高考英语模拟题汇编专题02 阅读理解之说明文（二）（解析版）

专题02阅读理解之说明文1.（2020届江西省重点中学盟校高三第一次联考）Scientistssaythey'vedevelopedasystemusingmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightingwillstrike.TheresearchwasledbyengineersfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,Switzerland.Europeanresearchershaveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepoweroutages,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthesereasons,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethodstopredictandcontrollightning.IntheUnitedStatesandotherplaces,ground-basedsensingdevicesareusedtoidentifystrikesastheyhappen.But,nosystemhasbeencreatedtoeffectivelypredictlightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusedacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.Themodelwascreatedwithdatacollectedovera12-yearperiodfrom12Swissweatherstationsincitiesandmountainareas.Thedatarelatedtofourmainsurfaceconditions:airpressure,airtemperature,relativehumidityandwindspeed.Theatmosphericdatawasplacedintoamachinelearningalgorithm（算法）,whichcomparedittorecordsoflightningstrikes.Researcherssaythealgorithmwasthenabletolearntheconditionsunderwhichlightninghappens.AmirhosseinMostajabiisaPhDstudentattheinstitutewholedthedevelopmentofthemethod.Hesaid,“currentsystemsforgatheringsuchdataareslowandcomplexandrequirecostlycollectionequipmentlikeradarorsatellites.”“Ourmethodusesdatathatcanbeobtainedfromanyweatherstation,”Mostajabisaid.“Thiswillimprovedatacollectioninveryremoteareasnotcoveredbyradarandsatelliteorinplaceswherecommunicationsystemshavebeencut,”beadded.TheresearchersplantokeepdevelopingthetechnologyinpartnershipwithaEuropeaneffortthataimstocreatealightningprotectionsystem.TheeffortiscalledtheEuropeanLaserLightningRodproject.8．Whyhaveclimatescientiststriedtopredictandcontrollighting?A．Tocollectrelativedata.B．Toreducethedestructionlightninghasbeencausing.C．Tocreateascientificsystem.D．Todoresearchinrelationtomachinelearning.9．ThefourmentionedsurfaceconditionsincludeallthefollowingEXCEPT________.A．airpollution B．windspeedC．relativehumidity D．airtemperature10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inparagraph5referto?A．lighting. B．thesystembeingtested.C．theatmosphericdata. D．themachinelearningalgorithm.11．WhatcanwelearnaboutMostajabifromthepassage?A．Hedevelopedthemethodandthesystemhimself.B．Hethinksthecurrentsystemsaretooslowandsimple.C．HeisaprofessorattheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnology.D．Hebelievestheirsystemdoesmuchbetterindatacollection.【答案】8．B9．A10．C11．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍科学家们开发出的一种系统，利用机器学习能力有效地预测闪电，以减少闪电袭击带来的危害和损失。8．推理判断题。根据第二段中“...thatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepoweroutages,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthesereasons，climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethodstopredictandcontrollightning.（世界各地每年有6,000至24,000人死于闪电。闪电袭击还可能导致停电、破坏财产、损坏电气设备和引发森林火灾。）”可知，科协家们想预测、控制闪电是因为想找到办法，以减少闪电所带来的危害和损失。故选B项。9．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thedatarelatedtofourmainsurfaceconditions:airpressure,airtemperature,relativehumidityandwindspeed.”可知，与四个主要表面条件有关的数据有气压、空气温度、相对湿度和风速，没有提到空气污染。故选A项。10．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Theatmosphericdatawasplacedintoamachinelearningalgorithm（算法）,whichcomparedittorecordsoflightningstrikes.（将大气数据输入到机器学习计算法中，随后计算法会将这些数据与闪电袭击记录进行比较。）”可以推测，it指代上一句中的theatmosphericdata。故选C项。11．推理判断题。第六段中提到“currentsystemsforgatheringsuchdataareslowandcomplexandrequirecostlycollectionequipmentlikeradarorsatellites”，Mostajabi认为目前收集此类数据的系统缓慢而复杂，需要昂贵的雷达或卫星等收集设备；第七段中提到“Ourmethodusesdatathatcanbeobtainedfromanyweatherstation…Thiswillimprovedatacollectioninveryremoteareasnotcoveredbyradarandsatelliteorinplaceswherecommunicationsystemshavebeencut”,Mostajabi认为他们这种方法使用的数据可以从任何气象站获得，这将改善雷达和卫星未覆盖的非常偏远地区或通信系统被切断的地方的数据收集。因此可以推断，Mostajabi相信他们的系统在数据收集方面比原来的做得更好。故选D项。2.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟）SHORTLISTOFLONDON'SBESTIfyouhavelimitedvisitingtimewerecommendyoufollowthislist.1)HousesofParliament.TheguidedtoursoftheHousesofParliamentareexcellent,inanylanguageyouwant,andgetyoutoplacesthatevennormalBritscan't.However,whenParliamentissitting,theyarenotrunning,butyoucanstillgetin.2)HamptonCourt.WeratethisasoneofthebestattractionsinEurope.AwholesuccessionofkingsandqueenshaveaddedtoHenryVIII’soriginalpalace.Therelieafantasticpark(byCapabilityBrown)andgardens(includingthefamousmaze),andTudorkitchensandoneofthelastremainingRealTenniscourts.Lotsoffree(onceyou'vepaidtheadmission)guidedtours,someincostume,bypeoplewhoknowandlovetheplace.It'salsosurroundedbyaseriesofparksandmakesagreatdestinationforabiketrip-trainout(30minutesfromWaterloo),bikeback(12miles)alongtheriver.WepreferittotheTowerofLondon-you'llprobablywanttovisitboth,itknocksthespotsoffBuckinghamPalace.3)TheRiver.WalkalongtheSouthBankfromTowerBridgetoLambeth.ThebestofLondonisspreadoutforyou:TheTowerofLondon&TowerBridge,TheHousesofParliament,LambethPalace(residenceoftheArchbishopofCanterbury),Shakespeare'sGlobetheatre,BothTateGalleries,StPaul'sCathedral,TheSouthBankCentre,TheTemple,TheLondonEye,WestminsterAbbey,SomersetHouse.(A2hourwalkifyoudon'tstopforlong).OryoucantakeaboatouttoGreenwich,theThamesBarrierortheDome.4)WestminsterAbbey.WheretheycrownKings.Anunreasonableadmissioncharge(shouldreallybefreeorvoluntarydonation),butamasterpieceanyway.Ifyougetboredofwaitinginthequeue,orpackeddownbythecrowds,hurryyourselfofftotheCitywherethere'smoresquarespaceofhistoricchurch,andempty.5)TheTheatre.It'dbeacrimetovisitLondonandnottakeinashow.Londonershavebeenpassionateabouttheatreforcenturies.Notonlyisthequalityhigh,butthepriceislow—onethirdthepriceofBroadway.1．WhichtourwillaforeignstudentstudyingthehistoryofBritishRoyalFamilymostprobablyprefer？A．thetourtoWestminsterAbbey B．thetourtoTowerBridgeC．thetourtoSomersetHouse D．thetourtoHamptonCourt2．Whattimedoestheunderlinedstatement“whenParliamentissitting”inparagraph2referto?A．whentheParliamentisnotofficiallyinsession.B．whenthemembersofParliamentaredebatingoverahotissue.C．whentheParliamentisstayingidleforrepairs.D．whenthemembersofParliamentaretakingabreakaftersomeexercise3．WhyareLondonersfondoftheatre?A．Theyenjoythecriminaldramaplots.B．Theyenjoytheinexpensiveadmission.C．TheyenjoytheClassicalMusicandOpera.D．TheyenjoythesceneofShakespeare’sGlobetheatre.【答案】1．D2．A3．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了五个伦敦最佳参观地名单。1．细节理解题。根据第二段中AwholesuccessionofkingsandqueenshaveaddedtoHenryVIII’soriginalpalace.可知一个又一个的国王和王后为亨利八世原来的宫殿增添了新的色彩。由此可知，学习英国王室历史的外国学生最喜欢汉普顿宫之旅。故选D。2．句意猜测题。根据划线句子后文theyarenotrunning,butyoucanstillgetin.可知，他们并没有在运行，但是你仍然可以进入议会。由此判断出，当议会没有正式开会时，他们并没有在运行，但是你仍然可以进入议会。可知，划线句子意思为“当议会没有正式开会的时候”，故选A。3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Notonlyisthequalityhigh,butthepriceislow-onethirdthepriceofBroadway.可知不仅质量好，而且价格便宜——只有百老汇的三分之一。由此可知，伦敦人喜欢戏剧因为他们喜欢便宜的门票。故选B。3.（2020届辽宁省大连市第二十四中学高三模拟）Bynowyou’veprobablyheardaboutthe“you’renotspecial”speech,whenEnglishteacherDavidMcCulloughtoldgraduatingseniorsatWellesleyHighSchool:“Donotgettheideayou'reanythingspecial,becauseyou'renot.”Mothersandfatherspresentattheceremony-andawholelotofotherparentsacrosstheinternet-tookissuewithhisego-puncturingwords.Butlostintheangerandprotestwassomethingwereallyshouldbetakingtoheart:ouryoungpeopleactuallyhavenoideawhetherthey'reparticularlytalentedoraccomplishedornot.Inoureagernesstoelevatetheirself-esteem,weforgottoteachthemhowtorealisticallyassesstheirownabilities,acrucialrequirementforgettingbetteratanythingfrommathtomusictosports.Infact,it'snotjustprivilegedhigh-schoolstudents:wealltendtoviewourselvesasaboveaverage.Suchinflated(膨胀的)self-judgmentshavebeenfoundinstudyafterstudy,andit'softenexactlywhenwe'releastcompetentatagiventaskthatwerateourperformancemostgenerously.Ina2006studypublishedinthejournalMedicalEducation,forexample,medicalstudentswhoscoredthelowestonanessaytestwerethemostcharitableintheirself-evaluations,whilehigh-scoringstudentsjudgedthemselvesmuchmorestrictly.Poorstudents,theauthorsnote,"lackinsight"intotheirowninadequacy.Whyshouldthisbe?Anotherstudy,ledbyCornellUniversitypsychologistDavidDunning,offersanenlighteningexplanation.Peoplewhoareincompetent,hewriteswithco-authorJustinKruger,sufferfroma“dualburden”:they'renotgoodatwhattheydo,andtheirineptness(笨拙)preventsthemfromrecognizinghowbadtheyare.InDunningandKruger'sstudy,subjectsscoringatthebottomoftheheapontestsoflogic,grammarandhumor"extremelyoverestimated"theirtalents.Althoughtheirtestscoresputtheminthe12thpercentile,theyguessedtheywereinthe62nd.Whattheseindividualslacked(inadditiontoclearlogic,propergrammarandasenseofhumor)was"metacognitiveskill"(元认知技巧):thecapacitytomonitorhowwellthey'reperforming.Intheabsenceofthatcapacity,thesubjectsarrivedatanoverlyhopefulviewoftheirownabilities.There'saparadox(悖论)here,theauthorsnote:“Theskillsthatdevelopcompetenceinaparticulardomainareoftentheverysameskillsnecessarytoevaluatecompetenceinthatdomain.”Inotherwords,togetbetteratjudginghowwellwe’redoingatanactivity,wehavetogetbetterattheactivityitself.Thereareacoupleofwaysoutofthisdoublebind(两难).First,wecanlearntomakehonestcomparisonswithothers.Trainyourselftorecognizeexcellence,evenwhenyouyourselfdon'tpossessit,andcomparewhatyoucandoagainstwhattrulyexcellentindividualsareabletoaccomplish.Second,seekoutfeedbackthatisfrequent,accurateandspecific.Findacriticwhowilltellyounotonlyhowpoorlyyou'redoing,butjustwhatitisthatyou'redoingwrong.AsDunningandKrugernote,successindicatestousthateverythingwentright,butfailureismoreambiguous:anynumberofthingscouldhavegonewrong.Usethisexternalfeedbacktofigureoutexactlywhereandwhenyouscrewedup.Ifweadoptthesestrategies-andmostimportantly,teachthemtoourchildren-theywon'tneedparents,oracommencement(毕业典礼)speaker,totellthemthatthey'respecial.They'llalreadyknowthattheyare,orhaveaplantogetthatway.8．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“tookissuewith”inparagraph1mostprobablymean?A．totallyapprovedof B．disagreedwithC．fullyunderstood D．helddiscussionabout9．Whatistheproblemthatshouldn'tbeoverlookedintheauthor’sopinion?A．wedon’tknowwhetherouryoungpeoplearetalentedornotB．youngpeoplecan'treasonablydefinethemselvesC．norequirementissetupforyoungpeopletogetbetterD．wealwaystendtoconsiderourselvestobeprivileged10．WhichisNOTmentionedaboutpoorstudentsaccordingtothepassage?A．Theylackthecapacitytomonitorhowwelltheyareperforming.B．Theyusuallygivethemselveshighscoresinself-evaluations.C．Theytendtobeunabletoknowexactlyhowbadtheyare.D．Theyareintelligentlyinadequateintestsandexams.11．Whatdoesthestrategiesofbecomingspecialsuggest?A．thebestwaytorecognizeexcellenceistostudypastsuccessandfailureB．throughcomparisonwithothers,onewillknowwhereandwhenhefailsC．weneedinternalhonestywithourselvesandexternalhonestyfromothersD．neitherparentsnoracommencementspeakercantellwhetheroneisspecial【答案】8．B9．B10．D11．C【解析】这是一篇说明文。到目前为止，关于“你并不特别”的演讲的越来越多，虽然许多父母抗议这种话语，但是我们的年轻人实际上并不知道他们是否特别有才华或有成就。很多研究发现，这种夸大的自我判断，而恰恰是在我们最不能胜任某项任务的时候，我们才会对自己的表现给出最慷慨的评价。文章分析了能力不够的人的一些表现，以及摆脱这种困境的方法。8．词义猜测题。根据后文hisego-puncturingwords.Butlostintheangerandprotestwassomethingwereallyshouldbetakingtoheart:ouryoungpeopleactuallyhavenoideawhetherthey'reparticularlytalentedoraccomplishedornot.可知，但在愤怒和抗议中迷失是我们真正应该铭记在心的事情：我们的年轻人实际上并不知道他们是否特别有才华或有成就。由此判断处出席典礼的父母们——以及互联网上的许多其他父母——都对他的自我伤害言论提出了争议。所以划线短语意思为“对……有争议”。故选B。9．推理判断题。根据第一段中Inoureagernesstoelevatetheirself-esteem,weforgottoteachthemhowtorealisticallyassesstheirownabilities,acrucialrequirementforgettingbetteratanythingfrommathtomusictosports.Infact,it'snotjustprivilegedhigh-schoolstudents:wealltendtoviewourselvesasaboveaverage.可知我们急于提升他们的自尊，却忘了教他们如何实际地评估自己的能力，而这是学好数学、音乐、体育等任何学科的关键要求。事实上，不仅仅是那些享有特权的高中生：我们都倾向于认为自己高于平均水平。由此判断出，在作者看来，年轻人无法合理地定义自己的问题不应该被忽视。故选B。10．细节理解题。根据第三段中Whattheseindividualslacked(inadditiontoclearlogic,propergrammarandasenseofhumor)was"metacognitiveskill":thecapacitytomonitorhowwellthey'reperforming.可知这些人所缺乏的(除了清晰的逻辑、正确的语法和幽默感之外)是“元认知技能”:监控自己表现的能力。由此可知A选项“他们缺乏监控自己表现的能力”文章提到了；第三段中InDunningandKruger'sstudy,subjectsscoringatthebottomoftheheapontestsoflogic,grammarandhumor"extremelyoverestimated"theirtalents.可知在Dunning和Kruger的研究中，在逻辑、语法和幽默测试中得分最低的受试者“极度高估”了自己的才能。由此可知，B选项“”文章提到了；根据第二段中Peoplewhoareincompetent,hewriteswithco-authorJustinKruger,sufferfroma“dualburden”:they'renotgoodatwhattheydo,andtheirineptnesspreventsthemfromrecognizinghowbadtheyare.可知他与合著者JustinKruger写道，能力不够的人承受着“双重负担”:他们不擅长自己的工作，而他们的无能使他们无法认识到自己有多糟糕。由此可知C选项“他们往往无法确切知道自己有多糟糕”文章提到了；只有D选项“他们在测验和考试中不够聪明”文章没有提到。故选D。11．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中First,wecanlearntomakehonestcomparisonswithothers.Trainyourselftorecognizeexcellence,evenwhenyouyourselfdon'tpossessit,andcomparewhatyoucandoagainstwhattrulyexcellentindividualsareabletoaccomplish(首先，我们可以学会诚实地与他人比较，训练自己认识到优秀，即使你自己没有，并将你能做的和真正优秀的人能完成的进行比较)以及后文Findacriticwhowilltellyounotonlyhowpoorlyyou'redoing,butjustwhatitisthatyou'redoingwrong.Usethisexternalfeedbacktofigureoutexactlywhereandwhenyouscrewedup.(找一个批评者，他不仅会告诉你你做得有多糟糕，还会告诉你你做错了什么。利用这些外部反馈，准确地找出你是在何时何地把事情搞砸的。)由此判断出，变得特别的策略意味着我们需要内在的诚实对待自己，外在的诚实对待他人。故选C。4.（2020届辽宁省锦州市高三一模）Jellyfishareunusualcreatures.They’reneitherfishnorjelly.Someareamongthemostcolourfulcreaturesintheworld,butit’sbesttolookbutnottouchtheseinvertebrates（无脊椎动物）.Notonlyaretheyveryfragilecreatures,butmanygiveapainfulsting,andsomeareevendeadly.Whetheryouadmiretheminanaquariumortrytoavoidtheminthewild,youwon’tbeabletogetthesefascinatingjellyfishfactsoutofyourhead.Here’sajellyfishfactthatmightcomeinhandy:Thereareseveralnamesforagroupofjellyfish.Theyincludesmack,bloom,andswarm.Choosethewordyoupreferdependingonwhetheryouthinkthejellyfishpacklookslikeagardenofbloomingflowersormorelikeafrighteningpackofstingers,andwhetheryou’readmiringthematanaquariumorifyouandyourfellowsnorkelersaresurrounded.Jellyfishhavetwomainformsintheirlifecyclethatlookquitedifferentfromeachother.ScientificAmericanexplainsthatanadultjellyfish,calledamedusa,hasabell-shapedbodywithtentacles（触须）flowingdownbelowit.Youngjellyfish,calledpolyps,lookmorelikeseaanemones,withshortertentaclesthatflowupabovethemainbody.Medusasreproducebyreleasingeggs.MelanieRoberts,SeniorAquaristatSeaWorldOrlando,saysthatthelargestjellyfishintheworldisalion’smanejellyfish.Thebodyofthisbeautifulorangejellycangrowuptothreefeetindiameter.Withits12,000tentaclesthatcangrow120feetlong,Oaddsthatthelion’smanejellycomparesinsizetotheplanet’slargestanimal:thebluewhale.Regardlessoftheirsize,jellyfisharemostlymadeofwater.Infact,they’reabout95percentwater.Thesecreaturesdon’thavebrains,blood,orbones.Andmostjellyfishdon’thaveeyes.Jellyfishalsousetheirmouthsbothforeatingandforwasteremoval.8．Whycan’twetouchjellyfish?A．Becausetheymaybestung.B．Becausetheymaydieeasily.C．Becausetheymayfeelpainful.D．Becausetheymayhurtpeople.9．Whatarejellyfishnamedafter?A．Itssize. B．Itscolor.C．Itsappearance. D．Itslifestyle.10．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Mouthisanimportantorganforjellyfish.B．Polypscanclonethemselvesbylayingeggs.C．Thelargestjellyfishintheworldis120feetlong.D．Medusashavetentaclesflowingupabovethebody.11．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．Severalfactsaboutjellyfish.B．Thetwomainformsofjellyfish.C．Jellyfishareneitherfishnorjelly.D．Jellyfishhavemanydifferentnames.【答案】8．D9．C10．A11．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了关于水母的一些信息。8．细节理解题。由第一段“Notonlyaretheyveryfragilecreatures,butmanygiveapainfulsting,andsomeareevendeadly”可知，水母不仅是非常脆弱的生物，而且很多水母会刺痛人类，有些甚至是致命的。所以为什么我们不能触摸水母是因为他们可能会伤害人。故选D项。9．细节理解题。由第二段“Choosethewordyoupreferdependingonwhetheryouthinkthejellyfishpacklookslikeagardenofbloomingflowersormorelikeafrighteningpackofstingers”可知，选择你更喜欢的词取决于你认为水母群看起来像一个盛开的花园还是更像一群可怕的刺。所以水母是以它的外表命名的。故选C项。10．细节理解题。由最后段“Jellyfishalsousetheirmouthsbothforeatingandforwasteremoval”可知，水母还利用它们的嘴来进食和清除废物。所以我们能从这篇文章中学到嘴是水母重要的器官。故选A项。11．主旨大意题。由第一段，第二段,第三段,第四段“Notonlyaretheyveryfragilecreatures,butmanygiveapainfulsting,andsomeareevendeadly.Here’sajellyfishfactthatmightcomeinhandy.Jellyfishhavetwomainformsintheirlifecyclethatlookquitedifferentfromeachother.MelanieRoberts,SeniorAquaristatSeaWorldOrlando,saysthatthelargestjellyfishintheworldisalion’smanejellyfish”可知，它们不仅是非常脆弱的生物，而且很多会刺痛你，有些甚至是致命的。这是一个关于水母的事实，可能会派上用场。水母在它们的生命周期中有两种主要的形态，它们看起来非常不同。奥兰多海洋世界的资深动物检疫员梅勒妮·罗伯茨说，世界上最大的水母是狮鬃水母。所以短文从不同的角度介绍了水母的一些信息。所以短文的最佳标题为“关于水母的几条信息”。故选A项。5.（2020届辽宁省锦州市高三一模）Fancyyourownsatellite?ArizonaStateUniversityisworkingtowardsmakingthisarealitywithitsSunCubeFemtoSatproject.SmallerthanastandardCubeSat,thelow-caststudent-designedspacecraftisaimedatprovidinggreateraccesstospaceforscientistsandhobbyistsalike.AssistantprofessorJekanThangaandateamofstudentshavebeendevelopingtheSunCubeFemtoSatforthepasttwoyears.Thesmall3×3×3cmcubeweighsinatjust35gandalonger(3×3×9cm,100g)modelhasalsobeendesigned,whichincludesstoragespace.EachSunCubeFemtoSathasitsowncommunication,datacollectionandpropulsion(推进)systemsandispoweredbysolarpanels.Itismadeofoff-the-shelfpartsthatareavailableinshops,andtheenergy-efficientsolarpanelsarecutfromscrap(碎片),whichmakesitsaveenergy,soldatadiscountbymanufacturers.“Withaspacecraftofthissize,anyuniversitycandoit,”saysThanga.“That’spartofourmajorgoal—spacediscoveryforeverybody.”TheteamsaysthatwhilelaunchingyourownsatellitewouldusuallycostbetweenUS$60,000-70,000perkilo,itwouldonlycost$1,000tosendaSunCubeFemtoSattotheInternationalSpaceStation,and$3,000tosenditintolowearthorbit.Leavingtheearth’sgravitywouldcostanestimated$27,000.TheFemtoSatwouldbepackedwitha“jackinthebox”stylesystemthatmatchesstandardCubeSatsizes(around10cubiccm),simplifyingtheprocessofgettingthetinysatelliteintoorbit.NASAhassent30CubeSatsintospaceoverthelastyears,withanother50awaitinglaunch.ThangaandhisstaffviewtheFemtoSatasastartingpointforscientistsandstudents,andevenhopethedevicecouldbeboughtonthewebsitelikeAmazononeday.Thangaimaginesdevelopingfourmainapplicationsforthedevice,includinghands-ontestingexperiencesforstudents,andartificialgravityexperiments.Inaddition,groupsofSunCubeFemtoSatscouldeventuallybeabletodothejoboflargerspacecraftatavastlydiscountedcost.12．WhatisthemajorgoaloftheSunCubeFemtoSatproject?A．Toactonteachinginouterspace. B．Toprovideaccesstospacecraftdesign.C．Tohelpcarryoutaclassroomexperiment. D．Tohelpaverageindividualsexplorespace.13．WhatisspecialaboutSunCubeFemtoSats?A．Theyareofthesamesize. B．Theyareenergy-efficient.C．Theyaremainlydesignedforlabuse. D．Theyaremainlyusedtocollectinformation.14．WhatdoesThangaexpectofSunCubeFemtoSats?A．They’llbeavailableonline. B．They’llbeprovidedforfree.C．They’llmatchthesizeofCubeSats. D．They’llbesentintospacewithCubeSats.15．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．FemtoSatsWillRuleSpace B．YourOwnSatelliteIsComingC．GoingintoSpaceHasBeenAfforable D．YoucanDesignYourOwnSpacecraft【答案】12．D13．B14．A15．B【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一种微型卫星的成功研制将使大众探索太空成为可能。12．推理判断题。根据第一段中最后一句SmallerthanastandardCubeSat,thelow-caststudent-designedspacecraftisaimedatprovidinggreateraccesstospaceforscientistsandhobbyistsalike.“这艘由学生设计的低空太空飞船比标准的立方体卫星要小，旨在为科学家和业余爱好者提供更多的太空探索机会。”和第三段最后一句“That’spartofourmajorgoal—spacediscoveryforeverybody.”“这是我们主要目标的一部分——为所有人探索太空。”可以推断出，研制这种微型卫星的主要目的是帮助大众探索太空。故选D。13．细节理解题。根据第三段一、二两句EachSunCubeFemtoSathasitsowncommunication,datacollectionandpropulsion(推进)systemsandispoweredbysolarpanels.Itismadeofoff-the-shelfpartsthatareavailableinshops,andtheenergy-efficientsolarpanelsarecutfromscrap(碎片),whichmakesitsaveenergy,soldatadiscountbymanufacturers.“每个太阳立方飞秒望远镜都有自己的通信、数据收集和推进系统，并由太阳能电池板供电。它是由商店里现成的零件制成的，而高效节能的太阳能电池板是从废料中切割出来的，这使得它能够节约能源，并在制造商那里打折出售。”可知，这种微型卫星用太阳能板供电，所用的材料都是节能环保的。故选B。14．细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句ThangaandhisstaffviewtheFemtoSatasastartingpointforscientistsandstudents,andevenhopethedevicecouldbeboughtonthewebsitelikeAmazononeday.“Thanga和他的工作人员将飞向地球视为科学家和学生的一个起点，甚至希望有一天能在亚马逊这样的网站上买到这种设备。”可知，Thanga希望人们能够在网上买到FemtoSats。故选A。15．标题归纳提。根据第一段中的关键句“Fancyyourownsatellite”和第三段中的关键句“That’spartofourmajorgoal—spacediscoveryforeverybody”可以归纳出，B项“你自己的卫星就要来了”作为标题最能够反映文章主题且吸引读者。故选B。6.（2020届辽宁省辽阳市高三一模）MostofEarth’sfreshwatersitsunderground.Worldwide,about70percentofthegroundwaterdrawntothesurfacegoesforfarming.Butsurfacewaters—riversandstreams—comefromgroundwater,too.Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpointwhensmallactionscanbeginmakingunusuallybigdifferences.Anewstudyhasfoundthat15to21percentoftappedwater(自来水)areashavereachedthissortoftippingpoint.Mostofthosetappedriversandstreamsareindryareas.Farmersintheseareasusegroundwatertowatertheircrops.Atpresentdrawingrates,thestudypredictsthat42to79percentofwaterareasaroundtheworldwheregroundwaterisdrawnupforuseatthesurfacewillreachtippingpointsby2050.Ahealthygroundwateraquifer(含水层)protectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheuseofwater.Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.Butiftoomuchgroundwaterisdrawnupfrombelow,surfacewaterswillbegintoflowintotheaquifer,whichcanharmwhatarelivinginriversandstreams.DeGraafandthestudyteamsetupacomputermodel.Itlinkedgroundwaterdrawingandwaterflowswithinrivers.Themodelcoveredfiftyyears,from1960to2010.Thentheresearchersusedclimateforecaststohelpthemodelpredictwhatmighthappeninfutureyears.Throughout,theykeptgroundwaterdrawingratessustainable.Morethanhalfofdrawnwaterareasarelikelytocrossthisecologicaltippingpointbefore2050,themodelfinds.“Weneedtobethinkingaboutthisnow,notin10years,”DeGraafsays.“Ourstudyshowsuswheretotargetmoresustainableefforts.”8．Whatdoesthe“tippingpoint”inparagraph1mean?A．Endpoint. B．Breakingpoint.C．Freezingpoint. D．Boilingpoint.9．Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthetext?A．Warnusthatthesurfacewatercanpollutethegroundwater.B．Warnusofwateringthecropbygroundwater.C．Tellustherelationofgroundwaterandsurfacewater.D．Warnusthattheoveruseofgroundwatercandestroytheecosystem.10．Whatisthepartthegroundwaterplaysintheenvironment?A．Keepingthestabilityofnaturalwater.B．Protectingecosystemsfrompollution.C．Clearingsurfacewaterstobedrinkable.D．Providingstabilityforthelocaleconomy.11．Howdidtheresearchersconductthestudy?A．Theypredictedtheresultbasedontheolddata.B．Theyhappenedtoworkouttheresult.C．Theymeasuredallthegroundwaterandsurfacewater.D．Theydidquestionnairesurveysonthewaterinformation.【答案】8．B9．D10．A11．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究预测，到2050年，全球42%至79%的地下水被开采出来供地表使用的水域将达到临界点，这可能会损害淡水生态系统。研究人员呼吁现在就要开始考虑地下水可持续发展努力的方向。8．词义猜测题。根据第一段中Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.Scientistsconsiderthisatippingpointwhensmallactionscanbeginmakingunusuallybigdifferences.可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统。科学家认为这是一个tippingpoint，小行动可以开始产生不同寻常的大差异。由此可知，推断这是一个转折点，因此猜测划线短语tippingpoint意为“转折点，临界点”。故选B项。9．推理判断题。根据第一段中Drawingtoomuchgroundwateroverashorttimecanbeharmful.Naturalwaterwayscanbegintoempty.Andthatcanhurtfreshwaterecosystems.可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统；以及最后一段“Weneedtobethinkingaboutthisnow,notin10years,”DeGraafsays.“Ourstudyshowsuswheretotargetmoresustainableefforts.”可知，“我们需要现在就考虑这个问题，而不是10年后，”DeGraaf说。“我们的研究为我们指明了更多可持续努力的方向。”由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是警告我们过度使用地下水会破坏生态系统。故选D项。10．细节理解题。根据第三段中Ahealthygroundwateraquifer(含水层)protectsecosystemsagainstseasonalupsanddownsintheuseofwater.Thatprovidesstabilityforareaplantsandanimals.可知，健康的地下水含水层保护生态系统免受水利用的季节性波动。这为当地的动植物提供了稳定性。由此可知，地下水在环境中的重要作用是保持天然水的稳定。故选A项。11．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中DeGraafandthestudyteamsetupacomputermodel.Itlinkedgroundwaterdrawingandwaterflowswithinrivers.Themodelcoveredfiftyyears,from1960to2010.Thentheresearchersusedclimateforecaststohelpthemodelpredictwhatmighthappeninfutureyears.可知，DeGraaf和研究小组建立了一个计算机模型。它将地下水抽取和河流中的水流联系起来。该模型涵盖了从1960年到2010年的50年。然后，研究人员利用气候预测来帮助模型预测未来几年可能发生的事情。由此可知，研究人员根据旧的数据预测了结果。故选A项。7.（2020届辽宁省辽阳市高三一模）Extrafingersarenotthatrare.Aboutone