雅思Test 2 Passage 3 阅读译文

AIntheearlydaysmountaineering,questionsofsafety,standardsofpractice,andenvironmentalimpactwerenotwidelyconsidered.Thesportgainedtractionfollowingthesuccessful1786ascentofMontBlanc,thehighestpeakinWesternEurope,bytwoFrenchmountaineers,JacquesBalmatandMichel-GabrielPaccard.Thiseventestablishedbeginningofmodernmountaineering,buttheconsiderationoverthenextyearswasthesuccessorfailureofclimbersinreachingthesummitandclaimingtheprestigeofhavingmadefirstascent.早期的登山运动并不会对安全性，可行性和环境因素多做考量。这项运动在1786年两位法国登山者杰克斯马以及帕德成功登上西欧最高峰白朗峰之后受到关注和追捧次成功标志着现代登山运动的开始在之后的一百多年里登者登顶的成败以及登上从前无人造访的山峰而获得的声望成为唯一的关注点。BTowardtheendofthenineteenthcentury,however,developmentstechnologyspurreddebateregardingclimbingpractices.Ofparticularconcerninthiserawastheintroductionpitons(metalspikesthatclimbershammertherockfaceforleverage)andthe①techniques.AsuchasItalianclimberGuidoRay,supportedthesemethodsaswaystorenderclimbinglessburdensomeandmore'acrobatic'.feltwereonlyofvalueassafetynetifallelsefailed.AustrianPaulPreusswentsofarasallartificialaids,scalingastonishingheightsusingonlyhisshoesandhisbarehands.AlbertMummery,awell-knownBritishmountaineerandauthorwhoclimbedtheEuropeanAlps,and,morefamously,theHimalayas,whereheattheageof39attemptinganotoriouslydifficultascent,developedthenotionof'fairmeans'asakindinformalprotocolbytheuseof'walk-through'guidebooksandequipmentsuchasladdersandgrapplinghookswerediscouraged.然而，在19世纪末，技术工艺发展引发了对登山保护措施的讨论。其中对岩钉（登山者攀岩时钉入岩壁的金属钉状物系技术的使用尤其受到关注括意大利登山家圭多雷在内的少数人这些工具能使登山过程中累赘更少具“杂技性”他则认为这些工具只具有在失败时作为一张安全网的价值国山家保罗罗伊斯为此拒绝使用鞋子除外的所有辅助工具手登的高同样令人震惊经登顶过位于欧洲的阿尔卑斯山的著名英国登山家，作家阿尔伯特墨里在39岁时向更具名气，登顶难度极大的喜马拉雅山发出挑战，却不幸在途中遇难。他认为使用工具是“不择手段”的，因为不能使用穿行指南以及像梯子、抓钩这样的工具是已经是一项不成文规定了。CBythe1940s,boltshadbeguntoreplacepitonsastheclimber'schoiceofequipment,andcriticismsurroundingtheirusewasnolessfierce.In1948,whentwoAmericanclimbersscaledMountBrusselsintheCanadianRockiesusingasmallofpitonsandbolts,climberFrankSmythewroteoftheirefforts:stillregardMountBrusselsasunclimbed,andmyfeelingsarenodifferentfromthoseIshouldhavethatwereItohearthatahelicopterhaddepositeditspassengeronthesummitofthatmountainjustsothathecouldboastthathehadtroddenanuntroddenmountaintop.'上世纪四十年代山对工具选择从岩钉转向了膨胀栓使用它的批评声仍然不绝于耳年位美国登山者利岩钉和膨胀栓登顶位于加拿大落基山脉的布鲁塞尔斯山，对此登山家弗兰克斯斯这样价道我仍然认为布鲁塞尔斯山是无法登顶的，对此我的感觉就和听到直升机将乘客送达山顶并向他人夸耀自己征服了无人涉足的顶峰无异。”

DClimbingpuristsaside,itwasnotuntilthethatthegeneraltidebeganturnagainstboltingandpitons.TheUSA,andmuchofwesternworld,waswakinguptothedamageithadbeencausingtheplanet,andenvironmentalistcampaignsandnewgovernmentpoliciesbecomingwidespread.Thisawarenessandsensitivitytoenvironmentalissuesspilledoverintotherockclimbingcommunity.Asaresult,astripped-downstyleofrockclimbingknownas'cleanclimbing'becamewidelyadopted.Cleanclimbinghelpedpreserverockfacesand,witholderapproaches,itwasmuchsimplertopractise.Thiswaspartlyduetothehallmarkofcleanclimbing-theusenuts-whichwerefavouredoverboltsbecausetheycouldplacedintowallwithonehandwhileclimbersmaintainedtheirgripontherockwiththeother.直到上世纪年，登山运动化者开始兴起反系栓、反岩钉运动。美国和很多西方国家开始意识到这些工具对地球带来的危害人士的呼吁和政府制定的政策使这样的意识深入人心。对环保问题的意识和敏感性也深入到攀岩群体之中。最后，被称作“清洁攀岩”的简装攀岩方式被广泛接受岩于保护岩壁与旧方式相比更加便于行动。这归功于“清洁攀岩”方式的特色——对岩石塞的使用岩钉和膨胀栓更受到欢迎，因为攀岩者在用一只手卡住岩石时，可以用单手将其固定在墙上。ENoteveryoneembracedthecleanclimbingmovement,however.Adecadelater,debatesovertwomoredevelopmentswereerupting.Therelatedthepracticeofchipping,inwhichclimberschipawaypiecesofrockinordertocreatetinycracksinwhichtoinserttheirfingers.Theothermajorpointofcontentionwasaprocessthatinvolvessettingboltsinreversefromthetopoftheclimbdown.boltingmakesalmostrockclimbablewithrelativeease,andresultthisnewtechnique,sporthaslostmuchofitsriskfactorandsenseofpioneeringspirit;indeed,ithasbecomemoreaboutmusclepowerandtechnicalmasterythanapsychologicaltrialoffearlessnessunderpressure.Becauseofthisshiftinfocus,manyamateurclimbershaveflockedtoindoorclimbinggyms,wheretheriskofseriousisnegligible.然而，并非所有人都接受“清洁攀岩”运动。上世纪八十年代，多种攀岩工具的发展引发了激烈的议论首先是凿壁行为攀岩者在岩壁上凿出小凹槽以便他们卡进手指一个争论的焦点是在终点使用膨胀栓从反方向爬下的攀岩过程。栓索下降几乎使攀岩难度大大减轻，而且新技术的使用使得这项运动丧失了风险性和首创精神于面对压力时克服恐惧的心理锻炼攀岩运动逐渐对肌肉力和技术使用更加看重为运动焦点的改变很业余攀岩者纷纷涌向了严重伤害的风险性可以忽略不计的室内攀岩馆。Giventheenvironmentaldamagerockclimbingcause,thisbepositiveoutcome.isironicclimbersandmountaineerslovetheoutdoorsandhavegreatrespectforthemajestyofnatureandtheimpressivechallengessheposes,butinthepursuitoftheirgoalstheyinevitablytramplesensitivevegetation,damaginganddisturbingdelicatefloraandlichenswhichgrowonledgesandclifffaces.TworesearchersfromaCanadianuniversity,DougLarsonandMichelleMcMillan,havefoundthatrockfacesthatareregularlyclimbedhavelostto80%ofthecoverageanddiversityofnativeplantspecies.Ifthatwerenotbadenough,non-nativespecieshavealsobeeninadvertentlyintroduced,havingcarriedinonclimbers'boots.

但考虑到攀岩所造成的环境破坏内攀岩也许会带来正面积极的效果对多数热爱室内攀岩尚自然以及她所赋的威严挑战的攀岩者而言是讽刺的是在他们力求达到攀岩目标的同时确不可避地踩踏敏感植被坏长在壁架和崖面上的脆弱植物群和地衣，扰乱它们的生长。来自加拿大一所大学的两名研究者道格·拉尔森，米歇尔·麦美伦发现常被攀爬的岩面会丧失超过百分之八十的本土植物覆盖面和植物多样性糕是，非本土植物会附在攀岩者的靴子上从而被无心的引进。GThisleavesrockclimbingwithanuncertainfuture.Climbersareonlyusergroupthatwishestoenjoywilderness-hikers,mountainbikersandhorsebackridersvisitthesameareas,andmoreimportantly,theyarebetterorganised,withlong-establishedlobbygroupsprotectingtheirinterests.Withincreasedpressureonlimitednaturalresources,ithasbeensuggestedthatclimberstheirdifferencesovertheethicsvariousclimbingtechniques,andfocusoneffectoftheirpracticesontheenvironmentandrelationshipwithotherusersandlandowners.这使攀岩运动前途未卜山者并不是唯一想要享受荒野乐趣的团体——徒步跋涉者地自行车骑行者马骑行者都造着同一年土地更为重要的是他组织的更加完善，有成立多年的游说团体维护他们的利益限自然资源带来的压力日益增加人议攀岩团体放下对使用攀岩工具的成见他们的行为