牛津英语模块三课文原文

牛津英语模块三课文原文牛津英语模块三课文原文牛津英语模块三课文原文资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月牛津英语模块三课文原文版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Unit1FogFogwarningWhenPollylefthomethatmorning,thecitywasalreadycoveredinagreymist.Atlunch,theradioforecastthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Atfouro'clock,Pollyleftworkandsteppedoutintothefog.Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.NobusestoKingStreetOnceoutinthestreet,shewalkedquicklytowardsherusualbusstop.‘Howfarareyougoing’

thebusconductoraskedherbeforehetookherfare.

‘KingStreet.’saidPolly.‘Sorry，Miss’repliedtheman,‘thetruthisthatitistoofoggyforthebustorunthatfar.TaketheUndergroundtoGreenPark.Theweathermightbebetterthereandyoumightbeabletogetataxi.’AtallmanAsPollyobservedthepassengersonthetrain,shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkovercoat.AtlastthetrainarrivedatGreenFootstepsWhenPollygottothestationentrance,itwasempty.Outside,wherevershelookedthefoglaylikeathick,greycloud.Therewasnooneinsight.PollysetofftowardsParkStreet.Asshewalkedalongthenarrowstreet,sheheardthesoundoffootstepsapproaching,butbythetimeshereachedthecornerofthestreet,thefootstepsweregone.SuddenlyPollyfeltaroughhandbrushhercheek,andsheheardaman’svoiceinherearsaying‘Sorry.’Themanmovedaway.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingwithfear.ThehelpfulstrangerThensheheardthesoundagain-softfootstepsbehindher.Aminutebefore,shehadwishedforsomeonetocomealong.Nowshewantedtorun,butfearheldherstill.Thefootstepsseemedclosenow.Thenaman’svoicecameoutofthedarkness.‘Isanybodythere’Pollyhesitated.Atlastsheanswered,‘Hello,IthinkI’mlost.’Afewsecondslater,ahandreachedoutandgraspedherarm.Pollyfoundherselfstaringupatthefaceofanoldmanwithabeard.‘MaybeIcanhelpyou.Whichroaddoyouwant’

heasked.

‘Iliveat86KingStreet.’Pollyreplied.‘Justtakemyhand.’saidtheman.‘Comewithme.You’llbeallright.’HetookPolly’shand.‘Watchoutforthestephere.’Inhisotherhandthemancarriedastick.Pollyheardithitthestep.‘Icanremembersometerriblefogs,butmaybethatwasbeforeyourtime.Ican’tseeyourface,butyousoundyoung.Howoldareyou’‘Justtwenty.’answeredPolly.‘Ah,twenty!Aniceagetobe.Iwasyoungonce.Nowwe’reatthecrossroads.Turnlefthere.’‘I’mquitelostnow.Areyousureyouknowtheway’

Pollywasbeginningtofeelfrightenedagain.’

‘Ofcourse.Youreallyshouldn’tfeelanxious,’Heheldherhandmorefirmly.Thegratefulhelper‘Hereweare.KingStreet.’Hestopped.‘Thankyousomuchforcomingtomyaid.’saidPollyinrelief.‘Wouldyouliketocomeinandrestforawhile’

‘It’sveryniceofyou.’saidtheman,‘butI’llbeoff.Theremaybemorepeoplelosttoday,andI’dliketohelpthem.Yousee,afogthisbadisrare.Itgivesmethechancetopaybackthehelpthatpeoplegivemewhenit’ssunny.Ablindpersonlikemecan’tgetacrosstheroadwithouthelp,exceptinafoglikethis.’Project(P18)SharkattacksTherearenearly400differenttypesofsharks,butonlyabout30typesareknowntohaveattackedhumanbeings.Manypeopleknowthatthemostdangeroussharkisthegreatwhiteshark,probablybecausetheyhaveseenthefilmJaws.However,twoothersharksarealsoratherdangerous:thetigersharkandthebullshark.Contrarytowhatmanypeoplemightassume,evidenceshowsthatsharksseldomattackhumans.Therearethreetypesofsharkattacks.Inthemaintype,thesharkattacksyoubecauseitmistakesyouforafish,butwhenittasteshumanfleshitdecidestogiveupandswimsaway.Inthesecondtype,thesharkpushesyouwithitsnosetofindoutifyouarefittobeeaten,andthenbitesyouifitthinksyouare.Inthethirdtype,thesharkwaitsforyoutoswimby,andthenattacksyousuddenly.Thelasttwotypesofattackmoreoftenresultinthedeathofhumans.Toreducetheriskofasharkattack,youshouldfollowthesesuggestions.Donotswiminthedark.Sharkscanstillseeyoubutyoucannotseethem.Donotgoswimmingintheoceanifyouhaveafreshwound.Sharkscansmellbloodoveralongdistance.Donotwearbrightclothingorjewellery,becausesharksareattractedtotheflashof,coloursandbrightobjects.Stayingroups,assharksusuallyavoidlargenumbersofpeople.Recently,sharkattackshavebeenincreasingaswatersportsarebecomingmorepopular.Ifasharkattacksyou,followtheadvicebelow.Keepcalm.Donotpanic.Hitthesharkonthenosewithyourfist.Stickyourfingerintheshark'seye.Don'tbefrightenedbysharks:youare3otimesmorelikelytobehitbylightningthanbeattackedbyashark.ThewonderfulworldofpigeonsItisnight.Allisquiet.Thesoldiersareasleepwhileaguardwatchesfortheenemy.Thereisaflash,andthesoundofguns!Theyarebeingattacked!Hundredsofenemysoldiersrushtowardsthem.Theyareallgoingtobekilledunlesstheygethelp.Whatshouldtheydo?

Anofficerwritesashortmessagequicklyonasmallpieceofpaper:'Beingattacked!Hurry!'Herollsupthepaperandputsitintoasmallcase,andthenreachesintoacageandgetsabird.Attachingthemessagetoitsleg,hesetsthebirdloose.Itimmediatelyfliesintotheairanddisappearsinthedark.WillthebirdarriveintimeWilltheybesaved

Thoughitmayseemhardtobelieve,thebirdtheofficerusesisthesamebirdoftenseeninpublicparks--thepigeon.Pigeonshaveawonderfulsenseofdirectionandcanfindtheirwayhomeoverlongdistances.Indeed,pigeonshavebeenknowntoflyhomefromasfarawayas1,800kilometres.Thatiswhypigeonshavebeenusedsinceancienttimestocarrythenewsoreventhemail.However,itwasinwarthattheyfoundtheirgreatestuse.DuringbothWorldWarIandII,pigeonswereemployedbyarmiestocarrymessagestoandfromthefrontlines,savingthelivesofmanysoldiersandevenhelpingwinsomeimportantvictories.HowdopigeonsfindtheirwayPigeonsappeartohaveacompassinsidethemthattellsthemwhichwayisnorth.Howthiscompassworksremainsamystery.Ofcourse,sinceacompassaloneisnotenoughtofindone'sway,theyalsoappeartousetheirsightandeventheirsenseofsmelltotellthemwhichwaytheyshouldgo.Unlikehumans,theynevergetlostandcanalwaysfindtheirwayhome.Unit2EnglishanditshistoryAllthroughhistory,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythesepeoplebroughttoBritain.ThatiswhyEnglishhassomanydifficultrulesthatconfusepeople.OldEnglishOldEnglishisverydifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaknowadays.Infact,wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethemiddleofthe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.ThentwoGermanicgroupsfromtheEuropeanmainland—theAnglesandtheSaxons—occupiedBritain.OldEnglishconsistedofamixtureoftheirlanguages.(BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedaftertheAngles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinOldEnglish.)AsidefromplacenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofOldEnglish.Attheendofthe9thcentury,theVikings,peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway,begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficiallanguageofEnglandWhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrasestouse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages,butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample,thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons,whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians.MiddleEnglishMiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies.ManythingsplayedapartinthedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.ThemostimportantcontributionwasfromtheNormans,aFrench-speakingpeoplewhodefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountryin1066.However,theNormanConquestdidnotaffectEnglishasmushastheAnglesandtheSaxons’victoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledtoOldEnglishreplacingCeltic.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchfortheentire250yearstheyruledEngland,FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedinevenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchasanswer(fromOldEnglish)andreply(fromOldFrench).Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsforanimalsandmeatdeveloped.AftertheNormanConquest,manyEnglishpeopleworkedasservantswhoraisedanimals.Therefore,thewordsformostanimalsraisedforfood,suchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans,camefromOldFrench:beef,mutton,porkandbacon.OldFrenchmadeothercontributionstoMiddleEnglishaswell.InOldEnglish,theGermanicwayofmakingwordspluralwasused.Forexample,theysaidhouseninsteadofhouses,andshoeninsteadofshoes.AftertheNormanstookcontrol,theybeganusingtheFrenchwayofmakingplurals,addingan-stohouseandshoe.OnlyafewwordskepttheirGermanicpluralforms,suchasman/menandchild/children.AftertheNormanConquest,high-classpeoplespokeFrenchwhilecommonpeoplespokeEnglish.However,bythelatterhalfofthe14thcentury,EnglishhadcomeintowidespreaduseamongallclassesinEngland.In1399,HenryⅣbecameKingofEngland.HismothertonguewasEnglish,andheusedEnglishforallofficialevents.ModernEnglishModernEnglishappearedduringtheRenaissanceinthe16thcentury.BecauseofthisModernEnglishincludesmanyLatinandGreekwords.Pronunciationalsowentthroughhugechangesduringthisperiod.Ofcourse,thiswasnottheendofthechangesintheEnglishlanguage.ThequestionofwhetherEnglishwillkeeponchanginginthefutureiseasytoanswer.Itiscertainthatthisprocesswillcontinue,andpeoplewillkeepinventingnewwordsandnewwaysofsayingthings.ProjectThedevelopmentChinesecharactersTheChineselanguagediffersfromWesternlanguagesinthat,insteadofanalphabet,itusescharacterswhichstandforideas,objectsordeeds.Chinesewordsareformedbyputtingtogetherdifferentcharacters.Inmanycases,asinglecharactercanalsomakeupaword.ThehistoryoftheChineselanguagecanbeexaminedbylookingathowthesecharactersdeveloped.Chinesewritingbeganthousandsofyearsago.Accordingtoanancientstory,amannamedCangJieinventedChinesewriting.Onewinterdaywhilehewashunting,hesawthetracksofanimalsinthesnowandobservedthattheappearanceofeachonewasdifferent.Thenhehadtheideathathecouldusedifferentshapestorepresentdifferentobjects.ThefirstChinesecharactersweredrawingsofphysicalobjects.Somecharactershavebeensimplifiedandothershavebeenmademoredifficultovertime.However,asawhole,thecharactershavedevelopedfromdrawingsintostandardforms.Thecharacterforamountainwasatfirstthreemountaintopstogether.Thisbecameonemountaintopandthreelines,andovertimeturnedintothecharacterusednowadays.Notallcharactersweredevelopedfromdrawingsofobjects.Sometimestoexpressideas,somecharactersweremadebycombiningtwoormorecharacterstogether.Forexample,'rest'wasmadeupofthecharactersforamanandatree.Thecharacter'prisoner'wasformedwitha'man'insideasquare.Othercharactersweredevelopedfordirectionsandnumbers.Itiseasytodistinguishtheirmeaningsbylookingatthem,forexample,thecharactersfor'up'and'down',whichareoppositesofeachother.Thoughthesekindsofcharactersindicatemeanings,oneoftheirshortcomingsisthattheydonotshowhowtheyshouldbepronounced.Therefore,amethodwasdevelopedtohaveonepartofacharacterindicatethemeaningandtheothersuggestthepronunciation.ManyChinesecharactersusedtodayweremadethisway.Inthe1950stheChinesegovernmentintroducedsimplifiedChinesecharactersandnowtheyhavewidespreaduseinChina'smainland.ThestoryofBrailleUsually,whenwetalkaboutreading,wethinkofusingoureyestoseeletterswrittenininkonpaper.However,thisisnotalwaystrue.Forexample,blindpeoplecannotsee,buttheycanstillreadbooks.ThemanwhointroducedblindpeopletoreadingwasLouisBraille(1809-1852).Braillelosthiseyesightattheageofthreeasaresultofaninjury.Whenhewasten,hewenttoaschoolfortheblindinParis.Inthosedays,booksforblindpeopleusedpaperpressedagainstmetalwiretoformletters.Sincethemetalwirewasheavy,eachbookweighedasmuchas100pounds.Thewholesystemwasnotconvenientforuse.Indeed,theschoollibraryonlyhadfourteensuchbooksinit.In1821,asoldiervisitedtheschoolandshowedthestudentsasystemforpassingmessagesatnightduringtimesofbattle.Hissystemusedpaperwithsmall,raiseddotsthatcouldbefeltwiththefingers.Eachletterofthealphabetwasrepresentedbyadifferentpatternwhichconsistedoftwelvedots.Thesoldierswoulddragtheirfingersovertheraiseddotstoreadthemessage.Whilethestudentsfoundthesoldier'sideainteresting,thesystemwastoodifficulttobeofpracticaluse.However,youngLouisBrailletooktheideaandworkedonit.Attheageoffifteen,hecreatedasystemwithpatternsofsixraiseddotsrepresentingeachletter.'Braille',thesystemforreadingusedtodaybyblindpeoplearoundtheworld,wasthusborn.TheblindcaneasilyrecognizeBraillewiththefingers.TheycanalsoeasilywriteinBraillewithaspecialtypewriter.Today,itisthemostcommonsystemusedbyblindpeopleforreadingandwriting,andnearlyeverylanguage,includingChinese,hasitsownversionofBrailleforitspeopletouse.Unit3LostcivilizationsDay1,15JulyIfeelluckytohavewonaplaceonthistrip.WeareinItalynow,andtomorrowwearevisitingPompeii.NextweekweareflyingtoChina,andgoingtoLoulan,whichisknownasChina’sPompeiiinthedesert.BothPompeiiandLoulanbecamelostcivilizationslongago.Day2,16JulyThismorningweattendedalectureaboutPompeii.Thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.In89BC,theRomanstookoverPompeii.Itthenbecamearichandbusycity.Nearthecitywasavolcano.On24thAugustAD79,thevolcanoeruptedandlava,ashandrockspouredoutofitontothesurroundingcountryside.Itcontinuedtoeruptforthenexttwodays.Manypeoplewereburiedalive,andsowasthecity.Howunfortunate!Day3,17JulyTodayIsawtheancientRomancityofPompeiiasitwas2,000yearsago.Howamazing!Thecitywasforgottenformanyyearsuntilthe18thcenturywhenafarmerdiscoveredastonewithwritingonit.Peoplestartedtodigintheareafortreasure,whichcausedmuchdamage.Thus,in1860,theareawasputundergovernmentprotectionsoitcouldbepreservedandstudied.WhenIwalkedaroundthecity,Isawstreetsjustastheyhadbeen,withsteppingstonesalongtheroadsoyoudidnothavetostepinthemudonrainydays!Isawseveralhouseswhichweredecoratedwithwallpaintings.Ialsosawthepeoplewhohadbeenburiedalive.Itturnsoutthataftertheashcoveredthepeoplewhofailedtofeelthecity,theirbodiesnearlycompletelybrokedownanddisappeared,leavingemptyspacesintheash.Yearslater,researcherswereabletousetheseemptyspacestoproducetrue-to-lifefiguresofthepeoplewhohaddiedinthedisaster.YoucanseethemtodayinPompeii,inthesameplacewherethepeoplefell.Thevolcanoisstillthere,butlooksveryquietnow.It’shardtoimaginehowthispeacefulvolcanodestroyedthewholecity!Day10,24JulyFinally,wearrivedinLoulanafterseveraldaysoftravelling.Thiscommercialcitywasbusyandwealthyabout2,000yearsago.ItwasastoppingpointonthefamousSilkRoadbetweentheEastandthewest.ItisbelievedtohavebeengraduallycoveredoverbysandstormsfromAD200toAD400.Iamsoexcitedtobehere!Day11,25JulyAscholarfromthelocalculturalinstitute,ProfessorZhang,toldusthataroundtheyear1900theEuropeanexplorerSvenHedindiscoveredtheruinsoftheLoulanKingdom.Sevenfoundtheremainsofbuildingsburiedbeneaththesand,togetherwithalotoftreasures,includingcoins,paintedpots,materialssuchasProjectAncientGreekstatuefoundinXinjiangResearchersannouncedthediscoveryofasmallstatueinnorthernXinjiang,China,recently.ThemetalstatueisofaGreeksoldier.WhenaskedhowastatuefromdistantGreececouldhaveappearedinAlexandertheGreat(356-323BC)wasthesonofaGreekkingwhodefeatedmanyGreekcitiesinbattle.Attheageoftwenty,Alexanderhimselfbecamekingafterhisfatherdied.However,manycitiesroseupagainstAlexander,soheledanarmytotakethemback.Thoughhisarmyhadonly3,000troops,hewoneverybattleandmanyenemysoldiersjoinedhim.In334BC,hetookhisarmy,nowwith42,000men,intotheMiddleEastandthenEgypt,defeatingeveryarmythatstoodinhispath.Thenheturnedhiseyeseast,andmarchedallthewaytoIndia,findingvictorywhereverhewent.Itseemedthatnothingcouldstophimfromtakingcontroloftheentireworld.However,hisownarmygrewtiredofendlessbattlesandrefusedtogoanyfurther,sohehadtoturnback.Bytheageofthirty,hehadalreadyoccupiedmorelandthananyonebefore,anditseemedthatmoreglorywaswaitingaheadofhim.Yet,in323BC,hecamedownwithafeveranddied.Sincehehadnoson,hisgeneralsdividedhisvastkingdomamongthemselves.AlexandertheGreatspreadtheGreekculturefromEuropetoAfricaandAsia,influencingthewo