高考英语一轮复习 阅读之说明文基础训练（提升版）

PAGEPAGE132022高考英语阅读之说明文基础训练（提升版）(A)Smokerswhogiveupsmokingandliveonadiethighintomatoesandfruits,especiallyapples,havebetterchancesofrepairingtheirlungfunctionharmedbysmoking,anewstudyfinds.Thestudy,publishedintheDecemberissueoftheEuropeanRespiratoryJournal,saidformersmokerswhoatemoretomatoesandfreshfruitsregularlysawaslowernaturaldropinlungfunctionovera10-yearperiod.Accordingtothestudy,conductedbytheJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth,adultswhoonaverageatemorethantwotomatoesormorethanthreeportionsoffreshfruitsadayhadaslowerdropinlungfunction,comparedtothosewhoatelessthanonetomatoorlessthanoneportionoffruitseveryday.Lungfunctionstartstodropataroundage30andpoorlungfunctionisrelatedtohigherrisksofdeathfromalldiseases,includingheartdiseaseandlungcancer.“Adietrichinfruitscanslowdownthelung’snaturalagingprocessevenifyouhaveneversmoked,”saidVanessaGarciaLarsen,thestudy’sleadauthor,whoisalsoanAssistantProfessorinHumanNutritionattheJohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth.Larsenandherteamexamineddietsandlungfunctionofmorethan650adultsfromGermany,NorwayandBritainin2002andperformedlungfunctiontestsonthesamegroupofparticipants10yearslater.Theresearchersfoundamoreeye-catchingconnectionbetweendietsandlungfunctionamongformersmokers,whohadaslowerdropoverthe10-yearperiodbecausetheirdietswerehighlyrichintomatoesandfruits.Sucharesultsuggeststhatthenutrients(营养物)intheirdietsaregoodforrepairingtheharmtothelungdonebysmoking.1.What’stheeffectoftomatoesandfruitsonformersmokers?A.Theyhelpsmokersrepairtheirlungfunction.B.Theyslowdowntheagingprocesslittlebylittle.C.Theygreatlyreducetheriskofseriouslungdiseases.D.Theymakesmokerslessworriedabouttheirhealth.2.Whatriskisa35-year-oldmanofpoorlungfunctionlikelytohave?A.Theacceleration(加速)ofthelung’sagingprocess.B.Theheavydependenceonsmokingcigarettes.C.Thedangerofdyingfromseriousdiseases.D.Thefasternaturaldropinlungfunction.3.Whywerelungfunctiontestsperformedonthesamegroup10yearslater?A.Toexamineiftheparticipantsdevelopthedisease.B.Tomakethereadersbelievetheresultofthestudy.C.Toseeclearsignsofaquickdropinlungfunction.D.Toseechangesinlungfunctionofthesameperson.4.What’sthemainpurposeofthetext?A.Tointroducetwokindsoffruits.B.Todescribesomeresearchwork.C.Totellpeopletheresultofastudy.D.Toexplaintheeffectofsmokingonpeople.(B)Forty-nineyearsago,onApril22,1970,twentymillionAmericanstooktothestreetstovoicetheirconcernaboutthedeterioratingenvironment.ThemovementledtoEarthDay.Unfortunately,ourplanetisinworseshapenowthanitwaswhenEarthDaywasfirstcelebrated.Thegoodnewsisthatit’sstillnottoolatetoreverse（转变）climatechangeifwealldoourpart.ThisEarthDay,takethefirststeptowardshelpingourplanetbyparticipatinginoneofthesefunactivities.NASAisputtingourplanetupforadoptionsoyouandyourfriendcanclaimaportionoftheplanetasyourown.Thespaceagencyhasdividedtheglobeinto64,000sections,eachabout55mileswide.AllyouhavetodoistypeyournameintoNASA’s“AdoptthePlanet”sitetoclaimacertificatethatwillgiveyouthelocationofyoursliceofparadise（天堂）completewithdetailsofitsenvironment.NASAhopesthatthisexercisewillstimulateinterestandcareinourplanet.SearchgiantGoogleisalsotryingtoengagethepublicwithanupdatedGoogleEarthfocusedaroundEarthDayevents.ThroughanewVoyagerfeature,userswillbeabletodiscoverstoriesfromaroundtheworld,learnaboutnewplacesbyreading“KnowledgeCards”andsendpostcards.Ifyouhappentobeanywherenearthenation’scapitalonApril22,jointhemillionsthatareexpectedtoparticipateintheEarthDayMarchattheNationalMall.Themissionoftheeventthatwillfeatureguestspeakersandmusicalperformancesistomobilize（动员）citizensintotakingactionbypromotingthisyear’sEarthDaytheme:climateandenvironmentalscienceliteracy.Whileparticipatingintheabove-mentionedactivitiesisagreatidea,itisjustthebeginning.Allthatisrequiredaresmalllifestylechanges.Plantingatreeortwo,goingmeatlessjustonedayaweek,orswitchingyourplasticwaterbottleforareusableonewillgoalongwaytohelpreversethedamagewehavecaused.1.Theunderlinedword“deteriorating”istheclosestinmeaningto.A.cleaner B.better C.worse D.colder2.Ifyouparticipateintheactivityof“AdoptthePlanet”,youwillbeprobablyprovidedwithyourslice'sinformationabout.A.airqualityB.ancienthistoryC.localcustomsD.touristattractions3.ThroughVoyageronGoogleEarth,whatcanusersdo?A.Theycancreate"KnowledgeCards”online.B.Theycandiscoverstoriesfromaroundtheworld.C.TheycanreceivepostcardscomingfromGoogle.D.Theycanadoptasliceofparadiseintheworld.4.Inthelastparagraph,thewritercallsonpeopleto.A.dreambig B.flyhigh C.gomeatlessD.startsmall(C)In2013,HarrisAcademy,aschoolinsouthLondon,stoppeditsstudentsfromusingslang(俚语)words,suchasain’t.Themoveledtoanargumentoverwhetheritisnecessarytocontrolthewaystudentsspeak.Thecreationofslangisonewaylanguageschange.Slang,orinformallanguage,usuallychangesmorerapidlythanstandardlanguage.Forexample,thewordgroovy,meaning“great,”usedtobeverypopularinthe1960sand‘70s.Butby1980,peoplehadstoppedusingit.Oneimportantreasonweuseslangistoshowothersthatwebelongtoagroup.Anotheristocommunicateanideainamorecolorfulorhumorousway.Forexample,thephrasejumpshipcreatesastrongerimage(形象)thanthemorestandardleaveanorganization.WhileintheInternetage,slangexpressionsarecreatedfasterthanever.Often,Internetslangwordsarecreatedtomakemessagesfasterandeasiertotype.Somepeoplearestronglyagainsttheuseofslang.TeachersatHarrisAcademywereworriedthatslangwouldpreventtheirstudentsfromlearninghowtoread,write,andexpressthemselvescorrectly.Theythoughtthismightcauseproblemsforthemwhentheyfinallywentontoapply(申请)touniversitiesorcompanies.However,somepeoplethinkdifferently.Linguist（语言学家）TonyThorneseesslangasawayforspeakersofalanguagetoshowtheircreativityandhumor.And,unlikewhatsomebelieve,slangisnotanewphenomenon(现象).AsThorneexplains,“Slanghasnotbecomemorepopular,simplymorepublic.”Intoday’shighlyconnectedworld,slanghasbecomemorenoticeablebecauseofbettertoolstoobservelanguagechange.Perhapstheworriesmentionedabovecanbesolvedbymakingpeopleunderstandwhentousecertainformsoflanguage.Aslongaspeopleuseslangproperly,thereisnoneedtocompletelyavoidit.1.Whydidtheauthormentiontheexampleof“groovy”?A.Toshowhowlanguageschange.B.Toshowhowstandardlanguageformsovertime.C.Toshowslangwaspopularinthe1960s.D.Toshowslangoftenchangesfast.2.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Whypeopleuseslang.B.Howpeopleuseslang.C.Differenttypesofslang.D.Thedevelopmentofslang.3.WhatcanweinferfromTonyThorne’swordsinParagraph5?A.Slangtakestimetodevelop.B.Slangisbeingacceptedbythepublic.C.Slangisincreasinglyknowntothepublic.D.Moreandmorepeoplearebeginningtouseslang.4.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsHarrisAcademy’sdecisiononslang?A.Heisagainstit.B.Heisinfavorofit.C.Heisdoubtfulaboutit.D.Heisuncertainaboutit.(D)Antarcticaremainedlargelyuntouchedbyhumansforthousandsofyears,allowinganecosystemtodevelopindependently.However,sincethe1990s,thelastwildlandontheplanetisbecominganincreasinglypopulardestinationforadventure-seekingtourists.Now,astudynewlyconductedshowsthevisitorsmaybeleavingbehindharmfulbacteriawhichcoulddestroythatarea’sbirdpopulation.Wemainlyhearaboutzoonoses（动物传染病）—diseaseslikeEbolaandpigflu—thatarespreadfromanimalstohumans,yethumanscanalsoinfectanimalswithillnessessuchastheflu.Researchers,however,believedthatAntarcticanimals,whichhadnorecordedreverse（反向的）casesofzoonoses,werenotaffectedbythedangerduetotheextremeenvironment.ButmicrobiologistsMartaCerda-CuellarattheResearchCenterforAnimalHealth,wasnotconvincedthiswastrue.SosheandsomecolleaguesdecidedtoexaminewastesamplesfromAntarcticbirdsforevidenceofhumanbacteria.Toensurethewastewasnotpolluted,thescientistshadtocollectitfromthebirdsthemselves.Thiswasnoeasytask.Ittookthescientistsfouryearstocollectwastesamplesof666adultbirdsfrom24localspecies.However,itwaswellworththeeffort.Theresultsoftheirstudyshowedthepresenceofseveraltypesofhumanbacteriainthebirdwaste.“Thebacteria,whichareacommoncauseforinfectionsinhumans,don’tusuallycausedeathinwildanimals,”saysCerda-Cuellar.“However,thepathogens（病原体）thatarrivetohighlysensitivepopulationscouldcauseextinctionofsomepopulationsanddestroythelocalecosystem.”Theresearcheralsofearsthepresenceofthesebacteriacouldforeseethearrivalofother,moredeadly,pathogensasthenumberofpeoplevisitingtheareaincreases.Whilethebestsolutionwouldbetopreventtourism,Cerda-Cuellar,whobelievesitisbecauseofeffortsfromtouristandscientificgroupsthatAntarcticaremainslargelyprotected,saysthat’simpossible.“Whileweshoulddoasmuchaspossibletoreducethespread,it’shardtobelievewe’llstoptourismandscienceatthesesites,andsoitishardtobelievethathumanswon’tcontinuetopassonpathogens.”1.Whichofthefollowingwillthenewstudysupport?A.TheAntarcticbecomespopularwithtourists.B.TheAntarcticecosystemisdestroyedbyoutsiders.C.Zoonosesarespreadfromanimalstohumans.D.TouristsexposeAntarcticbirdstohumanbacteria.2.WhydidresearchersthinkAntarcticanimalswerefreefromhumandiseases?A.TheAntarcticweatherisextraordinarilycold.B.ThenumberoftouriststotheAntarcticissmall.C.Therewasnorecordedcaseofreversezoonoses.D.AnindependentecosystemwasinplaceinAntarctica.3.WhatadvicemightCerda-Cuellargive?A.StrengthenresearchesintoAntarcticanimals.B.StoptourismandscienceinAntarctica.C.RestrictthenumberofvisitorstoAntarctica.D.Monitorthepresenceofotherpathogens.4.Inwhichsectionofamagazinemightthetextbefound?A.Health. B.Science.C.Tourism D.Geography.（E)Theaveragebear,itseems,isgettingeversmarter.First,itturnedoutthatatleastonecanuseacomb.Nowitappearsthatsomecancount,too.JenniferVonk,ofOaklandUniversity,inMichigan,andMichaelBeran,fromGeorgiaStateUniversity,setthreeAmericanblackbearsthetaskofdistinguishingbetweennumericallylargerandsmallergroupsofdots（点）onacomputerscreen.Inreturnforafoodrewardonebear,Brutus,wouldtouchthemoreheavilydottedpatternwithhisnose.Theothers,BellaandDusty,wouldtouchthescreenwiththeirclaws（爪子）.AstheresearchersreportinAnimalBehavior,thebearsdidbestwithpatternswherethecoloureddotsdidnotmoveandwheremoreofthemalsotookupalargercolouredarea.Thiscouldbeexplainedbythebears'distinguishingthedifferentareasofcolourratherthantrulycountingthedots.However,thethreebearsmanagedtopickoutthebiggernumberofdotseveninpairsofpatternswherefewerdotstookupalargerarea.Movingpatterns,whereeachdotfolloweditsownpatharoundthescreen,weremoreofachallenge.ButBrutus,atleast,wasnotdefeated.Heseemedtobecountingmobiledotsevenwhenthescientiststriedtomisleadhimbymovingthetotalcolouredareaofthedotsatthesametime.Itisnotentirelysurprisingthatbearsshouldhaveahighdegreeofintelligence.Theyfacealotofchallengeswhentryingtogetfood.Theyare,however,alwaysalone,andsodonothavethecomplexsocialsystemsthatcontributetoanimalsmarts.Perhaps,then,theirmathsskilldevelopedbecausetheycannotcountontheirfriendsforhelp.1.Whattaskdidthescientistssetforthethreebears?A.Distinguishingdifferentdotpatterns.B.Figuringoutdifferentcoloursofdots.C.Puttingthedotsintodifferentlycolouredgroups.D.Pickingoutthegroupwithalargernumberofdots.2.Forthebears,thetaskwaseasierwhen__________.A.thecoloureddotsweremovingslowlyB.thedotpatternswereregularinshapeC.thedotsfollowedapathonthescreenD.moredotscoveredalargercolouredarea3.Whatmayexplainthebears'highdegreeofintelligence?A.Theylearnskillsfromotheranimals.B.Theyfacelifechallengesontheirown.C.Theyfeedonadiverserangeoffood.D.Theyhavecomplexsocialnetworks.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.BearsTaughttoDistinguishColoursB.NewEvidenceofBearIntelligenceFoundC.ThreeBearsLearnedHowtoCountD.TheSmartestAmericanBlackBearBrutus（F)5Gwirelessnetworksarereadytopowerthecitiesoftomorrow.However,exactimplementation(实施)of5Gwillvaryfromcitytocity,witheachcityhavingitsownuniquesetofpriorities,requirements,andobjectives.Since5Genablescountlessservicepossibilities,citiesmustdevelopstrategiesaroundtheirspecificneeds.Businessandcivicleadersplayadecisiveroleinthisprocess,helpingtodrivesmartcityinitiativesandensuringthatkeyinfrastructure(基础设施)elementsareinplace.Severalurbanareas,includingLosAngeles,Dallas,Houston,Atlanta,andChicago,areearlytobenefitfrom5G.Foroperators,theselargeurbancentersofferacriticalmassofsolidinfrastructuretosupport5G’scomplextechnologyrequirements.Now,regionalandlocalgovernmentsplayacriticalroleinpositioningtheircitiestobecomeearly5Gadopters.Theyhaveagrowingresponsibilitytostreamlinethepermittingprocess,changefeestructures,andminimizeregulatoryhurdlesinordertoenablegreater5Gimplementation.Effortsarealreadyinfullforcebyindustryplayerstoovercomechallengesforasmoothbuild-ou