新托福阅读讲义

一iBT托福阅读理解的形式阅读,6个段子)文章长度:650-750题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,759测试时间:20测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30iBT托福阅读的重(1):辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真 FALSE?NOTGeneralstatement Somedetails词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW托福阅读是以句子为的阅读的本获取有效消除阅读文章结构特文章主体分为结构主体和细节主结构主体(支撑):段(文章的前几段)和句(每段的前几细节主体(填充文章具体结构如Intro:background(细节&topic(结构Body:sub-topic(结构 ysis(细节)&evidence(细节Conclusion:topic(结构快速笔记方快速笔记的意辅助思维框架索引快速笔记的结构主体的时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母举例新概念和概重要的逻辑快速笔记的简单符号快速笔记的重要性和必要 阅读中的指导性逻好笔记的特笔记中有清晰的逻辑根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复阅读和口语的关规范口语的提供口语表达的二.阅读精 句子结构分析和解析方句子阅读中的定前置定语后置定 adjphrase形容词短语abookusefulforyouprepphrase介词短语:apenonthedeskv-ing/-edphrase分词短语: walkingontheroad;adevelopedforthe不定式awaytosolvethe注分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的不定代词只能用后置定不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第:sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem定语从句关系代词引导定语从句:that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完关系连词:when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完介词+关系代词:inwhich,此关系代词不包括同位语:同语一样处 删AB(定语从句/同位语从句A,orAthat+句子(完整句AofB:thecityof状语:处理方式---Adv副Prepphrase介词短分词不定注 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主并列并列连词的用法:并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----that引导的各种S+V+THAT+句子(完整句 宾语从S+系动词+表语+句 表语从ItVithat句It+be+adj+that+句 完整That句子Nthat句子+同位语(完整句定语从句(非完整句SVithat+句子ThesunrisesthatisS+be+adj+that+句子:Thedeskiscleanthatisusedbystudent(定语从句ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位语从复杂句的阅读方 层次化句子阅读括号……关联词(完整句关联词+非完整句化右括号的条件句子连接句子的并列连词或标点符号1:However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)2:Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.3:Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyofthebetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位语,删除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).4:Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(同位语),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.例5: ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat 6:Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeorcarvedinmarble).7:Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)独立主格结构.8:Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewaywhich(workersmadegoodssince1790’s) 〕,NorthAmerican broadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))9:Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury),(arefrequently第736P.S.:P.S.:独立主1.with+V-ing/v-Prepphrase不能单独通常作伴随\方式名词是所发出动作或所承受状态主例Tomlayontheground,withhiseyeslookingatthesky.Tomgetintotheclass,withhisnosered.ATM:Transactionbeingprocessed,please例10:AfewartcollectorsJamesBownIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位)introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists〕andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoicouragement〕.(2)倒装句的阅读部分倒装处理方法:把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还完全倒装的处理构成主语的成分代The+形容完全倒装的判断第936的P.S.的P.S.三要素较主点结分类动态动态比较句的形(1)S+Vi++than例IrunfasterthanTomdoesTom.(唯一正确上两个用在口语中也（２）S+Vt+O+例：IloveyoumorethanTomdoesTom.(唯一正确用法，上两个用在中也可（３）S+Vt+ ＋O+than+ /forum-64-例：Iraisemorepigsthan构．Basictoanyunderstandingofthedisadvantagesofbuildingalargefactorynearacommunityis.例1:Herein(adv)lay(宾语)thebeginningofwhatultimay(最终)turnedfromignorance(无知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesin2:Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主语sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.3:WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit)独立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.没有倒4:BasictoanyunderstandingofCanadainthe20yearsaftertheSecondWorldWar(宾语)isthecountry’simpressivepopulationgrowth(主语).句子结构:adjprepB+beAAbeadjprep例5:Amongthespeciesofseabirds(thatusethewindstcliffoftheAtlanticcoastofCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoung)arecommonmurres,Atlanticpuffins,black-leggedkittiwakes,andnortherngannets(主语).句子结构:AmongAbeBBA的一部6:Implicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswell:(thatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmustbringtheirownaestheticsensibilitiesintoharmony)).7:Mostimportantperhapswasthattheyhadallmaintainedwithcertainfidelity(状语)amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapesartist,Thomas(whobuiltacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery〔bordingtheHudsonRiver〔)).句型结构:S+Vt+prep+n1(介词短语)+n2,Vt的宾语实际上例8:Withtheturn-of-centuryCraftsmovementandthediscoveryofnontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(独立主格),suchaswoodenAfricanfiguresandmasks,therearoseanewurgeforhands-on, alexecutionofartandaninteractionwiththemedium(主语).9:Accustomedthoughweareto(倒装)speakingofthefibefore1927as‘slient’,thefilmhasneverbeenseen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.句型结构adjthoughSbeprepnthoughSbeadjprep+n,仅发生在让步状语从句中.10:Coincidentwithconcernsabouttheacceleratinglossofspeciesandhabitatshasbeenagrowingappreciationoftheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity,thenumberofspeciesinaparticularecosystem(同位语),tothehealthoftheEarthandhumanwell-being(主语句型结构theimportanceofAtoBAB的重要11MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration(主语),fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.12:Indeedhaditnotbeenforthesuperbpreservationofthesefossils(虚拟ifithadnotbeentheymightwellhavebeenclassifiedas强调句的阅读构成：Itbe+强调成分＋that/who+其他成句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．1:Itwasjustadecadebeforethis(强调句)thatmanydrugcompanieshadfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketingandwerequicktosupplypracticingphysicianswithgeneroussamplesofvitaminsandliteratureextollingthevirtueofsupplementationforavatietyofhealth-related2:Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,(强调句)whopublishedthefirstofficecopiesoftheDeclaraton,thefirstcopie(thatincludedthenamesofsingersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteen3:Itwasinthecities(强调句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared-----theuseofmoneycommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoalorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools).---快速阅读与有效阅读中的详略结 需要详细阅读的结构主体的非举例性质的概括题目回原文的内可以快速浏览的大量的数据明显的举例:为何而举,举例主体,结束对比\类比读让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构 模糊理解理阅读中的恶 指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅理解单位和阅读加大理解单位,变单词为意群组 焦点训练可以合并为意群的成分副介词短分词短非谓语的不主语和谓语或谓语和固定搭例:Generally,inordertobepinthefossilrecord,organismsmustprosesshardbodypartssuchasssorbones.Soft,fleshystructuresarequicklydestroyedbypredatorsordecayedbybacteria.Evenhardpartsleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthoftimewillbedestroyed.Therefore,organismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbyelementsandtobeprotectedagainstagentsofweatheringanderosion.MarineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforfossilizationinthefossilorganismsbethanthoselivingonthelandbecausetheinthefossilorganismsbeinorderhardbodyinorderhardbodysuchassorSoft,structuresarequicklybyordecayedbyEvenhardleftonthesurfaceforcertainlengthofwilltoorganismsmusttoorganismsmustbeburiedbyandtobebyandtobeprotectedagainstagentsofandMarineorganismsthusarebettercandidatesforthanthoselivingonthebecausetheoceanistypicallythesitewhereasthelandislargelythesiteof构建阅读逻辑,变翻译为---强调一遍阅文章的类型和文章类型参见OG19顺承式:时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构分类式:分类方式及类别特征树型结构问题解决式\现象解释式 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构题材自然生物植物学:植物的分类和动物学:动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生微生物学:真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固地理\地形\地貌特征:成因\分布\气候\生态\地质事件:成因或原理\过程\影天文具体的星体特征:基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量);大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷);表面特征;水和生命形式;人天文学事件:成因\过程\考古古生物:恐龙(),鸟类(进化史→modern古代遗址\遗迹:中国的古代气象性天气:成因\过程\危害\预天气预报:\计算机技新技术和新事发展特征及人文a.历土人:生活\\艺都市化过程 人口增市扩张\交通发展\经济繁历史学和人原始人生活变迁:游牧到(农业古代文流派:产生\思想\作家:生平\作绘画和流类型:城市画音乐心理学:人类情感分三.新托福阅读词汇题(Vocabulary词汇题简介和提问方式:OG25词汇题的解答认识：直接解题，沾边不认识 推断：从词的本上下文：因果＼对比＼解指代题(Reference指代题简介和提问方式:OG26~27指代题的解答代从句的主语指代主语的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义关系代词指代先行词(结构不影响指代关系重复概念指代:Tomandhiscat(就近原则someofsomenofn,others指名some+v,someothers共指之前概名词优先选择题干的上下aisakindofA,Aa的上意若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代注意被指代对象往往在代词之从句开头往后找答案指代的传递现象Jupitersandothergiantplanetareofalow-densitytypequitedistinctfromtheterrestrialplanets:theyarecomposedpredominantlyofsuchsubstancesashydrogen,helium,ammonia,andmethane. passagereferstonucleargiantIfthephysicalbarriersoftheplantbreached,thenpreformedchemicalsmayinhibitorkilltheintruder,andplanttissuescontainadiversearrayoftoxicorpotentiallytoxicsubstances,suchasresins,tannins,glycosides,andalkaloids,manyofwhicharehighlyeffectivedeterrentstoinsectsthatfeedonpassagerefersAciculturists,peoplewhoraisebirsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinuetolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvival passagereferstoWhatisparticularlymeaningfultoanthropologyistherealizationthatalthoughthematerialavailabletoasocietymaytosomeextendlimitorinfluencewhatitcandoartistically,thematerialsbynomeansdeterminewhatisTheworditinthepassagereferstoSomeoftheirbasketswerecomplecoveredwithspendants;others passagerefersfeatersthatmadethebaskets’surfacesassoftasthebreastsofbirds.(A)(B)(C)(D) AmericansofEuropeandescentsuchpassagerefersThomasEakins,RobertHenri,and(A)AmericansofLuks,whohadincludedsofdescentintheirpaintingsasserious stereotypes,AfricanAmericanartistsofperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayal(D)themselvesandtheirlivesintheStates.Astheybegantostriveforandcuturalindependence.Theirtowardthemselveschanged,and,to society tochangetheir事实信息题(FactualInformation事实题简介和提问方式:OG20事实题的正确选项特征 原文重现和同义改细节类题目的干扰信息滞信息滞留点的信息滞留点的表现A在原文的出现,B在原文中不出现.,A+B在选项中出现A\B均在原文中出现,A+B在选项中出现A+B在原文中出现.AB在选项中出现干扰选项虚较:如果选项中出现了\\绝对化描述或范围的扩张,则该选项优先不为正确选项,在除非在原文存在比较的一答非所问:确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系（地名＼专有名词＼题目的概念）Scanning:在原文中寻找某特定概念寻 及其相关概念的第一次出现位 验证选项中的概念和最大的概念组合是否在文章中出现确保所选答案和题干构成因果关系确保所选答案和原文构成因果关系否定事实信息题(NegativeInformation否定事实题简介和提问方式:参见OG21局部否定事实题目的特特对应原文某一处描述,通常是举对应原文两处或两处以上描述,并且通常是分散举例或排比(未被解答优先利用笔记进行判断排除充分利用已做题目进行根据选项中的进行定位排直选和排除尽量最后全局否定事实题目的特推断题(Inference推断题简介和提问方式:OG23推断题的特点和正确答案不在原文中直推理的逻辑因果对比:时间对比;直接对比;比例对比(在总量构成不变的情推理错误:附加条件(收敛线理修辞目的题(RhetoricalPurpose修辞目的题见解和提问方式:参见OG24修辞目的题的分类和段落顺承:无明显转折:有表示对比转折关系的支持:有表示举例的Itisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhave extinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspecies’deathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmay ebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimay,intheWhatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinearth’shistoryTheyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalfromtheiroriginalforms.TheyhavebeenabletoadaptItisestimatedthatover99percentofallspeciesthateverexistedhave extinct.Whatcausesextinction?Whenspeciesisnolongeradaptedtoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.Theexactcausesofaspecies’deathvaryfromsituationtosituation.Rapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.Forexample,temperaturesmaychangeandaspeciesmaynotbeabletoadapt.Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmay ebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimay,intheWhatdoestheauthorsayinparagraph1regardingmostspeciesinearth’shistoryTheyhaveremainedbasicallyunchangedfromtheiroriginalfromtheiroriginalforms.TheyhavebeenabletoadapttoecologicalTheyhavecausedrapidchangeintheTheyarenolongerinwhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph1asresultingfromrapidecologicalTemperatureAvailabilityoffoodIntroductionofnewCompetitionamong3.Whyisplanktonmentionedintheofa differentextinctionhasoccurredthroughout Toemphasizetheimportanceofhistoryofearth.Recentysesresourcesinpreventingmassalsorevealedthatonsome manyspeciesbecameextinctattheorganismsthatliveonthelandofthosetime----amassextinction.Oneofliveinthebest-knownexamplesofmass(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciesoccurred65millionyearsagowith edemiseofdinosaursandmany4.Accordingtoparagraph2,evidenceformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestfossilessuggestsextinctionwasonethatoccurred(A)extinctionofspecieshasoccurredmillionyearsago,whenapproximatimetotimethroughoutearth’s95percentofallspeciesdied,(B)Extinctionsonearthhavegenerallyextinctionscanbecausedbyarapidchangeintheenvironmentand(C)therehasbeenonlyonemassextinction earth’sinterrelationshipofmanyspecies.If,(D)dinosaursbecameextinctmucheasierexample,somethingweretohappenscientisroriginallydestorymuchoftheplankonin5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredoceans,thentheoxygencontentofthetheorymentionedinparagraphwoulddrop,affectionevenorganismsnotlivingintheoceans.SuchachangewouldprobablyleadtoamassOneinteresting,andcontroversial,findingisthatextinctionsduringthepast250millionyearshavetendedtobemoreintenseevery26millionyears.Thisperiodicextinctionmightbeduetointersectionoftheearth’sorbitwithacloudofcomets,butthistheoryispurelyspeculative.Someresearchershavealsospeculatedthatextinctionmayoftenberandom.Thatis,certainspeciesmaybeeliminatedandothersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason.Aspecies’survivalmayhavenothingtodowithitsabilityorinabilitytoadapt.Ifso,someofevolutionaryhistorymayreflectasequenceofessentiallyrandomevents.Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtodisagreewithit.Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecentlybeenfound. MostscientistsbelievethetheorytoInparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutaspecies’ItreflecstheinterrelationshipofmanyItmaydependonchanceItdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestoItisassociatedwith7.Accordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthelargestextinctionofaspeciesoccurred(A)26millionyears65millionyears225millionyears250millionyears句子简化题(SentenceSimplification句子简化题简介和提问方式:参见OG28句子简化的两个层面:语义和逻常见的逻辑关系转换----“明显隐含”关（４）句子简化题解题步骤１）寻找给定句子中的逻辑关系：因果＼比较＼＼否定．２）确定与逻辑相关的语义：原因和结果，作用对象，最简化原则３）（由主到次）再验证逻辑否明显否定关系的特色词汇:no,not,none,never,neither,隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,否定词缀less.因明显因果关系的特色词汇:because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothatasaresulttherefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.隐含因果关系的特色词汇表示导致含义:leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,使役动词,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.由而来:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.反映,体现:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,考虑到…,依赖…:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.条件关系ifwhen,while,asassoonasaslongas,虚拟条件句粉刺短语\不定式\独立主格作比明显比较关系的特色词汇 同级比较\隐含比较关系的特色词汇“变化”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progressadvance,growdegenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.“差异same“”:surpass,exceed,transcend, \绝对明显/绝对化关系的特色词汇:-est/隐含\绝对化关系的特色词汇否定加比较nothingcanbetterthan程度较深的词:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(修饰价格的TheCivilInvolvementinawarispainfultoanynation.Nonationswantstosentit’syoungpeopletofightanddie.Itisevenworsewhenthewarisfoughtwithinthecountry,butworstofalliswhenacountryfindsitselfdivided,andpeopleofthesamenationfighteachother.InAmerica’shistory,themostpainfulperiodissurelytheCivilWar.Thecivilwarwasfoughtformanycomplexreasons.Probablythemostimportantwastheissueofslavery.TheSouthernstates,dependentonslavesforproducingcotton,wantedtocontinuethepracticeofslaverywhiletheindustrializedNorthernstateswantedtoabolishit.Theissueof“States’Right”,therightofindividualstatestomakelawswithoutinterferencefromthenational ernment,wasalsoverydivisive.TherewereevenbasiccuturaldifferenceswhichcausedfrictionbetweenNothernersandSoutherners.(1)AllofthesefactorsledtoawarbetweentheNorthandSouthwhichwouldbethebloodiestinthenation’shistory.Bothsidessufferedterriblyinthewar.Familiesweretornapartasfathers,sons,andbrotherschosedifferentsides.Hundredsofthousandsofyoungmendiedonbothsides.ThecityofAtlantawasburnedtotheground.FoutunewereruinedandtheeconomyoftheSouthernstateswaswrecked.(2)Thepeopleonbothsidessuffered,andthatsu