专题24 人与社会之对社会有突出贡献的人物-2022年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（新教材新高考）（测）（含答案解析）

人与社会之对社会有突出贡献的人物（测）满分：50得分阅读理解（每小题2分，共16）A（2021・吉林・长春外国语学校高三期中）BeforeDouglasEngelbart,computerswereasbigasroomsandusedmostlyforhandlingnumbers.Butinthelate1960s,Engelbartinventedalmosteverythingyourpersonalcomputerhastoday:amouse,hypertext,screensharingandmore.Engelbartwasaddingreal-timeedits,graphics,hyper-linkingandsharingscreens-allbeforethebirthoftheWorldWideWeb.“Thedigitalrevolutionisfarmoresignificantthantheinventionofwritingorevenofprinting/9saidEngelbart,andasitturnsout,heheldalltherightcards.Ifhe'dbeenBritish,Engelbartwouldhavebeenknighted（授爵）,butthePortland,Oregon,nativeinsteadlivedouttherestofhisyearsasanunsunghero,tryingtofryevenbiggerfishinSiliconValley.HisblueprintoftheInternetwastotallydifferentfromtoday'sprofit-driven,streamlinedversion.Engelbartimaginedaninformationsystembuiltonthebackbonesofcooperationandeducation,allmeanttoenhancethecollectivehumanmind.Hewantedacomputerizednetworkofreal-time,human-widecooperation,withtheopen-sourcespiritofWikipediaandthepurposefulnessofC.Bythelate70sandearly80s,EngelbartandhisideaswerecastasideinfavourofAppleMacintoshandMicrosoftWindows,alongwiththeirprofit-generatingvisionforpersonalcomputing,andauser-friendlyapproachtotheInternet.Engelbart'steamofresearchersabandonedhim,andhehadalesserpositionatacompanycalledTymsharewhilestillbattlingwithhispie-in-the・skyvisionsofabetterworld.Evenworse,whenEngelbart'smouseinventiongainedwidespreaduseyearslater,henevergainedtheprofits——ithadbeenlicensedtoAppleforaround$40,000,Engelbartrevealed.AndifEngelbarthadwon?“Hardtosay,“saysJeffersonoftheInternetArchiveinSanFrancisco."TheWebwasboundtogrowinwaysitsfoundersneverintended,hesays.Henoteshisbeliefthatthesamespiritofknowledge-sharingandcooperationEngelbarttirelesslypushedforwillonedaybecomepartofourfast-evolvingInternet,evenifacommerciallayercloudstheoriginalvision.Butevenso,fameisdifficulttoachieve;itoftenridiculesgreatthinkerslikeGalileoorTesla,onlytomeetthemdecadesafterdeath.Granted,EngelbartwaseventuallyallowedintotheNationalInventorsHallofFamein1998,andintothePioneersCircleintheInternetHallofFameafterhisdeath,buttheheartofhisdreamhasyettoberealized.1.Theexpression“hispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld“inPara3refersto.A・thefunctionofcomputerdataprocessingB.areal-timevideochatontheInternetC.auser-friendlyapproachtotheInternetD.anInternetofknowledge-sharingandcooperation2.MostprobablyEngelbart'sgreatestregretwasthat.A.hewastoocrazyabouthisvisionoftheInternetwhentotallyignoredB.hewasnotprofitablyrewardedforhislandmarkinventionsofcomputerC.hewasadmittedtotheU.S.NationalInventorsHallofFametoolateD.theInternetwascommerciallyorientedagainsthisoriginalintention3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Engelbartroseandfellinhisall-outbattleoverthefutureoftheInternet.EngelbartcouldhavesucceededintheInternetwithhislandmarkinventions.Engelbart'sachievementshaveneverbeenrecognized.Engelbartdidn'tgetanyprofitfbrhismouseinvention.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?WhoBenefitsfromtheInternet?WhoLosttheInternetWars?WhopioneeredtheWorldWideWeb?WhoCommercializedtheInternet?【答案】1.D2.D3.C4,B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了恩格尔巴特为互联网做出的贡献，恩格尔巴特发明了今天个人电脑所用的几乎一切东西：鼠标以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技术，倡导一个全人类合作的计算机网络，但是因为出身他没有获得应有的地位。相信恩格尔巴特不懈倡导的“知识共享和协作精神”有朝一日会成为我们快速发展的互联网的一部分。I.词句猜测题。根据第二段最后一句"Hewantedacomputerizednetworkofreal-time,human-widecooperation,withtheopen-sourcespiritofWikipediaandthepurposefulnessofC.（他要的是一种能实时展开全人类合作的计算机网络，兼具维基百科的开源精神和“变革”网的坚定目的户以及第三段中的“Engelbarfsteamofresearchersabandonedhim,andhehadalesserpositionatacompanycalledTymsharewhilestillbattlingwithhispie-in-the-skyvisionsofabetterworld.（恩格尔巴特的研究团队抛弃了他，他在一家名为Tymshare的公司里只担任了一个较低的职位，同时还在与自己对更美好世界的不切实际的幻想作斗争）”可知，第三段中的“他对更美好世界的不切实际的幻想”是指知识共享和合作的互联网。故选Do.细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Henoteshisbeliefthatthesamespiritofknowledge-sharingandcooperationEngelbarttirelesslypushedforwillonedaybecomepartofourfast-evolvingInternet,evenifacommerciallayercloudstheoriginalvision』他相信恩格尔巴特不懈倡导的“知识共享和协作精神”有朝一日会成为我们快速发展的互联网的一部分，就算商业的外衣遮蔽了最初的设想）”可知，很可能恩格尔巴特最大的遗憾是互联网是以商业为导向的，违背了他的初衷。故选D。.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句段的"EngelbartwaseventuallyallowedintotheNationalInventorsHallofFamein1998,andintothePioneersCircleintheInternetHallofFameafterhisdeath,（在1998年，他最终被允许进入国家发明家行列。在他去世后，被承认是互联网的开拓先锋）“可知，C项Engelbarfsachievementshaveneverbeenrecognized.“他的成绩从来没有被认可”是错误的。故选C。.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主耍讲述了恩格尔巴特为互联网做出的贡献，恩格尔巴特发明了今天个人电脑所用的几乎一切东西：鼠标以及超文本、屏幕共享等神奇技术，倡导一个全人类合作的计算机网络，但是因为出身他没有获得应有的地位。反而是一些后起之秀获得了殊荣。最后一段首句中的“AndifEngelbarthadwon?”给出了本文的中心主旨，因此推断B项“谁输了互联网战争?”作为题目最佳。故选B。B（2021.四川成都.高三月考）LeonardodaVincidied500yearsagoattheageof67.Hewasauniversalgeniuswhoalwaysenjoyedexploringideasinmanyfields,includingsculpting,drawingandpamting.Hissurvivingbodyofworkasapainterisremarkablyslim:Fewerthan20artworkscanbecomfortablyregardedashis,althoughtwoofthem-thenMonaLisa"and"TheLastSupper"-areeasilyamongthemostfamousintheworld."TheVirginandChildwithSaintAnneJ"St.JohntheBaptist,'andthenMonaLisa,”nowallhangattheLouvreinParis.TheFrenchmuseumhastwomoreLeonardos-oneofwhichiscurrentlylenttotheLouvreAbuDhabi—formingthelargestcollectionintheworld.Buildingonitscollection,theLouvrewillhostagrandexhibition,startinginOctober,whichithopeswillunitethelargestevernumberofLeonardoartworksunderoneroof.Organizersanticipatesomuchdemandthatareservationwillberequiredtoattend,andticketswillgoonsaleinJune.CelebrationsarealreadyunderwayinItaly.Leonardo'shometownofVinciishostingaspecialexhibitionfeaturinghisearliestknowndrawing.InMilan,whereLeonardolivedforover20years,celebrationswillcenteraroundtheSfbrzaCastleandtherestoredSaladelleAsse,wherevisitorscanseeoriginalwallandceilingdecorationsbyLeonardo.InVenice,hismostfamousdrawing,the"VitruvianMan/willbeondisplayuntilJuly—arareoccurrence,astheitem'sfragilitymeansit'sseldomexhibited.

InLondon,visitorswillbeabletoseeover200originaldrawingsatthenLeonardodaVinci:Lifeindrawing”exhibition,whichopensatBuckinghamPalaceonMay24,thoughorganizerssaythisisthelargestexhibitionofLeonardo'sworksinover65years.TheuncertaintythatsurroundssomanyaspectsofLeonardo'slifeandworkshasundoubtedlyfueledtheworld'sfascinationwiththeRenaissancemaster.Fivehundredyearson,itseemstobestrongerthanever.5.A.Hewasboredwithart.B.Hewascuriousaboutthings.C.Hewasdeaddespiteachievements.D.Hewasintelligentinacertainaspect.6.WhatcanweinferaboutLeonardo'sartworksfromparagraph2?A.TheLouvreinParishasfourofhisworks.B.OnlyTheLastSupperisregardedasthebest.C.Morethan20worksareeasilyrecognizedashis.D.TheirexhibitioninAbuDhabimaybequitepopular.7.WhyisitrareforVitruvianMantobeexhibitedinItaly?A.Itwasn'tdiscovereduntillately.B.Itistheeasiesttoruinwhileonshow.C.ItisLeonardo'smostfamousdrawing.D.Italyhasdifficultyrentingitforthemoment.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofLeonardoDaVinci?5.A.Hewasboredwithart.B.Hewascuriousaboutthings.C.Hewasdeaddespiteachievements.D.Hewasintelligentinacertainaspect.6.WhatcanweinferaboutLeonardo'sartworksfromparagraph2?A.TheLouvreinParishasfourofhisworks.B.OnlyTheLastSupperisregardedasthebest.C.Morethan20worksareeasilyrecognizedashis.D.TheirexhibitioninAbuDhabimaybequitepopular.7.WhyisitrareforVitruvianMantobeexhibitedinItaly?A.Itwasn'tdiscovereduntillately.B.Itistheeasiesttoruinwhileonshow.C.ItisLeonardo'smostfamousdrawing.D.Italyhasdifficultyrentingitforthemoment.8.A.TheLifeofLeonardoB.Leonardo'sArtworksC.LeonardoandLouvreD.CelebrationsforLeonardo8.A.TheLifeofLeonardoB.Leonardo'sArtworksC.LeonardoandLouvreD.CelebrationsforLeonardoWhatisthebesttitleforthetext?【答案】5.B6.D7.B8.D【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了达芬奇的存世画作和世界各地为纪念达芬奇去世500周年而开展的各种庆祝活动。.细节理解题。根据第一段“Hewasauniversalgeniuswhoalwaysenjoyedexploringideasinmanyfields,includingsculpting,drawingandpamting.（他是一个普世的天才，总是喜欢在许多领域探索思想，包括雕刻、绘画和纵容）”可知，作者认为达芬奇是个充满好奇心的人。故选B项。.推理判断题。根据第二段“Organizersanticipatesomuchdemandthatareservationwillberequiredtoattend,（组织者预计需求量会很大，所以必须提前预订）“可知，阿布扎比的展览需要提前预定，由此推知，阿布扎比的展览可能会很受欢迎。故选D项。.细节理解题。根据第三段“astheitem'sfragilitymeansit'sseldomexhibited（因为这件物品非常脆弱，意味着它很少被展出）“可知，VitruvianMan很少被展出，是因为它很脆弱，展出时容易损毁。故选B项。.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了在达芬奇去世500年之际，世界各地为纪念达芬奇而开展的各种庆祝活动，D项“CelebrationsforLeonardo（纪念达芬奇的庆祝活动）”是最佳标题。故选D项。完形填空（2021・湖南・长沙一中高三月考）（每小题1分，共15分）ClaraBartoniswidelyknownasoneofthemosthonoredwomeninAmericanhistory.Shebeganteachingschoolwhenmostteachersweremenatthattime.Later,shebecameoneofthefirstwomenevertobe]bythegovernment.HercareerinhelpingthesickbeganwhenherbrotherDavidbecameherfirst2HefelldownfromtheroofofahousewhenClarawasjust11yearsold.Shestayedbyhissideand3himforthreeyears.WhentheCivilWarbegan,sheimmediatelyrecognizedthatthe4soldiersneededhelp.5waitingforotherstostepin,Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown.Shealsoaskedthepublicfordonationsandlearnedhowtostoreand6themtosoldiers.Shealsoreadtothesoldiersandwrotelettersforthem.AftertheBattleofCedarMountaininnorthernVirginia,Claraarrivedatafieldhospitalat7withavehiclefullofsupplies.AdoctornamedPaulSmithatthathospitallatersaid8,“Ithoughtheavenhadsentoutanangelthatnight.Her9appearedexactlyattherighttime.”Shesuccessfully10theAmericanRedCrossandledtheorganizationforthenext23years.Herlastfield11aspresidentoftheAmericanRedCrosswastohelpthe12ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane.Shedidnot13fromtheAmericanRedCrossuntilshewas83.Truetoher14,Claraalwayswenttowheretheneedwasthegreatest.Today,withthehelpofvolunteers,theAmericanRedCrossprovidesrelieftopeopleofdisasters,aswellashelpspeople15,prepareforandrespondtoallsortsofemergencies.1.A.firedB,employedC-arrestedD.scolded2.A.patientB,studentC.friendD.colleague3.A.caredaboutB.dependedonC,tendedtoD.quarreledwith4.A.well-organizedB.highly-praisedC.badly-shockedD.poorly-equipped5.A.InsteadofB,RegardlessofC・ApartfromD.Incaseof6.A.introduceB,distributeC,returnD.lend7.A.noonB,duskC.midnightD.dawn8.A.sadlyB.peacefullyC.disappointedlyD.gratefully9.A.assistanceB.guidanceC,performanceD.disturbance10.A.inventedB.foundedC.ruinedD.left11.A.missionB.hobbyC,interestD.dream12.A.doctorsB.victimsC.soldiersD.citizens

13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recover13.A.recoverB.sufferC.learnD.retireA.ideaB.opinionC.natureD.conceptA.preventB.ignoreC.forgiveD.forget13.A.recoverB.sufferC.learnD.retire【答案】1.B2.A3.C4.D5.A6.B7.C8.D9.A10.Bll.A12.B13.D14.C15.A【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了一位伟大的女性ClaraBarton从一名老师到美国红十字会创建人的经历，她对梦想的追求、对弱势群体的怜爱都展露了她人性的光辉。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：后来，她成为政府雇佣的第一批女性之一。A.fired开除；B.employed雇佣；C.arrested逮捕；D.scolded责骂。由“bythegovernment”可知，她是被政府雇佣。故选B。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：她帮助病人的事业始于她的哥哥大卫成为她的第一个病人。A.patient病人;B.student学生；C.friend朋友；D.colleague同事。由后面的"Hefelldownfromtheroofofahouse”可知，她的哥哥从屋顶上摔了下来，成为了病人。故选A。.考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：她在他身边照顾了他三年。A.caredabout关心；B.dependedon取决于；C.tendedto照顾；D.quarreledwith与某人吵架。由“Hefelldownfromtheroofofahouse”可知，她的哥哥从屋顶上摔了下来，因此她照顾她哥哥。故选C。.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当内战开始时，她立即意识到装备简陋的士兵需要帮助。A.well-organized有序的;B.highly-praised被高度赞扬的；C.badly-shocked大为震惊的；D.poorly-equipped装备简陋的。由后文的“Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown”可知，她立即意识到装备简陋的士兵需要帮助。故选D。.考查固定短语词义辨析。句意：克拉拉没有等待别人的介入，而是自己收集必要的东西。A.Insteadof相反,而不是；B.Regardlessof不管；C.Apartfrom除了；D.Incaseof万一。"Claracollectednecessarythingsonherown”可知，她没有等别人而是自己收集必要的东西，因此空格处是“而不是”。故选A。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：她还要求公众捐赠，并学会了如何储存和分发给士兵。A.introduce介绍；B.distribute分发；C.return归还；D.lend借。由“askedthepublicfordonations”可知，她要求公众捐赠，并分发给士兵。故选B。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在弗吉尼亚州北部的雪松山战役结束后，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品的车抵达了野战医院。A.noon中午；B.dusk黄昏；C.midnight半夜；D.dawn黎明。由后文的“thatnight”可知，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品的车抵达了野战医院。故选C。.考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，医院里一位名叫保罗・史密斯(PaulSmith)的医生感激地说。A.sadly悲哀地；B.peacefully平静地；C.disappointedly失望地；D.gratefully感激地。由"Claraarrivedatafieldhospitalatwithavehiclefullofsupplies”可知，克拉拉在午夜带着一辆装满补给品的车抵达了野战医院，那儿的医生应该是感激她。故选D。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：她的帮助来得正是时候。A.assistance帮助;B.guidance指导；C.performance表现；D.disturbance打扰。由前面的“withavehiclefullofsupplies”可知，克拉拉带着补给品来了，也就是她的帮助来得正是时候。故选A。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：她成功地成立了美国红十字会，并在接下来的23年里领导该组织。A.invented发明;B.founded建立；C.ruined破坏；D.left离开。由“theAmericanRedCross”可知，她是建立了美国红十字会。故选B。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：她作为美国红十字会主席的最后一次实地任务是帮助19。。年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者。A.mission使命；B.hobby爱好；C.interest兴趣；D.dream梦想。由"wastohelpthe12ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane”可知，帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者是她的使命。故选A。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：她作为美国红十字会主席的最后一次实地任务是帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者。A.doctors医生；B.victims受害者；C.soldiers士兵；D.citizens市民。由“ofthe1900Galvestonhurricane”可知，此处是指帮助1900年加尔维斯顿飓风的受害者。故选B。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：她直到83岁才从美国红十字会退休。A.recover恢复；B.suffer遭受；C.learn学习;D.retire退休。由“untilshewas83”可知，她是直到83岁才从美国红十字会退休。故选D。.考查名词词义辨析。句意：忠实于她的本性，克拉拉总是去最需要帮助的地方。A.idea想法；B.opinion意见；C.nature本性;D.concept概念。由“Claraalwayswenttowheretheneedwasthegreatest”可知，克拉拉总是去最需要帮助的地方，这是她的本性。故选C。.考查动词词义辨析。句意：今天，在志愿者的帮助下，美国红十字会向人们提供救灾，并帮助人们预防、准备和应对各种紧急情况。A.prevent预防；B.ignore忽视；C.forgive原谅；D.forget忘记。由后文的“allsortsofemergencies”可知，美国红十字会帮助人们预防各种紧急情况。故选A。读后续写（19分）（2021.全国.高三）阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Theeleven-year-oldhadjustarrivedinfamousCarnegieHall.HewastoappearasaviolinperformerwiththeNewYorkSymphonyOrchestra.Onhiswayfromthestageentrancetotheartists9room,hesawalargefireax（斧子）onawall."What'sthatfbr?”heaskedaguard.“Tocuttheheadsofftheperformerswhodon'tplaywellJwasthereply.“Andhowmanyheadshaveyoualreadycutoff?”"Oh,quiteafbwjsaidtheguard,withafriendlysmile.Someintheaudiencethatnight,especiallythemusiccritics,expectedtheboy'sheadtoroll.HewastoplayadifficultviolinpiecebyBeethoven.Criticsfeltthatthisgreatpieceshouldbeattemptedonlybyamatureartist.Forachild,thecomplicatedfingeringwouldbeimpossible,theyadded.ItwasNovember25,1927.ThatnightCarnegieHallwaspacked.AlleyesintheaudiencewatchedforYehudiMenuhin,theeleven-year-oldviolinperformer,toappearonthestage.Newsofhistalenthadalreadyexcitedthepublicimagination.Therewasanoutburstofapplausewhenhecameoutinhiswhitesilkshirtandblackpants.Inabusinesslikemanner,Yehuditookhisplaceneartheconductorandhandedhisviolintothefirstviolinisttobetuned.Therewasabreathlesssilenceinthehall.Whenthekettledrum（定音鼓）announcedtheopeningofthemusic,Yehudistoodcalmly,soabsorbedinthemusicthatsomepeoplefearedhewouldnotcomeinontime.But,withonlysecondstospare,headjustedhisviolinandraisedhisbow.Atthegreatsingingtonethatfilledthehall,therewasaslightexcitement,andthenasilence.注意：.续写词数应为150左右；.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Listenerswereimpressedbyhispuretone,expertfingeringandwonderfulskill.Eventhenewspapercriticsstayedontoa