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Sensation&Perception
Chapter3
PartIIWilliamG.HuittLastrevised:May2005Sensation&Perception
Chapter1SensationandPerceptionSensationTheprocessthroughwhichthesensespickupvisual,auditory,andothersensorystimuliandtransmitthemtothebrain;sensoryinformationthathasregisteredinthebrainbuthasnotbeeninterpretedPerceptionTheprocessbywhichsensoryinformationisactivelyorganizedandinterpretedbythebrainSensationandPerceptionSensat2PerceptionGestaltprinciplesofperceptualorganizationFigure-groundOrganizationdependsonwhatweseeasfigure(object)andwhatweperceiveaground(context).SimilarityObjectsthathavesimilarcharacteristicsareperceivedasunit.ProximityObjectsclosetogetherinspaceortimeperceivedasbelongingtogether.ContinuityWetendtoperceivefiguresorobjectsasbelongingtogetheriftheyappeartoformacontinuouspattern.ClosureWeperceivefigureswithgapsinthemtobecomplete.PerceptionGestaltprincipleso3PerceptionYoucanseeawhitevaseasfigureagainstablackbackground,ortwoblackfacesinprofileonawhitebackgroundPerceptionYoucanseeawhite4PerceptionPerception5PerceptionPerceptualconstancyThetendencytoperceiveobjectsasmaintainingstableproperties(e.g.,size,shape,brightness,andcolor)despitedifferencesindistance,viewingangle,andlightingSizeconstancyPerceivingobjectsasbeingaboutthesamesizewhentheymovefartherawayShapeconstancyPerceivingobjectsashavingastableorunchangingshaperegardlessofchangesintheretinalimageresultingfromdifferencesinviewinganglePerceptionPerceptualconstancy6PerceptionPerception7PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesDepthcuesthatcanbeperceivedbyonlyoneeyeTypesofcuesInterpositionWhenoneobjectpartlyblocksyourviewofanother,youperceivethepartiallyblockedobjectasfartherawayLinearperspectiveParallellinesthatareknowntobethesamedistanceapartappeartogrowclosertogether,orconverge,astheyrecedeintothedistancePerceptionMonoculardepthcues8PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesTypesofcuesRelativesizeLargerobjectsareperceivedasbeingclosertotheviewer,andsmallerobjectsasbeingfartherawayTexturegradientNearobjectsappeartohavesharplydefinedtextures,whilesimilarobjectsappearprogressivelysmootherandfuzzierastheyrecedeintothedistanceAtmosphericperspectiveObjectsinthedistancehaveabluishtintandappearmoreblurredthanobjectscloseathandPerceptionMonoculardepthcues9PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesTypesofcuesMotionparallaxWhenyourideinamovingvehicleandlookoutthesidewindow,theobjectsyouseeoutsideappeartobemovingintheoppositedirectionObjectsseemtobemovingatdifferentspeeds–thoseclosesttoyouappeartobemovingfasterthanthoseinthedistanceObjectsveryfaraway,suchasthemoonandthesun,appeartomoveinthesamedirectionastheviewerPerceptionMonoculardepthcues10PerceptionJamesGibsonPointedoutthatourperceptionsofmotionappeartobebasedonfundamental,butfrequentlychanging,assumptionsaboutstabilityOurbrainssearchforsomestimulusintheenvironmenttoserveastheassumedreferencepointforstabilityWhenyou’redrivingacar,yousensethecartobeinmotionrelativetotheoutsideenvironmentPerceptionJamesGibson11PerceptionDepthperceptionTheabilitytoseeinthreedimensionsandtoestimatedistanceBinoculardepthcuesDepthcuesthatdependontwoeyesworkingtogetherConvergenceOccurswhentheeyesturninwardtofocusonnearbyobjects–theclosertheobject,thegreatertheconvergenceBinoculardisparity(orretinaldisparity)Differencebetweenthetworetinalimagesformedbytheeyes’slightlydifferentviewsoftheobjectsfocusedonPerceptionDepthperception12PerceptionAmbiguousfiguresCanbeseenindifferentwaystomakedifferentimagesBestknownambiguousfigureis“OldWoman/YoungWoman,”byE.G.BoringPerceptionAmbiguousfigures13Whatdoyousee?Nowwhatdoyousee?Copyright©Allyn&Bacon2005Whatdoyousee?Nowwhatdoyo14PerceptionImpossiblefiguresDonotseemunusualatfirstFiguresthatcannotbebuiltPerceptionImpossiblefigures15PerceptionPerception16PerceptionIllusionAfalseperceptionofactualstimuliinvolvingamisperceptionofsize,shape,ortherelationshipofoneelementtoanotherPerceptionIllusion17PerceptionMüller-LyerIllusionThetwolinesabovearethesamelength,butthediagonalsextendingoutwardfrombothendsofthelowerlinemakeitlooklongerthantheupperlinePerceptionMüller-LyerIllusion18InfluencesonPerceptionBottom-upprocessingInformationprocessinginwhichindividualcomponentsorbitsofdataarecombineduntilacompleteperceptionisformedTop-downprocessingApplicationofpreviousexperienceandconceptualknowledgetorecognizethewholeofaperceptionandthuseasilyidentifythesimplerelementsofthatwholeInfluencesonPerceptionBottom19InfluencesonPerceptionInfluencesonPerception20InfluencesonPerceptionInfluencesonPerception21InfluencesonPerceptionPerceptualsetAnexpectationofwhatwillbeperceived,whichcanaffectwhatactuallyisperceivedDavidRosenhanDavidRosenhanandsomeofhiscolleagueswereadmittedaspatientstovariousmentalhospitalswith“diagnoses”ofschizophreniaOnceinside,theyactednormalbutthestaffmembersonlysawwhattheyexpectedtoseeandnotwhatwasactuallyoccurringTherealpatientswerethefirsttorealizethatthepsychologistswerenotreallymentallyillInfluencesonPerceptionPercep22InfluencesonPerceptionInattentionalblindnessThephenomenoninwhichwemissanobjectinourfieldofvisionbecauseweareattendingtoanotherInfluencesonPerceptionInatte23InfluencesonPerceptionSimonsandhiscolleaguesShowedparticipantsavideotapeofabasketballgameinwhichoneteamisuniformedinwhiteandtheotherinblackInstructedthemtocounthowmanytimestheballwaspassedfromoneplayertoanothereitheronthewhiteorblackteamAboutathirdofparticipantstypicallyfailtolaterrecallthepresenceonthescreenofevenextremelyincongruentstimuli(e.g.,amandressedinagorillacostume)undersuchconditionsInfluencesonPerceptionSimons24InfluencesonPerceptionSocialperceptionFacialexpressions,thevisualcuesforemotionalperception,oftentakepriorityovertheauditorycuesassociatedwithaperson’sspeechintonationandvolume,aswellastheactualwordsspokenInfluencesonPerceptionSocial25Sensation&Perception
Chapter3
PartIIWilliamG.HuittLastrevised:May2005Sensation&Perception
Chapter26SensationandPerceptionSensationTheprocessthroughwhichthesensespickupvisual,auditory,andothersensorystimuliandtransmitthemtothebrain;sensoryinformationthathasregisteredinthebrainbuthasnotbeeninterpretedPerceptionTheprocessbywhichsensoryinformationisactivelyorganizedandinterpretedbythebrainSensationandPerceptionSensat27PerceptionGestaltprinciplesofperceptualorganizationFigure-groundOrganizationdependsonwhatweseeasfigure(object)andwhatweperceiveaground(context).SimilarityObjectsthathavesimilarcharacteristicsareperceivedasunit.ProximityObjectsclosetogetherinspaceortimeperceivedasbelongingtogether.ContinuityWetendtoperceivefiguresorobjectsasbelongingtogetheriftheyappeartoformacontinuouspattern.ClosureWeperceivefigureswithgapsinthemtobecomplete.PerceptionGestaltprincipleso28PerceptionYoucanseeawhitevaseasfigureagainstablackbackground,ortwoblackfacesinprofileonawhitebackgroundPerceptionYoucanseeawhite29PerceptionPerception30PerceptionPerceptualconstancyThetendencytoperceiveobjectsasmaintainingstableproperties(e.g.,size,shape,brightness,andcolor)despitedifferencesindistance,viewingangle,andlightingSizeconstancyPerceivingobjectsasbeingaboutthesamesizewhentheymovefartherawayShapeconstancyPerceivingobjectsashavingastableorunchangingshaperegardlessofchangesintheretinalimageresultingfromdifferencesinviewinganglePerceptionPerceptualconstancy31PerceptionPerception32PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesDepthcuesthatcanbeperceivedbyonlyoneeyeTypesofcuesInterpositionWhenoneobjectpartlyblocksyourviewofanother,youperceivethepartiallyblockedobjectasfartherawayLinearperspectiveParallellinesthatareknowntobethesamedistanceapartappeartogrowclosertogether,orconverge,astheyrecedeintothedistancePerceptionMonoculardepthcues33PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesTypesofcuesRelativesizeLargerobjectsareperceivedasbeingclosertotheviewer,andsmallerobjectsasbeingfartherawayTexturegradientNearobjectsappeartohavesharplydefinedtextures,whilesimilarobjectsappearprogressivelysmootherandfuzzierastheyrecedeintothedistanceAtmosphericperspectiveObjectsinthedistancehaveabluishtintandappearmoreblurredthanobjectscloseathandPerceptionMonoculardepthcues34PerceptionMonoculardepthcuesTypesofcuesMotionparallaxWhenyourideinamovingvehicleandlookoutthesidewindow,theobjectsyouseeoutsideappeartobemovingintheoppositedirectionObjectsseemtobemovingatdifferentspeeds–thoseclosesttoyouappeartobemovingfasterthanthoseinthedistanceObjectsveryfaraway,suchasthemoonandthesun,appeartomoveinthesamedirectionastheviewerPerceptionMonoculardepthcues35PerceptionJamesGibsonPointedoutthatourperceptionsofmotionappeartobebasedonfundamental,butfrequentlychanging,assumptionsaboutstabilityOurbrainssearchforsomestimulusintheenvironmenttoserveastheassumedreferencepointforstabilityWhenyou’redrivingacar,yousensethecartobeinmotionrelativetotheoutsideenvironmentPerceptionJamesGibson36PerceptionDepthperceptionTheabilitytoseeinthreedimensionsandtoestimatedistanceBinoculardepthcuesDepthcuesthatdependontwoeyesworkingtogetherConvergenceOccurswhentheeyesturninwardtofocusonnearbyobjects–theclosertheobject,thegreatertheconvergenceBinoculardisparity(orretinaldisparity)Differencebetweenthetworetinalimagesformedbytheeyes’slightlydifferentviewsoftheobjectsfocusedonPerceptionDepthperception37PerceptionAmbiguousfiguresCanbeseenindifferentwaystomakedifferentimagesBestknownambiguousfigureis“OldWoman/YoungWoman,”byE.G.BoringPerceptionAmbiguousfigures38Whatdoyousee?Nowwhatdoyousee?Copyright©Allyn&Bacon2005Whatdoyousee?Nowwhatdoyo39PerceptionImpossiblefiguresDonotseemunusualatfirstFiguresthatcannotbebuiltPerceptionImpossiblefigures40PerceptionPerception41PerceptionIllusionAfalseperceptionofactualstimuliinvolvingamisperceptionofsize,shape,ortherelationshipofoneelementtoanotherPerceptionIllusion42PerceptionMüller-LyerIllusionThetwolinesabovearethesamelength,butthediagonalsextendingoutwardfrombothendsofthelowerlinemakeitlooklongerthantheupperlinePerceptionMüller-LyerIllusion43InfluencesonPerceptionBottom-upprocessingInformationprocessinginwhichindividualcomponentsorbitsofdataarecombineduntilacompleteperceptionisformedTop-downprocessingApplicationofpreviousexperienceandconceptualknowledgetorecognizethewholeofaperceptionandthuseasilyidentifythesimplerelementsofthatwholeInfluencesonPerceptionBottom44InfluencesonPerceptionInfluencesonPerception45InfluencesonPerceptionInfluencesonPerception46InfluencesonPerceptionPerceptualsetAnexpectationofwhatwillbeperceived,whichcanaffectwhatactuallyisperceivedDavidRosenhanDavidR
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