(食品安全监督管理课件)2International-supervision-and-adminis

InternationalSupervisionandAdministrationsystemofFoodSafetyReference:1)AssuringFoodSafetyandQuality:GuidelinesforStrengtheningNationalFoodControlSystems(FAO/WHO)2)Codex:GeneralPrincipleofFoodHygieneInternationalSupervisionandMainContentsofFAO/WHOGuidelineIMPORTANTFOODISSUES3.1FoodSafety,QualityandConsumerProtection3.2GlobalConsiderations(a)InternationalTrade(b)CodexAlimentariusCommission(c)SPSandTBTAgreements4.ELEMENTSOFANATIONALFOODCONTROLSYSTEM4.1Objectives4.2Scope4.3BuildingBlocks(a)FoodLawandRegulations(b)FoodControlManagement(c)InspectionServices(d)LaboratoryServices:FoodMonitoringandEpidemiologicalData(e)Information,Education,CommunicationandTraining5.STRENGTHENINGNATIONALFOODCONTROLSYSTEMS5.1PrinciplesofFoodControl:Issuesforconsideration(a)Integratedfarm-to-tableconcept(b)RiskAnalysis(c)Transparency(d)RegulatoryImpactAssessment5.2DevelopingaNationalFoodControlStrategy(a)CollectionofInformation(b)DevelopmentofStrategy5.3StrengtheningOrganizationalStructuresforNationalFoodControlSystems(a)MultipleAgencySystem(b)SingleAgencySystem(c)IntegratedSystem5.4FundingNationalFoodControlSystems6.SPECIFICISSUESOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES6.1FoodSystems6.2FoodProcessingIndustry6.3StreetFoods6.4FoodControlInfrastructureandResources6.5TechnicalAssistance:RoleofInternationalAgenciesMainContentsofFAO/WHOGuideGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygiene

(Codex1969-2003)SectionI-ObjectivesTheCodexGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygieneSectionII-Scope,UseandDefinition2.1Scope2.2Use2.3DefinitionsSectionIII-PrimaryProduction3.1EnvironmentalHygiene3.2HygienicProductionofFoodSources3.3Handing,StorageandTransport3.4Cleaning,MaintenanceandPersonnelHygieneatPrimaryProductionSectionIV-Establishment:DesignandFacilities4.1Location4.2PremisesandRooms4.3Equipment4.4FacilitiesSectionV–ControlofOperation5.1ControlofFoodHazards5.2KeyAspectsofHygieneControlSystems5.3IncomingMaterialRequirements5.4Packaging5.5Water5.6ManagementandSupervision5.7DocumentationandRecords5.8RecallProceduresSectionVI-Establishment:MaintenanceandSanitation6.1MaintenanceandCleaning6.2CleaningPrograms6.3PestControlSystems6.4WasteManagement6.5MonitoringEffectivenessGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygiGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygiene

(Codex1969-2003)(con’)SectionVII-Establishment:PersonalHygiene7.1HealthStatus7.2IllnessandInjuries7.3PersonalCleanness7.4PersonalBehavior7.5VisitorsSectionVIII-Transportation8.1General8.2Requirements8.3UseandMaintenanceSectionIX-ProductInformationandConsumerAwareness9.1LotIdentification9.2ProductInformation9.3Labeling9.4ConsumerEducationSection-Training10.1AwarenessandResponsibilities10.2TrainingPrograms10.3InstructionandSupervision10.4RefresherTrainingHazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)SystemandGuidelinesForitsApplicationPreambleDefinitionsPrinciplesoftheHACCPSystemGuidelinefortheApplicationoftheHACCPSystem-Introduction-Application-TrainingGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygiOverviewSeveralinternationalfoodsafetyrelatedorganizations,focusingonWTO/FAO/WHOThreesettingbodiesofinternationalstandards,focusingonCodexandstandardformulationprocessSPS&TBTofWTO,foodtradedisputesettlementprocessEUfoodsafetysystemUSfoodsafetysystemCanadianfoodsafetysystemJapanesefoodsafetysystemAustralia-NewZealandfoodsafetysystemOverviewSeveralinternationalInternationalOrganizationsInternationalorganizationswithFoodSafetyactivitiesFAO,WHO,OIEwithFSmandate,WTO,OECD,UNEPandWorldBankwithoutnomandate,buthaveFSactivities)Standard-setupbodies:CAC(Codex)(jointFAO/WHO)--FS,OIE—animalhealthanddisease(zoonoses)concerns,IPPC(underFAO)—planthealth(phytosanitary)WTO’sSPSandTBT,(NTB:non-tarifftradebarriers)InternationalOrganizationsInFoodandAgricultureOrganizationUNSpecialistOrganizationTreaty,1945,RomeMemberCountries:180+ECMandate:Enoughfoodsupply–foodsecurity1)Improvenutritionandenhanceproductionanddistributionoffoodandagriculturalproducts2)Promoteinternationalfoodtradethroughcooperatingintheestablishmentofinternationalstandards,guidelinesandrecommendations3)IPPC(InternationalPlantProtectionConvention):formulateinternationalPlantprotectionstandards–WTO/SPSFoodandAgricultureOrganizatInternationalOfficeforEpizootics(流行病)(OIE)

GlobalOrganizationTreaty,1924,ParisMemberCountries:155Mandate:AnimalHealthandZoonoses--Establishinternationalstandardsinanimalhealth,provideguidanceontheincidenceandcombatofanimaldiseases;includingthosetransmittingtohumansthroughthefoodchain;andharmonizesregulationsfortradeinanimalsandanimalproducts–WTO/SPSInternationalOfficeforEpizoOIE(con’t)FoodSafetyProgramsinvolvingthreeCommission:InternationalAnimalHealthCode;TheStandards;TheFishDiseaseFoodSafetyActivities:BSE;Zoonoses,Brucellosis;AntibioticResistanceandutilizationofveterinarymedicines;EvaluationofcontrolauthoritiesOIE(con’t)FoodSafetyProgramWorldHealthOrganizationUNSpecializedOrganizationTreaty,1948,Geneva191MemberCountries(upto2000)Mandate:HumanHealth--todevelop,establishandpromoteinternationalstandardswithrespecttofood,biological,pharmaceuticalandsimilarproductsWorldHealthOrganizationUNSpWHOFoodSafetyActivitiesFoodSafetyProgram:exposureassessmenttoChemicals;safetyassessmentoffoodtechnologies;BSE;internationalhealthregulationsFood-borneDisease:Surveillanceandmanagement;anti-microbialresistancemonitoring;foodhandlingInternationalProgramonChemicalSafety:pesticides,toxicchemical–classificationandlabeling;foodadditivesriskassessment;leadforendocrinedisruptors(内分泌干扰物)GlobalEnvironmentMonitoringSystem–FoodContaminationMonitoringandAssessmentPrograms(GEMS/Food)WHOFoodSafetyActivitiesFoodFAO/WHOFoodSafetyRiskAssessmentJECFA(JointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeforFoodAdditivescurrenthostcountry--China):foodadditives;contaminants,vetdrugs;JMPR(JointFAO/WHOMeetingonPesticideResidues,currenthost--China):pesticideresidues

JEMRA(JointFAO/WHOMeetingonMicrobiologicalRiskAssessment)Adhocexpertconsultations(suchasJointExpertConsultationonRiskAssessmentofMicrobiologicalHazards,InternationalConsultativeGrouponFoodIrradiation(FAO/WHO/IAEA),andotherexpertconsultations--biotech,animalfeeds,acrylamideinfoodFAO/WHOFoodSafetyRiskAssesFoodSafetyProgramsofFAO/WHOfocusingonCodexsettingInternationalstandards/guidelinesforfood:Additives,agriculturalchemicals/contaminant,maxpermittedlevels&MRL’sPesticideregistrationrequirements:MaxResidueLevels(MRL’s),(pesticideincludinginsecticide,herbicide,fungicide,bactericide,rodenticideetc)Foodsafetyriskassessment—Precaution(alertorearlywarning)inFoodSafetyCodexFoodSafetyProgramsofFAO/WHFoodSafetyProgramsofFAO/WHO(con’t)Harmonizationoffoodsafety&qualityregulationsFoodimport/exportinspection&certification:equivalenceNovelFoods/Foodsfrombiotech;AnimalFeed&FoodSafetyGeneralPrincipleofFoodHygiene:HACCP,GMPFoodAllergiesFoodLabeling

CodexFoodSafetyProgramsofFAO/WHCodexAlimentarius(食品法典)

FoundationHistory

1945–FAO/1948–WHO1950--JointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonNutrition1955–JointFAO/WHOConferenceonFoodAdditivesJointFAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives

1962--JointFAO/WHOFoodStandardsConference:CodexAlimentariusCommission(CAC)thebodyresponsibleforimplementingtheJointFAO/WHOFoodStandardsProgramCodexAlimentarius(食品法典)

FounFoundationHistory(cont’)1963–formalfoundationofCodex1991--FAO/WHOConferenceonFoodStandards,ChemicalsinFoodandFoodTrade(incooperationwithGATT)recommended:CACandrelevantCodexcommitteesdevelopmentofstandards,codesofpracticeorguidelines

1995–WTO/SPS:Codex,OIE,IPPCFoundationHistory(cont’)1963

Milestones:EvolutionofFoodStandards(1)

Ancienttimes:trytocodifyfoodbyearlycivilizationsEarly1800s:CanningisinventedMid-1800s:bananasfirstshippedtoEuropefromtropics1800s:1)Thefirstgeneralfoodlawsareadoptedandenforcementagenciesestablished–“SaleofFoodandDrugAct”(1875,UK)2)Foodchemistrygainscredibility,andreliablemethodsaredevelopedtotestforfoodadulteration

Milestones:EvolutionofFoodMilestones:EvolutionofFoodStandards(2)Late1800s:Aneweraoflong-distancefoodtransportation--firstinternationalshipmentsoffrozenmeatfromAu-NZtoUKEarly1900:Foodtradeassociationstrytofacilitateworldtradethroughuseofharmonizedstandard1903:TheInternationalDairyFederation(IDF)developsinternationalmilkstandards–firstfoodstandardglobally,IDF--importantcatalystofCodex1945:FAOcoveringnutritionandfoodstandards1948:WHO--publichealth,esp.mandatetosetfoodstandardsMilestones:EvolutionofFoodMilestones:EvolutionofFoodStandards(3)1953:WHO/WHAssembly:wideuseofchemicalsinfood–publichealthconcern1954-58:Austria–pursuetosetlocalEuropeanCodexAlimentarius1960:firstFAORegionalConferenceforEuropeendorsesthedesirabilityofinternationalCA1963:CodexCodex/internationalstandard–resultofinternationalfoodtradeandworkforit–greatsuccessofCodex-standard/codeafterWTO/SPS1995Milestones:EvolutionofFoodWhatisCodex(1)Asinglemostimportantinternationalreferencepointoffoodstandards,contentincludes:Standards,codesofpractice,guidelinesandotherrecommendationsCodexstandards:usuallyrelatetoproductcharacteristics,i.e.MRL,Codexgeneralstandardsforfoodadditives,contaminantsandtoxins,LabelingofPrepackagedFoods;CodexmethodsofanalysisandsamplingforresidueandcontaminantWhatisCodex(1)AsinglemoWhatisCodex(2)Codexcodesofpractice:codesofhygienicpractice–definetheproduction,processing,manufacturing,transport&storagepractices--CodexGeneralPrinciplesofFoodHygieneCodexguidelines:1)principlesthatsetoutpolicyincertainkeyareas;2)guidelinesforinterpretationoftheseprinciplesorforinterpretationofprovisionsofCodexgeneralstandardsWhatisCodex(2)CodexcodesWhatisCodex(3)

Free-standingCodexPrinciplesadditionofessentialnutrientstofoods;• foodimportandexportinspectionandcertification;• establishmentandapplicationofmicrobiologicalcriteriaforfoods;• conductofmicrobiologicalriskassessment;• riskanalysisoffoodsderivedfrommodernbiotechnologyWhatisCodex(3)Free-standi

WhatisCodex(4)

Codexscorecard--standards,guidelines,codesofPractice

(uptoJuly2006)

•Commoditystandards–186•Commodityrelatedtexts–46•FoodLabelling–9•FoodHygiene–5•Foodsafetyriskassessment–3•Samplingandanalysis–15•Inspection/certificationprocedures–8•Animalfoodproduction–6•Contaminantsinfoods(maxlevels,detection&prevention)–12•Foodadditivesprovisions–1,112,covering292foodadditives•Foodadditivesrelatedtexts–7•Maxlimitsforpesticideresidues–2,930,covering218pesticides•Maxlimitsforvetdrugsinfoods–441,covering49vetdrugs•RegionalGuidelines–3

WhatisCodex(4)

Codexsc

TheCodexsystem:CodexAlimentarius

Commissionandhowitworks

FoundationofCACommissionjointbyFAO/WHOCodexadministration:SecretariatoftheCACappointedjointlyDirectors-GeneralofFAO/WHOTheCommission’soperation:compileandupdatetheCodexAlimentarius,thruCodexcommittees&CoordinatingCommitteeslocatedin6regions,followingCodexStandardProcess&Codexstepprocedure

TheCodexsystem:CodexAlimeCodex:GeneralSubjectCommitteesCommitteeonFoodAdditivesCommitteeonContaminantsinFoodsCommitteeonFoodHygieneCommitteeonFoodLabellingCommitteeonMethodsofAnalysisandSamplingCommitteeonNutritionandFoodsforSpecialDietaryUsesCodex:GeneralSubjectCommitt

Codex:CommodityCommitteesCommitteeonFatsandOilsCommitteeonFishandFisheryProductsCommitteeonFreshFruitsandVegetablesCommitteeonMilkandMilkProductsCommitteeonProcessedFruitsandVegetablesCommitteeonCereals,PulsesandLegumesCommitteeonCocoaProductsandChocolateCommitteeonMeatHygieneCommitteeonNaturalMineralWatersCommitteeonSugarsCommitteeonVegetableProteinsCodex:CommodityCommitteesCCodex:Adhoc(特设)IntergovernmentalTaskForcesTaskForceonAnimalFeeding,1999–2004TaskForceonFoodsDerivedfromBiotechnology,1999–2003and2005–2009TaskForceonFruitandVegetableJuices,1999–2005TaskForceontheHandlingandProcessingofQuickFrozenFoods,2006-TaskForceonAntimicrobialResistance,2006-Codex:Adhoc(特设)IntergovernCodex:CoordinatingCommitteesAfricaAsiaEuropeLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanNearEastNorthAmericaandtheSouthwestPacificCodex:CoordinatingCommitteesCodexandscienceScientificprinciplesforstandards-settingExpertcommitteesandconsultations:threeFAO/WHOExpertCommitteesonFoodAdditives,PesticideResidues,MicrobialRiskAssessmentJointFAO/WHOexpertmeetingsandconsultationson:1)Applicationofriskanalysistofoodstandardsissues(1995)2)Biotechnologyandfoodsafety(1996) 3)Applicationofriskmanagementtofoodsafety(1997)4)Foodconsumptionandexposureassessmentofchemicals(1997)CodexandscienceScientificpCodexandscience(cont’)JointFAO/WHOexpertmeetingsandconsultationson:5)RoleofgovernmentagenciesinassessingHACCP(98)6)Applicationofriskcommunicationtofoodstandardsandsafetymatters(98)7)Safetyaspectsofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsofplantorigin(2000)8)Evaluationoftheallergenicityofgeneticallymodifiedfoods(2001)9)Safetyaspectsofgeneticallymodifiedfoodsfromanimals,includingfish(2003)10)Biotoxinsinmolluscanbivalves(2004)11)etc.Codexandscience(cont’)JointCodexandConsumersCommitmentintheinterestofconsumersUNGeneralAssemblyResolution--GuidelinesforconsumerprotectionPurposeoftheCodexGuidelinesonNutritionLabelling--Toensurethatnutritionlabellingiseffective:“Inprovidingtheconsumerwithinformationaboutafoodsothatawisechoiceoffoodcanbemade...”Newareas:animalfeed(BSE,early1990s)andfoodsderivedfrombiotechnologyConsumers’participationinstandardsettingprocessInformation:CodexSecretariatdisseminatesCodexdocumentstointernationalconsumers’organizationsasrequestCodexandConsumersCommitment

Codex&InternationalFoodTradeTheGeneralPrinciplesoftheCodexAlimentariusstate:“ThepublicationoftheCodexAlimentariusisintendedtoguideandpromotetheelaborationandestablishmentofdefinitionsandrequirementsforfoodstoassistintheirharmonizationandindoingsotofacilitateinternationaltrade.”UruguayRound&worldfoodtrade:SPSAgreement:AgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasures,TBTAgreement:AgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTradeCodexandothertradeagreements:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA);SouthernCommonMarket(MERCOSUR)betweenArgentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguay;Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC),AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)Codex&InternationalFoodTrMorethanCodex:FAO,WHOandWiderPartnershipsBuildingnationalcapacities:1)Technicalassistance;2)FAO/WHOTrustFundforparticipationinCodex;3)StandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacility;standardizationbuildinginChinapriortoWTO–StandardizationLaw(1998),foundationofAQSIQ,CertificationandAccreditationAdministrationofPRC,StandardizationAdministrationofPRC(1998)Sharinginformation:1)InternationalPortalonFoodSafety,AnimalandPlantHealth;2)InternationalFoodSafetyAuthoritiesNetwork;3)RegionalconferencesandglobalforumonfoodsafetyMorethanCodex:FAO,WHOandFlowoffoodstandardsetting/applicationAgricultureandCommodityDivisionofWTOandspecificCodexCommitteessecretariats—technicalhotoffoodtradebasedonMemberCountries’concerns,industrydemandsandothersPrioritylistofriskassessmentandstandardssettingbyCodexCommittees(CCPR-pesticideresidues,CCFAC-foodadditives/contaminants,CCRVDF-residuesofvetdrugsinfoods,etc)(observerorganizationofSPSCommittee)Flowoffoodstandardsetting/FlowofstandardsettingofWTO,CACandFAO/WHO(cont’d)WHO/FAOExpertpanels/groups(JEMPR–JointExpertMeetingonPesticideResidues,JECFA—JointExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives,JEMRA—JointExpertMeetingsonMicrobiologicalRiskAssessment)conductspecificriskassessmentandrecommendationsBasedonaboveresultsandrecommendations,CodexCommitteestosetrelatedstandards,guidelineorrecommendationsStandards,guidelinesandrecommendationsreferencedbySPS/TBTCommitteeforinternationaltradedisputesettlementsFlowofstandardsettingofWTWTOwithFoodSafetyTasksGlobalinternationalorganizationsdealingwithtraderulesbasedonworldagreementsEstablishedonJan1,1995byUruguayRoundNegotiations(1986-94)160members(uptoJune,2014)–China/foundationcountryMandarin–oneofofficiallanguages(English,France,Spanish)2013budget--197millionsSF;Secretariatstaff--640(550in2003)RelatedFSagreements:SPS&TBTWTOwithFoodSafetyTasksGlobFunctionsofWTOAdministeringWTOtradeagreementsForumfortradenegotiationsHandlingtradedisputesMonitoringnationaltradepoliciesTechnicalassistanceandtrainingfordevelopingcountriesCooperationwithotherinternationalorganizations

FunctionsofWTOAdministering

TheWTOcan

1...

cutlivingcostsandraiselivingstandards

2...

settledisputesandreducetradetensions

3...

stimulateeconomicgrowthandemployment

4...

cutthecostofdoingbusinessinternationally

5...

encouragegoodgovernance

6...

helpcountriesdevelop

7...

givetheweakastrongervoice

8...

supporttheenvironmentandhealth

9...

contributetopeaceandstability

10...

beeffectivewithouthittingtheheadlines

TheWTOcan

1...

cutlHowlongtosettleadispute?Theseapproximateperiodsforeachstageofadisputesettlementprocedurearetargetfigures—theagreementisflexible.Inaddition,thecountriescansettletheirdisputethemselvesatanystage.Totalsarealsoapproximate.60daysConsultations,mediation,etc45daysPanelsetupandpanelistsappointedbyGeneralCouncil6monthsFinalpanelreporttopartiesHowlongtosettleadispute?THowlongtosettleadispute?(cont’)3weeksFinalpanelreporttoWTOmembers60daysDisputeSettlementBodyadoptsreport(ifnoappeal)Total=1year(withoutappeal)60-90daysAppealsreport30daysDisputeSettlementBodyadoptsappealsreportTotal=1y3m(withappeal)Howlongtosettleadispute?SettlingDisputesatWTODisputesettlement:centralpillarofmultilateraltradingsystem,andWTO’suniquecontributiontostabilityofglobaleconomysince1995Priority:settledisputes,throughconsultationsofinvolvedMembersifpossible.ByJanuary2008,onlyabout136ofnearly369caseshadreachedfullpanelprocess.Mostofresthaveeitherbeennotifiedassettled“outofcourt”orremaininaprolongedconsultationphase—somecasesstillnotsettledsince1995,i.e.GMOfood/feedSettlingDisputesatWTODisput

WTO/SPSAgreement

EnteredintoforceinJan1995withestablishmentofWTORe:howtoapplyfoodsafetyandanimalandplanthealthregulationstoprotectconsumers,butminimizenegativeeffectofglobalagriculturaltradesetsoutbasicrulesforfoodsafety,animal&planthealthstandardsencouragedtouseinternationalstandards,guidelinesandrecommendations

MembercountriescansetyourownstandardsorusemeasureswhichresultinhigherstandardsifthereisscientificjustificationMCsethigherstandardsbasedonappropriateassessmentofriskssolongasapproachisconsistent,notarbitrary(随意).

WTO/SPSAgreement

EnteredinKeyFeaturesofSPSAgreement(1)Protectionorprotectionism?

1)Protectionofconsumer,plant&animalresource,but2)notanyexcusefortradeprotectionism(EU~NAhormonebeef,GMOfoodstuff)Justification(理由)ofmeasures:

Measurestoensurefoodsafetyandtoprotecthealthofanimals&plantsshouldbebasedonanalysisandassessmentofobjective&accuratescientificdata(hormonebeef,GMfood)Internationalstandards(setbyCodex,OIE,IPPC):1)harmonizenationalstandardsofMC,2)generallyIShigherthanmanyMCs’standardsincludingdevelopedMCs,3)ifanationalrequirementresultsinagreaterrestrictionoftrade(higherthatIS),acountrymaybeaskedbyothercountriesandSPSCommitteetoprovidescientificjustification,i.e.strictJapanesepesticideresidue(maxresiduelevel,MRLs)KeyFeaturesofSPSAgreementKeyFeaturesofSPSAgreement(2)Adaptingtoconditions:Duetodifferencesinclimate,existingpestsorfoodsafetyconditions,itisnotalwaysappropriatetoimposethesameSPSrequirementsonfood,animalorplantproductscomingfromdifferentcountries,i.e.Chinesepests/CanadianpestsforChineseLichee/longganandCanadiancherry,safetyfocusonChinese/westernfoodsformicrobialconcernAlternativemeasures:Anacceptablelevelofriskcanoftenbeachievedinalternativeways.Amongthealternatives—andontheassumptionthattheyaretechnicallyandeconomicallyfeasibleandprovidesameleveloffoodsafety,animal&planthealthi.e.TCK(wheatquarantinedisease)inSouthChinafromCanadaKeyFeaturesofSPSAgreementKeyFeaturesofSPSAgreement(3)RiskAssessment:

SPSAgreementencourageswideruseofsystematicriskassessmentamongallWTOmembergovernmentsandforallrelevantproducts,i.e.RiskAssessmentofSamonellainpoultry,RiskAssessmentofListeriaM.inRTEfoodsTransparency:

1)notifyothercountriesofanyneworchangedSPSrequirementsaffectingtrade,andtosetupoffices(called"EnquiryPoints")torespondtorequestsformoreinformationonneworexistingmeasures,2)Suchincreasedtransparencyprotectsinterestsofconsumers&tradingpartners,fromhiddenprotectionismthroughunnecessarytechnicalrequirementsChineseSPS/TBTEnquiryPointshostedatAQSIQFormoredetailsreferto/KeyFeaturesofSPSAgreementSPSCommitteeforumfortheexchangeofinformation

closeco-operationwiththeappropriatetechnicalorganizationsasotherorganizationobserver,i.e.JECFA,JECPR,JECMRAIfatradedisputeamongtradingpartnersarises,normalWTOdisputesettlementproceduresareused,andadvicefromappropriatescientificexpertscanbesoughtSPSCommitteeforumfortheexc

WTO/TBTAgreement

(AgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade)

Technicalregulationsandproductstandardsmayvaryfromcountrytocountry.Havingmanydifferentregulationsandstandardsmakeslifedifficultforproducersandexporters.Ifregulationsaresetarbitrarily,theycouldbeusedasanexcuseforprotectionism.TheAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTradetriestoensurethatregulations,standards,testingandcertificationproceduresdonotcreateunnecessaryobstacles,whilealsoprovidingmemberswiththerighttoimplementmeasurestoachievelegitimatepolicyobjectives,suchastheprotectionofhumanhealthandsafety,ortheenvironment.

WTO/TBTAgreement

(AgreementWhyaTBTAgreementHighnumberofglobaltechnicalregulationsandstandards:1)consumers'increasingdemandforsafeandhigh-qualityproducts2)growingproblemsofwater,airandsoilpollution

Impactoninternationaltrade:significantcompliancecostsofmillionsforeignregulations/standardsforproducers&exportersRequirementsfortransmissionfromGATT(1947)toWTO(1995)

1)GATTinvolvedcargotradewithmaintradebarrier–tariff,butWTOinvolvestradesofcargo,serviceandinvestment2)technicalbarrierislargestfactorofnon-tarifftradebarrierSoitisnecessarytolaydownrulesforpreparation,adoptionandapplicationoftechnicalregulations,standardsandconformity(符合性)assessmentprocedurespriortoestablishmentofWTOWhyaTBTAgreementHighnumberRelevantDefinitions

Technicalregulationsandstandards:specificcharacteristicsofaproduct—suchassize,shape,design,functions&performance,orprocessingprocess/productionmethods,orwayitislabeledorpackagedpriortosale,i.e.kginCanadaandlbinUSDifferencebetweenatechnicalregulationandastandard:

Ifanimportedproductdoesnotfulfillrequirementsofatechnicalregulation,itwillnotbeallowedtobeputonsale,i.e.CanadianbilingualrequirementsforallretailproductsConformityassessmentprocedures:1)

testing,verification,inspection&certification—whichconfirmthatproductsfulfillrequirementslaiddowninregulationsandstandards2)Non-transparent&discriminatoryconformityassessmentprocedurescanbecomeeffectiveprotectionisttools.RelevantDefinitions

Technical

TBTObjectives(1)Protectionofhumansafetyorhealth:Thelargestnumberoftechnicalregulations&standardsareadoptedtoaimatprotectinghumansafetyorhealth,i.e.motorvehiclesbeequippedwithseatbelts,labelingofcigarettestoindicatethattheyareharmfultohealthinNA/EU.Protectionofanimalandplantlifeorhealth:protectionofanimalorplantspeciesendangeredbywater,airandsoilpollution--endangeredspeciesoffishreachacertainlengthbeforetheycanbecaughtinNA,foodretailgiantsonlybuymeatderivedfromhumaneslaughteredanimalsProtectionoftheenvironment:re-cyclingofpa