeldermarketbecausethebabyboomers,74millionstrong,arelikelytobethewealthiestgroupofretireesinhumanhistory.“Anystudentwhocombinesanexpertknowledgeingerontologywith,say,andMBAorlawdegreewillhavealicensetoprintmoney,”oneprofessorsays.MargariteSantosisa21-year-oldsenioratUSC.Shebegancollegeasabiologymajorbutfoundshewas“reallyboredwithbacteria.”Soshetookaclassingerontologyanddiscoveredthatshelikedit.Shesays,“Ididvolunteerworkinretirementhomesanditwasverysatisfying.”31.“…Oldissuddenlyin”(Line1,Para.1)mostprobablymeans“________”.A)AmericahassuddenlybecomeanationofoldpeopleB)gerontologyhassuddenlybecomepopularC)moreelderlyprofessorsarefoundonAmericacampusesD)Americancollegeshaverealizedtheneedofenrollingolderstudents两个句子间由Thereasonis连接，后一句是解释大学里Oldissuddenlyin的原因：研究老年学意味着容易找到工作，因此可Oldissuddenlyin意为老年学受欢迎,故选B.（2004年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）Aisforalwaysgettingtoworkontime.Bisforbeingextremelybusy.Cisfortheconscientious(勤勤恳恳)wayyoudoyourjob.Youmaybeallthesethingsattheoffice,andmore.Butwhenitcomestogettingahead,expertssay,theABCsofbusinessshouldincludeaP,forpolitics,asinofficepolitics.DaleCarnegiesuggestedasmuchthan50yearsago:Hardworkalonedoesn’tensurecareeradvancement.Youhavetobeabletosellyourselfandyourideas,bothpubliclyandbehindthescenes.Yet,despitetheobviousrewardsofengaginginofficepoliticsabetterjob,araise,praise--manypeoplearestillunable--orunwilling--to“playthegame.”“Peopleassumethatofficepoliticsinvolvessomemanipulative(工于心计的)behavior,”saysDeborahComer,anassistantprofessorofmanagementatHofstraUniversity.“Butpoliticsderivesfromtheword‘polite’.Itcanmeanlobbyingandformingassociations.Itcanmeanbeingkindandhelpful,oreventryingtopleaseyoursuperior,andthenexpectingsomethinginreturn.”Infact,today,expertsdefineofficepoliticsasproperbehaviorusedtopursueone’sownself-interestintheworkplace.Inmanycases,thisinvolvessomeformofsocializingwithintheofficeenvironmentnotjustinlargecompanies,butinsmallworkplacesaswell.“Thefirstthingpeopleareusuallyjudgedonistheirabilitytoperformwellonaconsistentbasis.”saysNeilP.Lewis,amanagementpsychologist.“Butiftwoorthreecandidatesareupforapromotion,eachofwhomhasreasonablysimilarability,amanagerisgoingtopromotethepersonheorshelikesbest.It’ssimplehumannature.”Yet,psychologistssay,manyemployeesandemployershavetroublewiththeconceptofpoliticsintheoffice.Somepeople,theysay,haveanidealisticvisionofworkandwhatittakestosucceed.Stillothersassociatepoliticswithflattery(奉承),fearfulthat,iftheyspeakupforthemselves,theymayappeartobeflatteringtheirbossforfavors.Expertssuggestalteringthisnegativepicturebyrecognizingtheneedforsomeself-promotion.11.“Officepolitics”(Line2,Para.4)isusedinthepassagetoreferto________.A)thecodeofbehaviorforcompanystaffB)thepoliticalviewsandbeliefsofofficeworkersC)theinterpersonalrelationshipswithinacompanyD)thevariousqualitiesrequiredforasuccessfulcareer第四类

推理判断题

推理判断题比事实细节题更难。两种题目可能都需要考生在归纳总结后才能确定在原文中的出处，或者能非常明确地找到这个出处，但是事实细节题的答案只是对原文信息的一定程度上的转换，而推理判断题的答案则肯定需要考生在根据原文信息进行推理判断后才能得出，其核心意思在原文中找不到原词句。

推理判断题要求考生对上下文有透彻的理解。一道推理判断题的答案，经常需要综合理解整个段落的内容才能推断得出，同时还必须兼顾全文的主旨。

（2006年6月Communicationstechnologiesarefarfromequalwhenitcomestoconveyingthetruth.Thefirststudytocomparehonestyacrossarangeofcommunicationsmediahasfoundthatpeoplearetwiceaslikelytotellliesinphoneconversationsastheyareinemails.Thefactthatemailsareautomaticallyrecorded—andcancomebacktohaunt(困扰)you—appearstobethekeytothefinding.JeffHancockofCornellUniversityinIthaca,Hisresults,tobepresentedattheconferenceonhuman–computerinteractioninVienna,ButHancocksaysitisalsocrucialwhetheraconversationisbeingrecordedandcouldbereread,andwhetheritoccursinrealtime.Peopleappeartobeafraidtoliewhentheyknowthecommunicationcouldlaterbeusedtoholdthemtoaccount,hesays.Thisiswhyfewerliesappearinemailthanonthephone..Peoplearealsomorelikelytolieinrealtime—inaninstantmessageorphonecall,say—thaniftheyhavetimetothinkofaresponse,saysHancock.Hefoundmanyliesarespontaneous(脱口而出的)responsestoanunexpecteddemand,suchas:“Doyoulikemydress?”Hancockhopeshisresearchwillhelpcompaniesworkoutthebestwaysfortheiremployeestocommunicate.Forinstance,thephonemightbethebestmediumforsaleswhereemployeesareencouragedtostretchthetruth.Butgivenhisresults,workassessment,wherehonestyisapriority,mightbebestdoneusingemail.61.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat____.honestyshouldbeencouragedininterpersonalcommunicationsmoreemployerswilluseemailstocommunicatewiththeiremployeessuitablemediashouldbechosenfordifferentcommunicationpurposesemailisnowthedominantmediumofcommunicationwithinacompany原文最后一段谈到，电话交流适合销售，电子邮件适合工作评价，由此推断不同的媒介来满足不同的交际目的，故选C。（2005年12月大学英语四级阅读真题）Ifyouwanttoteachyourchildrenhowtosorry,youmustbegoodatsayingityourself,especiallytoyourownchildren.Buthowyousayitcanbequitetricky.Ifyousaytoyourchildren“I’msorryIgotangrywithyou,but…”,whatfollowsthat“but”canrendertheapologyineffective:“Ihadabadday”or“yournoisewasgivingmeaheadache”leavesthepersonwhohasbeeninjuredfeelingthatheshouldbeapologizingforhisbadbehaviorinexpectinganapology.Anothermethodbywhichpeopleappeartoapologizewithoutactuallydoingsoistosay“I’msorryyou’reupset”;thissuggeststhatyouaresomehowatfaultforallowingyourselftogetupsetbywhattheotherpersonhasdone.Thenthereisthegeneral,all-coveringapology,whichavoidsthenecessityofidentifyingaspecificactthatwasparticularlyhurtfulorinsulting,andwhichthepersonwhoisapologizingshouldpromisenevertodoagain.Saying“I’muselessasaparent”doesnotcommitapersontoanyspecificimprovement.Thesepseudo-apologiesareusedbypeoplewhobelievesayingsorryshowsweakness.Parentswhowishtoteachtheirchildrentoapologizeshouldseeitasasignofstrength,andthereforenotresorttothesepseudo-apologies.Butevenwhenpresentedwithexamplesofgenuinecontrition(悔悟),childrenstillneedhelptobecomeawareofthecomplexitiesofsayingsorry.Athree-year-oldmightneedhelpinunderstandingthatotherchildrenfeelpainjustashedoes,andthathittingaplaymateovertheheadwithaheavytoyrequiresanapology.Asix-year-oldmightneedremindingthatspoilingotherchildren’sexpectationscanrequireanapology.A12-year-oldmightneedtobeshownthatraidingthebiscuittinwithoutaskingpermissionisacceptable,butthatborrowingaparent’sclotheswithoutpermissionisnot.38.Itisnotadvisabletousethegeneral,all-coveringapologybecause________.A)itgetsoneintothehabitofmakingemptypromisesB)itmaymaketheotherpersonfeelguiltyC)itisvagueandineffectiveD)itishurtfulandinsulting文章第四段末句用了一个例子说明空泛的道歉无助于在某个方面做出改进，故推断答案为C.39.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinteachingchildrentosaysorry_________.A)thecomplexitiesinvolvedshouldbeignoredB)theiragesshouldbetakenintoaccountC)parentsneedtosetthemagoodexampleD)parentsshouldbepatientandtolerant最后一段列举了三种不同年龄段的孩子需要不同帮助，根据例子推断作者的观点，即年龄不同，情况便不同，故答案为B.第五类

观点态度题

体裁为议论文的文章中，所有的内容都可以归入三类：论点、论据和论证。作者的观点就是文章的核心。当文章有总论点和分论点时，论据和论证会围绕各个分论点展开，所有的分论点则在整体上构成对总论点的证明。在议论性的说明文中，也会存在这种现象。

作者或文中人物的观点，多数情况下文中都有明确说明，题目只是对原文内容进行了一定程度的转换，考生需要做的只是辨别。作者或文章人物的态度，多数情况下只是在字里行间流露出来，考生需要从原文的用词和句式中判断其中蕴涵的感情色彩，特别注意动词，形容词等暗示观点态度的地方。

这类题目的题干中一般有the

author

argues，according

to

the

author，Professor

Linton

believes

that，the

passage

decribes

…

in

a

tone

of等明显标志。

其考查点可以分为：考查作者对某人/事物的观点；考查作者对某人/事物的态度；考查作者的行文态度；考查文中人物的观点或态度；考查例子所支持的观点。

（2002年12月大学英语四级阅读真题）Newtechnologylinkstheworldasneverbefore.Ourplanethasshrunk.It’snowa“globalvillage”wherecountriesareonlysecondsawaybyfaxorphoneorsatellitelink.And,ofcourse,ourabilitytobenefitfromthishigh-techcommunicationsequipmentisgreatlyenhancedbyforeignlanguageskills.Deeplyinvolvedwiththisnewtechnologyisabreedofmodernbus