研究生实用英语写作7-the-whole-composition课件

TheWholeCompositionTheWholeComposition1★StepsinWritingaComposition

★Organizationofacomposition

★TypesofWriting

★StepsinWritingaCompositi21.StepsinWritingaCompositionPlanacomposition:workoutathesisoratheme;providefactsordetailsWriteanoutline:eitheratopicoutlineorasentenceoutlineWritethefirstdraftRevisethefirstdraft:checkifthereareanygrammarorspellingmistakes,andiftheparagraphsareproperlyorganized1.StepsinWritingaComposit3Example1:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“autobiography”?Workoutathesis/purposeWhichdimension/aspectdoyouwishtotellothers?Character?Family?career?love?friends?Character.I’mopen-mindedanddiligent.Whatmaterialsdomeneedtosupportthiscenter?Brainstorm:Myname,mybirthdate,myhometown,myfamilymembers,mymother’sjob,myfather’sjobandcharacter,myelementaryschool,highschool,collegetime,hardworkinuniversity,myleisure-timerelaxation,myworkingexperience,etc.Example1:Whatstepsshouldw4Outline:

I:Myname,myage,myfamilypoorbutharmonious.Surroundedbyparents’loveandcare,Ihavebeenkindandopen-mindedtoothers.Whilehavingwitnessedparents’sweatandtears,Ihavebecomediligentand

independent.

II:Inprimaryschool(sharefoodwithanotherpoorerpupilbutneverletparentsknowthat,andfinallygetstomachtrouble)

III:Inhighschool(winthe1stprizeineachtest)

IV:Inuniversity(dopart-timejobstosupportlivingandstudyexpense)

V:Thereisstillalongwaytogoinmylife,butwithkindness,self-relianceanddiligence,IamconfidentthatIcanrealizeallmydreamsandgoals.Iamsogratefultomydearestparents,fortheyhavetaughtmethemostimportantqualitiesforaperson.Outline:

I:Myname,myage,m5Example2:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“Snowskiing”?

Firstwenarrowdownthetopictothisone:

Snowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.

Nowlet’scollectmaterialsbybrainstorming:1.

Howwouldyoudescribeit?2.

Wheredopeopleplayit?3.

Howmanypeopleareneeded?4.

Whatkindofequipmentisnecessary?5.

Howcanthisactivityexcitepeoplementallyandaffectpeoplephysically?6.

Whywouldyourecommendittosomeone?7.Isitadangeroussport?Ifso,howtoavoidthepotentialdangers?Example2:Whatstepsshouldw6SnowSkiingOutdoorrecreation;energeticactivity;individualfunactivity;seebeautyofmountains(theAlps,Switzerland);wonderfulsceneryandwildlife;beneficialtoourhealth;goodforphysicalfitness;excellentyetchallengingexercise;adventurous;notgoodforallages;Skiingequipment:skisuit,skiboot,skipole;anexpensivesportCanbedangerous;considertheweatherconditions,theslopeconditions(especiallydownhillskiing),avalanche;obeythewarningsigns;considerone’sownabilitySnowSkiing7Nowlet’sselectandorganizethematerials,andformanoutline:SnowSkiing

ⅠSnowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.ⅡTheymustconsidertheweatherconditions.A.TemperatureB.

WindC.

StormyorclearweatherⅢTheymustconsidertheslopeconditions.A.

IcysurfacesB.

RocksandtreestumpsC.

VisibilityD.

CrowdsⅣTheymustconsidertheirownability.A.

BeginnerB.

IntermediateC.

ExpertⅤTheymustobeythewarningsigns.A.

Out-of-boundsmarkersB.

“Slow”signsC.

HazardsⅥSnowskiingisasafeandenjoyablewintersportifskierstakeafewprecautions.Nowlet’sselectandorganize82.OrganizationTHEESSAY

IntroductoryParagraph-GeneralStatements(RefertoPage36)THESISSTATEMENTBodyParagraphs-TOPICSENTENCE(RefertoPage42)SupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)ConcludingParagraph-CONCLUDINGSENTENCE(S)(RefertoPage38)FinalThoughts2.Organization92.OrganizationSomeprinciples:unity,coherence,continuity,completeness,properweighttosupportingdetailsTheopeningparagraph:differentwaystostartacompositionThebodyparagraphs:(Refertothe7waystoorganizeaparagraphandrefertotheexampleonPage43).Theconcludingparagraph:differentwaystoendacomposition(RefertoPage38orrefertothewaystoendaparagraph).2.OrganizationSomeprinciples10FourpurposesoftheopeningparagraphItstatesthetopicoftheessay.Itgivesbackgroundinformationonthetopic.Itshouldarousethereader’scuriosityaboutorinterestinthetopic.Itoftenindicatesthefocus,purpose,ordirectionoftheessay.Howtowriteagoodopeningparagraph?Giveastrikingfact(suchasfigures,statistics,studies,orresearches)oroddproblemthatcanarousecuriosityorinterestandthatisrelatedtotheessaytopic.Askaquestionthattheessaywillanswer.Useavividquotationfromagoodsource.Tellastorythatillustratesthemainpointoftheessay.Writeadirectopening,settingthemoodorscene.Fourpurposesoftheopeningp11

Quotation

Everythinginthisuniverseisperpetuallyinastageofchange,afactcommentedonbyphilosophersandpoetsthroughtheages.Ifweflickthroughanybookofquotationswefindnumerousstatementsaboutthefluctuatingworldwelivein:“Everythingrolledon,nothingstaysstill,”claimstheancientGreekphilosopherHeraclitusinthesixthcenturyB.C..Inthesixteenthcentury,EdmundSpenserspeaksof“theever-whirlingwheelofchange,thewhichallmortalthingsdothaway,”while“timeandtheworldareeverinflight”isastatementbythetwentiethcenturyIrishpoetWilliamButlerYeats—totakejustafewrandomsamples.Language,likeeverythingelse,joinsinthisgeneralflux…(LanguageChange:ProgressorDecay?JeanAitchison)

Quotation12Quotation

Ifthesaying“Youarewhatyoureat”holdstrue,wecouldallendupbeingverydifferentpeoplefromourancestors.Modernscienceandagriculturehadfreedourcountryandmanyothernationsfromtraditionaldietsbasedlargelyonnaturalfarmproducts.Manykindsofnewfooddosaveustimeandtrouble,buttheyareoftencostly,intermsofbothdollarsand,ultimately,health.TellmewhatyoueatandIwilltellyouwhatyouare，即告诉我你平时吃什么，我就可说出你是怎么样的一个人。后来才变成现在这句话"youarewhatyoueat"即：你要健康就要注意你的饮食健康。Quotation

Ifthesaying“13Fact,figures,statistics,studies,orresearches

Everytwo-and-a-halfminutessomeoneintheU.S.isrobbedatgunpoint,andeveryfortyminutessomeoneelseismurderedwithagun.Theweaponsfindtheirwayintothehandsofthecriminalsinamannerthatalmostnobodyunderstands.Eachyearpoliceseizeabout250,000handgunsandlonggunsfromthepeopletheyarrest.Giventhenumberofgunsthatthemanufacturersproduceeachyear(2.5millionlonggunsand4millionhandguns)thesupply-and-demandequationworksagainstthehopeofanorderlysociety.

Fact,figures,statistics,stu14Questions

Whatwillthelifebelikeonauniversitycampus?Dothestudentsofauniversityhaveaworkloadasheavyasthepupilsofahighschool?Isiteasytogetalongwiththeinstructorsandprofessors?ThesequestionslingeredonmymindeversinceIreceivedtheletterofadmissionfromShandongUniversityofTechnology.AndIwassoanxioustogoandseethecampuswithmyowneyesthatIevencouldhardlyfallasleepthenightbeforemyenrolmentbecauseIwouldbeginalifecompletelynewtome.Questions

Whatwillthel15

Directopening

Ahackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyandirregularlywithahatchet.Butwiththewidespreadapplicationofcomputerstovariousaspectsofourlifeandwork,ithasassumedanewmeaning.Ahackernowisacomputeruserwhoisabletouseorchangetheinformationinotherpeople’scomputersystemswithouttheirknowledgeorpermission.Manyhackersareverytalentedpeoplewhohaveacquiredcomputerknowledgeallbythemselves.

Directopening

Ahacker16Practice:

Exercise2&3onPage40.Practice:

Exercise2&3onP173.TypesofWritingDescription:Itispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.(Referto“Ahandbookofwriting(byDingWangdao)”,Pages158-172).

“theearliestcoinsinChina”\“dragonlanternshows”Narration:Itistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.(RefertoPages172-181).“themostimportantdayinmylife”\”thestampincident”Exposition:Itisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.(RefertoPages181-233).”Languageandculture”\”Whatwewantfromsports”Argumentation:Itistoconvince,ratherthaninform.Whileanexpositorypapermakesknownsomethingandexplainsittomakethereaderunderstand,anargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.Speechesonpolicies,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions,andvariousproposalsareoften(RefertoPages233-247).“Thecontrolofdeath”\”Thethreegorgesprojectisbeneficial”\”Lifecanbehappyandmeaningful’’3.TypesofWritingDescription18TheWholeCompositionTheWholeComposition19★StepsinWritingaComposition

★Organizationofacomposition

★TypesofWriting

★StepsinWritingaCompositi201.StepsinWritingaCompositionPlanacomposition:workoutathesisoratheme;providefactsordetailsWriteanoutline:eitheratopicoutlineorasentenceoutlineWritethefirstdraftRevisethefirstdraft:checkifthereareanygrammarorspellingmistakes,andiftheparagraphsareproperlyorganized1.StepsinWritingaComposit21Example1:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“autobiography”?Workoutathesis/purposeWhichdimension/aspectdoyouwishtotellothers?Character?Family?career?love?friends?Character.I’mopen-mindedanddiligent.Whatmaterialsdomeneedtosupportthiscenter?Brainstorm:Myname,mybirthdate,myhometown,myfamilymembers,mymother’sjob,myfather’sjobandcharacter,myelementaryschool,highschool,collegetime,hardworkinuniversity,myleisure-timerelaxation,myworkingexperience,etc.Example1:Whatstepsshouldw22Outline:

I:Myname,myage,myfamilypoorbutharmonious.Surroundedbyparents’loveandcare,Ihavebeenkindandopen-mindedtoothers.Whilehavingwitnessedparents’sweatandtears,Ihavebecomediligentand

independent.

II:Inprimaryschool(sharefoodwithanotherpoorerpupilbutneverletparentsknowthat,andfinallygetstomachtrouble)

III:Inhighschool(winthe1stprizeineachtest)

IV:Inuniversity(dopart-timejobstosupportlivingandstudyexpense)

V:Thereisstillalongwaytogoinmylife,butwithkindness,self-relianceanddiligence,IamconfidentthatIcanrealizeallmydreamsandgoals.Iamsogratefultomydearestparents,fortheyhavetaughtmethemostimportantqualitiesforaperson.Outline:

I:Myname,myage,m23Example2:Whatstepsshouldwedowhenwewriteacompositionon

“Snowskiing”?

Firstwenarrowdownthetopictothisone:

Snowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.

Nowlet’scollectmaterialsbybrainstorming:1.

Howwouldyoudescribeit?2.

Wheredopeopleplayit?3.

Howmanypeopleareneeded?4.

Whatkindofequipmentisnecessary?5.

Howcanthisactivityexcitepeoplementallyandaffectpeoplephysically?6.

Whywouldyourecommendittosomeone?7.Isitadangeroussport?Ifso,howtoavoidthepotentialdangers?Example2:Whatstepsshouldw24SnowSkiingOutdoorrecreation;energeticactivity;individualfunactivity;seebeautyofmountains(theAlps,Switzerland);wonderfulsceneryandwildlife;beneficialtoourhealth;goodforphysicalfitness;excellentyetchallengingexercise;adventurous;notgoodforallages;Skiingequipment:skisuit,skiboot,skipole;anexpensivesportCanbedangerous;considertheweatherconditions,theslopeconditions(especiallydownhillskiing),avalanche;obeythewarningsigns;considerone’sownabilitySnowSkiing25Nowlet’sselectandorganizethematerials,andformanoutline:SnowSkiing

ⅠSnowskiersmusttakeextremeprecautionsontheslopes.ⅡTheymustconsidertheweatherconditions.A.TemperatureB.

WindC.

StormyorclearweatherⅢTheymustconsidertheslopeconditions.A.

IcysurfacesB.

RocksandtreestumpsC.

VisibilityD.

CrowdsⅣTheymustconsidertheirownability.A.

BeginnerB.

IntermediateC.

ExpertⅤTheymustobeythewarningsigns.A.

Out-of-boundsmarkersB.

“Slow”signsC.

HazardsⅥSnowskiingisasafeandenjoyablewintersportifskierstakeafewprecautions.Nowlet’sselectandorganize262.OrganizationTHEESSAY

IntroductoryParagraph-GeneralStatements(RefertoPage36)THESISSTATEMENTBodyParagraphs-TOPICSENTENCE(RefertoPage42)SupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)

TOPICSENTENCESupportingSentences(ConcludingSentence)ConcludingParagraph-CONCLUDINGSENTENCE(S)(RefertoPage38)FinalThoughts2.Organization272.OrganizationSomeprinciples:unity,coherence,continuity,completeness,properweighttosupportingdetailsTheopeningparagraph:differentwaystostartacompositionThebodyparagraphs:(Refertothe7waystoorganizeaparagraphandrefertotheexampleonPage43).Theconcludingparagraph:differentwaystoendacomposition(RefertoPage38orrefertothewaystoendaparagraph).2.OrganizationSomeprinciples28FourpurposesoftheopeningparagraphItstatesthetopicoftheessay.Itgivesbackgroundinformationonthetopic.Itshouldarousethereader’scuriosityaboutorinterestinthetopic.Itoftenindicatesthefocus,purpose,ordirectionoftheessay.Howtowriteagoodopeningparagraph?Giveastrikingfact(suchasfigures,statistics,studies,orresearches)oroddproblemthatcanarousecuriosityorinterestandthatisrelatedtotheessaytopic.Askaquestionthattheessaywillanswer.Useavividquotationfromagoodsource.Tellastorythatillustratesthemainpointoftheessay.Writeadirectopening,settingthemoodorscene.Fourpurposesoftheopeningp29

Quotation

Everythinginthisuniverseisperpetuallyinastageofchange,afactcommentedonbyphilosophersandpoetsthroughtheages.Ifweflickthroughanybookofquotationswefindnumerousstatementsaboutthefluctuatingworldwelivein:“Everythingrolledon,nothingstaysstill,”claimstheancientGreekphilosopherHeraclitusinthesixthcenturyB.C..Inthesixteenthcentury,EdmundSpenserspeaksof“theever-whirlingwheelofchange,thewhichallmortalthingsdothaway,”while“timeandtheworldareeverinflight”isastatementbythetwentiethcenturyIrishpoetWilliamButlerYeats—totakejustafewrandomsamples.Language,likeeverythingelse,joinsinthisgeneralflux…(LanguageChange:ProgressorDecay?JeanAitchison)

Quotation30Quotation

Ifthesaying“Youarewhatyoureat”holdstrue,wecouldallendupbeingverydifferentpeoplefromourancestors.Modernscienceandagriculturehadfreedourcountryandmanyothernationsfromtraditionaldietsbasedlargelyonnaturalfarmproducts.Manykindsofnewfooddosaveustimeandtrouble,buttheyareoftencostly,intermsofbothdollarsand,ultimately,health.TellmewhatyoueatandIwilltellyouwhatyouare，即告诉我你平时吃什么，我就可说出你是怎么样的一个人。后来才变成现在这句话"youarewhatyoueat"即：你要健康就要注意你的饮食健康。Quotation

Ifthesaying“31Fact,figures,statistics,studies,orresearches

Everytwo-and-a-halfminutessomeoneintheU.S.isrobbedatgunpoint,andeveryfortyminutessomeoneelseismurderedwithagun.Theweaponsfindtheirwayintothehandsofthecriminalsinamannerthatalmostnobodyunderstands.Eachyearpoliceseizeabout250,000handgunsandlonggunsfromthepeopletheyarrest.Giventhenumberofgunsthatthemanufacturersproduceeachyear(2.5millionlonggunsand4millionhandguns)thesupply-and-demandequationworksagainstthehopeofanorderlysociety.

Fact,figures,statistics,stu32Questions

Whatwillthelifebelikeonauniversitycampus?Dothestudentsofauniversityhaveaworkloadasheavyasthepupilsofahighschool?Isiteasytogetalongwiththeinstructorsandprofessors?ThesequestionslingeredonmymindeversinceIreceivedtheletterofadmissionfromShandongUniversityofTechnology.AndIwassoanxioustogoandseethecampuswithmyowneyesthatIevencouldhardlyfallasleepthenightbeforemyenrolmentbecauseIwouldbeginalifecompletelynewtome.Questions

Whatwillthel33

Directopening

Ahackeroriginallyreferstoapersonwhochopsorcutsroughlyand