2020年考研英语二真题

年英语(二)考研真题及答案解析。SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.1,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit2.Asforme,weighingmyselfeverydaycausedmetoshiftmyfocusfrombeinggenerallyhealthyandphysicallyactivetofocusing3onthescale.Thatwasbadtomyoverallfitnessgoals.Ihadgainedweightintheformofmusclemass,butthinkingonlyof4thenumberonthescale,Ialteredmytrainingprogram.ThatconfictedwithhowIneededtotrainto5mygoals.Ialsofoundthatweighingmyselfdailydidnotprovideanaccurate6ofthehardworkandprogressIwasmakinginthegym.Ittakesaboutthreeweekstoamonthtonoticeanysignificantchangesinyourweight7alteringyourtrainingprogram.Themost8changeswillbeobservedinskilllevel,strengthandincheslostForthese9,Istoppedweighingmyselfeverydayandswitchedtoabimonthlyweighingschedule10.Sinceweightlossisnotmygoal,itislessimportantformeto_11_myweighteachweek.Weighingeveryotherweekallowsmetoobserveand12anysignificantweightchanges.ThattellsmewhetherIneedto13mytrainingprogram.Iusemybimonthlyweigh-in14togetinformationaboutmynutritionaswell.Ifmytrainingintensityremainsthesame,butI'mconstantly15anddroppingweight,thisisa16thatIneedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.The17tostopweighingmyselfeverydayhasdonewondersformyoverallhealth,fitnessandwell-being.I'mexperiencingincreasedzealforworkingoutsinceInolongercarrytheburdenofa18mormingweigh-in.I'vealsoexperiencedgreatersuccessinachievingmyspecificftnessgoals,19I'mtrainingaccordingtothosegoals,notthenumbersonascale.Ratherthan20overthescale,turnyourfocustohowyoulook,feelhowyourclothesfitandyouroverallenergylevel.[A]Besides[B]Therefore[C]Otherwise[D]However[A]helps[B]cares[C]warns[D]reduces[A]initially[B]solely[C]occasionally[D]formally[A]recording[B]lowering[C]explaining[D]accepting[A]modify[B]set[C]review[D]reach[A]definition[B]depiction[C]distribution[D]prediction[A]dueto[B]regardlessof[C]asidefrom[D]alongwith[A]orderly[B]rigid[C]precise[D]immediate[A]claims[B]judgments[C]reasons[D]methods[A]instead[B]though[C]again[D]indeed[A]report[B]share[C]share[D]share[A]dependon[B]approveof[C]holdonto[D]accountfor[A]prepare[B]share[C]share[D]share[A]results[B]features[C]rules[D]tests[A]bored[B]anxious[C]hungry[D]sick[A]principle[B]secret[C]belief[D]sign[A]request[B]necessity[C]decision[D]wish[A]disappointing[B]surprising[C]restricting[D]consuming[A]ifbecause[B]unless[C]until[D]consuming[A]obsessing[B]dominating[C]puzzling[D]triumphingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Unlikeso-calledbasicemotionssuchassadness,fear,andanger,guiltemergesalittlelater,inconjunctionwithachild'sgrowinggraspofsocialandmoralnorms.Childrenaren'tbornknowinghowtosay“I'msorry”;rather,theylearnovertimethatsuchstatementsappeaseparentsandfriends--andtheirownconsciences.Thisiswhyresearchersgenerallyregardso-calledmoralguilt,intherightamount,tobeagoodthing.Inthepopularimagination,ofcourse,guiltstillgetsabadrap.Itisdeeplyuncomfortable--it'stheemotionalequivalentofwearingajacketweightedwithstones.Yetthisunderstandingisoutdated.“Therehasbeenakindofrevivalorarethinkingaboutwhatguiltisandwhatroleguiltcanserve,”saysAmrishaVaish,apsychologyresearcherattheUniversityofVirginia,addingthatthisrevivalispartofalargerrecognitionthatemotionsaren'tbinary--feelingsthatmaybeadvantageousinonecontextmaybeharmfulinanother.Jealousyandanger,forexample,mayhaveevolvedtoalertustoimportantinequalities.Toomuchhappinesscanbedestructive.Andquilt,bypromptingustothinkmoredeeplyaboutourgoodness,canencouragehumanstomakeupforerrorsandfixrelationships.Guilt,inotherwords,canhelpholdacooperativespeciestogether.Itisakindofsocialglue.Viewedinthislight,guiltisanopportunity.WorkbyTinaMalti,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,suggeststhatguiltmaycompensateforanemotionaldeficiency.Inanumberofstudies,Maltiandothershaveshownthatguiltandsympathymayrepresentdifferentpathwaystocooperationandsharing.SomeKidswhoarelowinsympathymaymakeupforthatshortfallbyexperiencingmoreguilt,whichcanreinintheirnastierimpulses.Andviceversa:Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.Ina2014study,forexample,Maltilookedat244children.Usingcaregiverassessmentsandthechildren'sself-observations,sheratedeachchild'soverallsympathylevelandhisorhertendencytofeelnegativeemotionsaftermoraltransgressions.Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,andgivenachancetosharethemwithananonymouschild.Forthelow-sympathykids,howmuchtheysharedappearedtoturnonhowinclinedtheyweretofeelguilty.Theguilt-proneonessharemore,eventhoughtheyhadn'tmagicallybecomemoresympathetictotheotherchild'sdeprivation.“That'sgoodnews,”Maltisays,“Wecanbeprosocialbecausewecausedharmandwefeelregret.”Researchersthinkthatguiltcanbeagoodthingbecauseitmayhelpregulateachild'sbasicemotionsimproveachild'sintellectualabilityfosterachild'smoraldevelopmentintensifyachild'spositivefeelingsAccordingtoParagraph2,manypeoplestillconsiderguilttobedeceptiveburdensomeaddictiveinexcusableVaishholdsthattherethinkingaboutguiltcomesfromanawarenessthat.emotionsarecontext-independentemotionsaresociallyconstructiveemotionalstabilitycanbenefithealthanemotioncanplayopposingrolesMaltiandothershaveshownthatcooperationandsharing.mayhelpcorrectemotionaldeficienciescanresultfromeithersympathyorguiltcanbringaboutemotionalsatisfactionmaybetheoutcomeofimpulsiveactsTheword“transgressions”(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningtoteachingsdiscussionsrestrictionswrongdoingsText2Forestsgiveusshade,quietandoneofthehardercallengesinthefightagainstclimatechange.Evenaswehumanscountonforeststosoakupagoodshareofthecarbondioxideweproduce,wearethreateningtheirabilitytodoso.Theclimatechangewearehasteningcouldonedayleaveuswithforeststhatemitmorecarbonthantheyabsorb.Thankfully,thereisawayoutofthistrap-butitinvolvesstrikingasubtlebalance.Helpingforestsflourishasvaluable"carbonsinks"longintothefuturemayrequirereducingtheircapacitytoabsorbcarbonnow.Califormiaisleadingtheway,asitdoesonsomanyclimateefforts,infiguringoutthedetails.Thestate'sproposedForestCarbonPlanaimstodoubleeffortstothinoutyoungtreesandclearbrushinpartsoftheforest.Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.Buttheremainingtreesdrawagreatershareoftheavailablemoisture,sotheygrowandthrive,restoringtheforest'scapacitytopullcarbonfromtheair.Healthytreesarealsobetterabletofendoffinsects.Thelandscapeisrenderedlesseasilyburnable.Evenintheeventofafire,fewertreesareconsumed.Theneedforsuchplanningisincreasinglyurgent.Already,since2010,droughtandinsectshavekilledover100milliontreesinCalifornia,mostofthemin2016alone,andwildfireshaveburnedhundredsofthousandsofacres.Californiaplanstotreat35,000acresofforestayearby2020,and60,000by2030-financedfromtheproceedsofthestate'semissions-permitauctions.That'sonlyasmallshareofthetotalacreagethatcouldbenefit,abouthalfamillionacresinall,soitwillbevitaltoprioritizeareasatgreatestriskoffireordrought.Thestrategyalsoaimstoensurethatcarboninwoodymaterialremovedfromtheforestsislockedawayintheformofsolidlumberorburnedasbiofuelinvehiclesthatwouldotherwiserunonfossilfuels.Newresearchontransportationbiofuelsisalreadyunderway.Stategovernmentsarewellaccustomedtomanagingforests,buttraditionallythey'vefocusedonwildlife,watershedsandopportunitiesforrecreation.Onlyrecentlyhavetheycometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbon.Califormia'splan,whichisexpectedtobefinalizedbythegovernornextyear,shouldserveasamodel.Bysaying“oneoftheharderchallenges，”theauthorimpliesthat.globalclimatechangemaygetoutofcontrolpeoplemaymisunderstandglobalwarmingextremeweatherconditionsmayariseforestsmaybecomeapotentialthreatTomaintainforestsasvaluable“carbonsinks,"wemayneedto.preservethediversityofspeciesinthemacceleratethegrowthofyoungtreesstrikeabalanceamongdifferentplantslowertheirpresentcarbon-absorbingcapacityCalifornia'sForestCarbonPlanendeavorsto.cultivatemoredrought-resistanttreesreducethedensityofsomeofitsforestsfindmoreeffectivewaystokillinsectsrestoreitsforestsquicklyafterwildfiresWhatisessentialtoCalifornia'splanaccordingtoParagraph5?Tohandletheareasinseriousdangerfirst.Tocarryitoutbeforetheyearof2020.Toperfecttheemissions-permitauctions.Toobtainenoughfinancialsupport.Theauthor'sattitudetoCalifornia'splancanbestbedescribedas.ambiguoustolerantsupportivecautiousText3Americanfarmershavebeencomplainingoflaborshortagesforseveralyearsnow.Givenamulti-yeardeclineinillegalimmigration,andasimilarlysustainedpickupintheU.S.jobmarket,thecomplaintsareunlikelytostopwithoutanoverhaulofimmigrationrulesforfarmworkers.Effortstocreateamorestraightforwardagricultural-workersvisathatwouldenableforeignworkerstostaylongerintheU.S.andchangejobswithintheindustryhavesofarfailedinCongress.Ifthisdoesn'tchange,Americanbusinesses,communitiesandconsumerswillbethelosers.PerhapshalfofU.S.farmlaborersareundocumentedimmigrants.AsfewersuchworkersentertheU.S.,thecharacteristicsoftheagriculturalworkforcearechanging.Today'sfarmlaborers,whilestillpredominantlyborninMexico,aremorelikelytobesettled,ratherthanmigrating,andmorelikelytobemarriedthansingle.Theyarealsoaging.Atthestartofthiscentury,aboutone-thirdofcropworkerswereovertheageof35.Now,morethanhalfare.Andcroppickingishardonolderbodies.Oneoft-debatedcureforthislaborshortageremainsasimplausibleasithasbeenallalong:NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.Mechanizationisnottheanswereither—notyetatleast.Productionofcorn,cotton,rice,soybeansandwheathavebeenlargelymechanized,butmanyhigh-value,labor-intensivecrops,suchasstrawberries,needlabor.Evendairyfarms,whererobotscurrentlydoonlyasmallshareofmilking,havealongwaytogobeforetheyareautomated.Asaresult,farmshavegrownincreasinglyreliantontemporaryguestworkersusingtheH-2Avisatofillthegapsintheagriculturalworkforce.Startingaround2012,requestsforthevisasrosesharply;from2011to2016thenumberofvisasissuedmorethandoubled.TheH-2Avisahasnonumericalcap,unliketheH-2Bvisafornonagriculturalwork,whichislimitedto66,000annually.Evenso,employersfrequentlycomplainthattheyaren'tallottedalltheworkerstheyneed.Theprocessiscumbersome,expensiveandunreliable.OnesurveyfoundthatbureaucraticdelaysledH-2Aworkerstoarriveonthejobanaverageof22dayslate.Andtheshortageiscompoundedbyfederalimmigrationraids,whichremovesomeworkersanddriveothersunderground.Ina2012survey,71percentoftree-fruitgrowersandnearly80percentofraisinandberrygrowerssaidtheywereshortoflabor.SomewesterngrowershaverespondedbymovingoperationstoMexico.From1998-2000,14.5percentofthefruitAmericansconsumedwasimported.Littlemorethanadecadelater,theshareofimportedfruithadincreasedto25.8percent.Ineffect,theU.S.canimportfoodoritcanimporttheworkerswhopickit.Whatproblemshouldbeaddressedaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?DiscriminationagainstforeignworkersintheU.S.BiasedlawsinfavorofsomeAmericanbusinesses.FlawsinU.S.immigrationrulesforfarmworkers.DeclineofjobopportunitiesinU.S.agriculture.OnetroublewithU.S.agriculturalworkforceis.therisingnumberofillegalimmigrantsthehighmobilityofcropworkersthelackofexperiencedlaborerstheagingofimmigrantfarmworkersWhatisthemuch-arguedsolutiontothelaborshortageinU.S.farming?Toattractyoungerlaborerstofarmwork.TogetnativeU.S.workersbacktofarming.Tousemorerobotstogrowhigh-valuecrops.Tostrengthenfinancialsupportforfarmers.AgriculturalemployerscomplainabouttheH-2Avisaforits___slowgrantingprocedureslimitondurationofstaytightenedrequirementscontrolofannualadmissionsWhichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthistext?U.S.AgricultureinDecline?ImportFoodorLabor?AmericaSavedbyMexico?Manpowervs.Automation?Text4AmoldSchwarzenegger,DiaMirzaandAdrianGrenierhaveamessageforyou:It'seasytobeatplastic.They'repartofabunchofcelebritiesstarringinanewvideoforWorldEnvironmentDay—encouragingyou,theconsumer,toswapoutyoursingle-useplasticstapleslikestrawsandcutlerytocombattheplasticscrisis.ThekeymessagesthathavebeenputtogetherforWorldEnvironmentDaydoincludeacallforgovernmentstoenactlegislationtocurbsingle-useplastics.Buttheoverarchingmessageisdirectedatindividuals.Myconcernwithleavingituptotheindividual,however,isourlimitedsenseofwhatneedstobeachieved.Ontheirown,takingourownbagstothegrocerystoreorquittingplasticstraws,forexample,willaccomplishlittleandrequireverylittleofus.Theycouldevenbedetrimental,satisfyinganeedtohave"doneourbit"withouteverprogressingontobigger,bolder,moreeffectiveactions—akindof"morallicensing"thatallaysourconcernsandstopsusdoingmoreandaskingmoreofthoseincharge.Whiletheconversationaroundourenvironmentandourresponsibilitytowarditremainscenteredonshoppingbagsandstraws,we'reignoringthebalanceofpowerthatimpliesthatas"consumers"wemustshopsustainably,ratherthanas"citizens"holdourgovernmentsandindustriestoaccounttopushforrealsystemicchange.It'simportanttoacknowledgethattheenvironmentisn'teveryone'spriority一orevenmostpeople's.Weshouldn'texpectittobe.Inherlatestbook,WhyGoodPeopleDoBadEnvironmentalThings,WellesleyCollegeprofessorElizabethR.DeSombrearguesthatthebestwaytocollectivelychangethebehavioroflargenumbersofpeopleisforthechangetobestructural.Thismightmeanimplementingpolicysuchasaplastictaxthataddsacosttoenvironmentallyproblematicaction,orbanningsingle-useplasticsaltogether.Indiahasjustannounceditwill"eliminateallsingle-useplasticinthecountryby2022."Therearealsoincentive-basedwaysofmakingbetterenvironmentalchoiceseasier,suchasensuringrecyclingisatleastaseasyastrashdisposal.DeSombreisn'tsayingpeopleshouldstopcaringabouttheenvironment.It'sjustthatindividualactionsaretooslow,shesays,forthattobetheonly,orevenprimary,approachtochangingwidespreadbehavior.Noneofthisisaboutwritingofftheindividual.It'sjustaboutputtingthingsintoperspective.Wedon'thavetimetowait.Weneedprogressivepoliciesthatshapecollectiveaction(andreininpollutingbusinesses),alongsideengagedcitizenspushingforchange.SomecelebritiesstarinanewvideotodemandnewlawsontheuseofplasticsurgeconsumerstocuttheuseofplasticsinvitepublicopinionontheplasticscrisisdisclosethecausesoftheplasticscrisisTheauthorisconcernedthat“morallicensing”maymisleadusintodoingworthlessthingspreventusfrommakingfurthereffortsweakenoursenseofaccomplishmentsuppressourdesireforsuccessBypointingoutouridentityas“citizens,”,theauthorindicatesthatA:ourfocusshouldbeshiftedtocommunitywelfareB:ourrelationshipwithlocalindustriesisimprovingC:WehavebeenactivelyexercisingourcivilrightsD:WeshouldpressourgovernmenttoleadthecombatDeSombrearguesthatthebestwayforacollectivechangeshouldbeA:awin-winarrangementB:aself-drivenmechanismC:acost-effectiveapproachD:atopdownprocessTheauthorconcludesthatindividualeffortsA:canbetooaggressiveB:canbetooinconsistentC:arefarfromsufficientD:arefarfromrationalPartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)FivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneInchoosinganewhome,CamilleMcClain'skidshaveasingledemand:abackyard.McClain'slittleonesaren'ttheonlykidswhohaveanopinionwhenitcomestohousing,andinmanycasesyoungsters'viewsweighheavilyonparents'realestatedecisions,accordingtoa2018HarrisPollsurveyofmorethan2,000U.S.adults.Whilemorefamiliesbuckanolder-generationproclivitytoleavekidsinthedarkaboutrealestatedecisions,realtyagentsandpsychologistshavemixedviewsaboutthefinancial,personalandlong-termeffectskids'opinionsmayhave.Theideaofinvolvingchildreninabigdecisionisagreatideabecauseitcanhelpthemfeelasenseofcontrolandownershipinwhatcanbeanoverwhelmingprocess,saidRyanHooper,aclinicalpsychologistinChicago.“Childrenmayfaceseriousdifficultiesincopingwithsignificantmoves,especiallyifitremovesthemfromtheircurrentschoolorsupportsystem,”hesaid.GregJaroszewski,arealestatebrokerswithGagliardoRealtyAssociates,saidhe'snotconvincedthatkidsshouldbeinvolvedinselectingahome--buttheiropinionsshouldbeconsideredinregardstoproximitytofriendsandsocialactivities,ifpossible.Youngerchildrenshouldfeellikethey'rechoosingtheirhomewithoutactuallygettingachoiceinthematter,saidAdamBailey,arealestateattorneybasedinNewYork.Askingthemquestionsaboutwhattheylikeaboutthebackyardofapotentialhomewillmakethemfeellikethey'rebeingincludedinthedecision-makingprocess,Baileysaid.Manyoftheaspectsofhomebuyingaren'taconsiderationforchildren,saidTraceyHampson,arealestateagentbasedinSantaClarita,Calif.Andplacingtoomuchemphasisontheiropinionscanruinafantastichomepurchase.“Speakingwithyourchildrenbeforeyoumakearealestatedecisioniswise,butIwouldn'tbasethepurchasingdecisionsolelyontheiropinions.”Hampsonsaid.Theotherissueisthatmanychildren-especiallyolderones-maybasetheirrealestateknowledgeonHGTVshows,saidAaronNorrisofTheNorrisGroupinRiverside,Calif.“TheyloveChipandJoannaGainesjustasmuchastherestofus,”hesaid.“HGTVhasseriouslychangedhowpeopleviewrealestate.It'snotshelter,it'salifestyle.Withthatmindsetchangecomesomeseriousmoneyconsequences.”Kidstendtogetstuckinthefeaturesandtheimmediatebenefitstothempersonally,Norrissaid.Parentsneedtoremindtheirchildrenthattheirneedsanddesiresmaychangeovertime,saidJulieGurner,arealestateanalystwithFitSmallB.“Theiropinionscanchangetomorrow,”Gurnersaid.“Harshasitmaybetosay,thatdecisionshouldlikelynotbemadecontingentonachild'sopinions,butrathermadeforthemwithgreatconsiderationintowhathomecanmeettheirneedsbest-andgivethemanopportunitytocustomizeitabitandmakeittheirown.”Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore,evenasmoreparentswanttoembracetheideasoftheirchildren,despitethecurrenthousingcrunch.A.remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechallengestochildren.A.remarksthatsignificantmovesmayposechalle