《计算机专业英语》Unit 6 Common Operating System Introduction

Unit6CommonOperatingSystemIntroduction

ContentsLearningObjectives1Words&Expressions2Text3Exercises4Afteryouhavereadthisunit,youshouldbefamiliarwith:1.ContentofCommonOperatingSystem2.DevelopmentofWindowsOperatingSystem

Learning

Objectivesplatform

n.平台versionn.译文,译本,翻译editionn.版本,版multi-windowadj.多窗口multi-functionaladj.多功能performancen.履行,执行,成绩,性能,表演,演奏entireadj全部的,完整的,整个notepadn.记事本calculatorn.计算机,计算器calendarinitiallyoverheadn.adv.n.日历,历法最初,开头开销，企业一般管理费用Words&ExpressionsWords&Expressionscapacityn.容量,生产量,容量,智能,才能,能力,接受力,地位featuren.面貌的一部分(眼,口,鼻等)特征,容貌,特色,特写vt.vi.是...的特色,特写,放映起重要作用kerneln.(硬壳果)仁,(去壳的)麦粒,谷粒,(事物、问题的)核心,要点,精髓,内核coren.果核,中心,核心purchasedvt.n.买,购买买,购买viruschipn.n.[微]病毒,滤过性微生物,毒害,恶毒芯片attackn.vt.进攻,攻击,(用语言)抨击,批评,疾病发作,侵袭攻击,抨击,动手处理(某事)built-inadj.内置的,固定的,嵌入的four-way四方chatv.聊天n.聊天Words&ExpressionsTextDOSoperatingsystem DOSwasoriginallydevelopedfortheIBM-PCoperatingsystem,sotherequirementsofthehardwareplatformitisverylow,evenforsuchahighDOS6.0versionofDOS,inthe640KBRAM,40MBharddrive,80286processorenvironmentscanalsobenormaloperationTherefore,boththeDOSsystem,suitableforhigh-endcomputertouse,butalsosuitablefortheuseoflow-endcomputer. DOSsystem,agreatestadvantageisthatitsupportsmanycommonsoftware,suchaslanguageprocessing,databasemanagementsystems,wordprocessingsoftware,spreadsheet.AndalotofdevelopmentaroundtheDOSapplicationsoftwaresystems,suchasfinancial,personnel,statistics,transport,hospitalsandothermanagementsystems.Forthisreason,eventhoughDOSnolongersuitabletothe32-bitmachine'shardwaresystem,butisstillwidelypopular,andinthenextfewyearswillnotsoonbeeliminated.TextWindowssystem

MicrosoftWindowsisaseriesofsoftwareoperatingsystemsandgraphicaluserinterfacesproducedbyMicrosoft.MicrosoftfirstintroducedanoperatingenvironmentnamedWindowsinNovember1985asanadd-ontoMS-DOSinresponsetothegrowinginterestingraphicaluserinterfaces(GUIs).Windows1.XEditionisamulti-windowandmulti-functionalversionofthetask,butthenthehardwareplatform,PC,thespeedisveryslow,sowindows1.Xversionisnotvery.Bytheendof1987MicrosoftCorporationhaslaunchedtheMS-windows2.Xversion,ithasawindowofoverlappingfunctions,windowsizecanbeadjusted,thusimprovingTexttheperformanceoftheentirecomputer,inadditiontoitalsooffersawiderangeofapplications:texteditorWrite,Notepad,Calculator,Calendar......andsoon.MicrosoftWindowscametodominatetheworld'spersonalcomputermarket,overtakingMacOS,whichhadbeenintroducedpreviously.AsofOctober2009,Windowshadapproximately91%ofthemarketshareoftheclientoperatingsystemsforusageontheInternet.ThemostrecentclientversionofWindowsisWindows7;themostrecentserverversionisWindowsServer2008R2;themostrecentmobiledeviceversionisWindowsMobile6.5.

TextUNIXSystemUNIXsystemcameoutin1969,initiallyinsmallandmediumcomputeruse.Firsttransplantedto80286ontheUNIXcomputersystem,calledXenix.Xenixsystemischaracterizedbyshortcrack,thesystemoverheadissmall,fastrunningspeed.Afteryearsofdevelopment,Xenixhasbecomeaverymaturesystem,thelatestversionofSCOUNIXandXenixistheSCOCDT.ThecurrentmajorversionisUNIX3.2V4.2aswellastheODT3.0.UNIXisamulti-usersystem,thegeneralrequirementswithmorethan8Mofmemoryandlargerharddrivecapacity.

TextLinuxSystem

Linuxiscurrentlythenameofthecomputerworldadazzling,itistheworld'slargestfreesoftware,whichitselfisafeaturecomparablewiththeUNIXoperatingsystemandwindows,withacompletenetworkfunctionality.LinuxwasoriginallydevelopedbytheFinnLinusTorvalds,itssourcecodepubliclyavailableintheInternetweb,thus,triggeringthedevelopmentoftheworld'senthusiasmforcomputerenthusiasts,manypeopledownloadthesourcecodeinaccordancewithoneaspectoftheirownwillimprovethefunction,thenback-line,Linuxhasbeencarvedintoaworldthusthemoststableandmostpromisingoperatingsystem.

TextLinuxlooksandfeelsmuchlikeanyotherUNIXsystem;indeed,UNIXcompatibilityhasbeenamajordesigngoaloftheLinuxproject.However,LinuxismuchyoungerthanmostUNIXsystems.Earlyinitsdevelopment,theLinuxsourcecodewasmadeavailablefreeontheInternet.Asaresult,Linux'shistoryhasbeenoneofcollaborationbymanyusersfromallaroundtheworld,correspondingalmostexclusivelyovertheInternet.FromaninitialkernelthatpartiallyimplementedasmallsubsetoftheUNIXsystemservices,theLinuxsystemhasgrowntoincludemuchUNIXfunctionality.

TextInitsearlydays,Linuxdevelopmentrevolvedlargelyaroundthecentraloperating-systemkernel—thecore,privilegedexecutivethatmanagesallsystemresourcesandthatinteractsdirectlywiththecomputerhardware.Weneedmuchmorethanthiskerneltoproduceafulloperatingsystem,ofcourse.ItisusefultomakethedistinctionbetweentheLinuxkernelandaLinuxsystem.TheLinuxkernelisanentirelyoriginalpieceofsoftwaredevelopedfromscratchbytheLinuxcommunity.TheLinuxsystem,asweknowittoday,includesamultitudeofcomponents,somewrittenfromscratch,othersborrowedfromotherdevelopmentprojects,andstillotherscreatedincollaborationwithotherteams.

Text

ThebasicLinuxsystemisastandardenvironmentforapplicationsanduserprogramming,butitdoesnotenforceanystandardmeansofmanagingtheavailablefunctionalityasawhole.AsLinuxhasmatured,aneedhasarisenforanotherlayeroffunctionalityontopoftheLinuxsystem.ThisneedhasbeenmetbyvariousLinuxdistributions.ALinuxdistributionincludesallthestandardcomponentsoftheLinuxsystem,plusasetofadministrativetoolstosimplifytheinitialinstallationandsubsequentupgradingofLinuxandtomanageinstallationandremovalofotherpackagesonthesystem.Text Amoderndistributionalsotypicallyincludestoolsformanagementoffilesystems,creationandmanagementofuseraccounts,administrationofnetworks,webbrowsers,wordprocessors,andsoon.

MacOSX MacOSXistheoperatingsystemforMaccomputers.ItissoldbyAppleInc.MacOSXistheworld’smostadvancedoperatingsystem.Builtonarock-solidUNIXfoundationanddesignedtobesimpleandintuitive,it’swhatmakestheMacinnovative,highlysecure,compatible,andeasytouse.Quitesimply,thereisnothingelselikeit.WhysomanypeopleloveaMac?Secure!Powerful!Compatible!Rightoutofthebox!TextAMachasalltheessentialsbuiltrightin,includingautomaticprotectionfromPCviruses,thelatestwirelesstechnology,advancedIntelchips,andarocksolidoperatingsystemthat’sloadedwithinnovations.Doesn'tgetPCviruses.Designedwithsecurityinmind,MacOSXisn’tplaguedbyconstantattacksfromPCvirusesandmalware.Likewise,itwon’tslowyoudownwithconstantsecurityalertsandsweeps.EveryMacissecurerightoutofthebox,soyoucansafelygoaboutyourwork—orplay—withoutinterruption.Highperformance.

TextWiththelatestIntelprocessorsandotherengineeringleaps,anewMacdoesallthethingsthatonlyaMaccando—atanastonishingspeed.Alwaysuptodate.AMacregularlychecksforupdatestoMacOSXandanyincludedApplesoftwareandautomaticallydownloadsthem.Soreally,aMacgetsbetterwithage.Bornready.Unlikeothercomputersthatrequireyoutospendhoursconfiguringdevices,aMacconnectstoyourdigitalcamera,wirelessdevice,orexternaldriveandjustworks.Really

Instantlywireless.AMacmakeswirelesseasy.Networksautomaticallyappear,andyoucangetontheInternetwithafewclicks.Aconversationpiece.Lotsofcomputerscomewithbuilt-incamerasthesedays.ButonlyaMaccomeswithiChatsoftwarethatletsyouhavefour-wayvideochats,givepresentations,andevenshareyourscreenwithpeopleallovertheworld.TextExercises1.Answerthefollowingquestionaccordingtothetext.(1)WhosesourcecodeofOperatingSystemwasmadefreeavailableontheInternet?(2)WhichkindofOperatingSystemareyouusing?(3)WhichkindofOperatingSystemhadyouusedbefore?(4)WhichOperatingSystemwasmanufacturesofMacintoshCorporation?(5)WhichoneisthelatestversionofMicrosoft'sWindowsoperatingsystem?

2.TranslatethefollowingtermsorphrasesfromEnglishintoChineseandviceversa:(1)highperformance(6)平台(2)virus(7)版本(3)calculator(8)芯片(4)calendar(9)多窗口(5)spreadsheet(10)多功能keyExercises3.Fillintheblankswiththeinformationgiveninthetext:

(1)DOSwasoriginallydevelopedfortheIBM-PCoperatingsystem,sotherequirementsofthehardwareitisvery________.(2)DOSsystem,agreatestadvantageisthatitsupportsmanycommon_______,suchaslanguageprocessing,databasemanagementsystems,wordprocessingsoftware,andspreadsheet.(3)Windows1.X______isamulti-windowandmulti-functionalversionofthetask.(4)UNIXsystemcameoutin1969,initiallyinsmallandmediumcomputer________.(5)UNIXisamulti-usersystem,thegeneralrequirementswithmorethan8Mofmemoryandlargerharddrive________.keyExercises4.Choosethebestonefromtheitemsgivenbelowtocompletethefollowingpassage.Perhapsyouhavebeenaskingthequestions:Iseveryonemovingto(1)?IfIdon'tsteptothe(2)userinterface,willIbeleftallalongatthecold(3)commandline?Don'tthrowawayyour(4).Nooneis(5)DOS'sdeathknellyet.DOSanditsapplicationspeoplehaveusingforyearsarenotgoingtostopworkingovernight.(1)A.DOSB.UNIC.WindowsD.WindowsNT(2)A.graphicalB.softwareC.commandlineD.WindowsNT(3)A.DOSB.UNIXC.Windows D.WindowsNT(4)A.hardwareB.textC.WindowsD.software(5)A.softwareB.hardwareC.soundingD.textkeyExercises5.MarkthefollowingstatementswithT(true)orF(false)accordingtothetext.(1)Amoderndistributionalsotypicallyincludestoolsformanagementoffilesystems,creationandmanagementofuseraccounts,administrationofnetworks,webbrowsers,wordprocessors,andsoon.(2)UNIXisalineofpartiallyproprietary,graphicaloperatingsystemsdeveloped,marketed,andsoldbyAppleInc.(3)MS-windows2.Xversionhasawindowofoverlappingfunctions,windowsizecanbeadjustedtofacilitateintegrationofextendedmemoryandexpandedmemoryasadiskcache,thusimprovingtheperformanceoftheentirecomputer.(4)MS-windows2.Xversionoffersawiderangeofapplications:texteditorWrite,Notepad,Calculator,Calendar......andsoon.(5)UNIXisasingle-usersystem.keyExercises6.Selecttheoneanswertoeachquestion.(1)Linuxisaversionof

thathasgainedpopularityinrecentyears.A.UNIXB.DOSC.WindowsD.MacOSX(2)Earlyinitsdevelopment,the

sourcecodewasmadeavailablefreeontheInternet.A.WindowsB.DOSC.LinuxD.MacOSX(3)

isacommandlineinterface-basedoperatingsystem.A.MS-DOS.B.Windows7C.WindowsXPD.Windows2000(4)

isthefirstWindowsoperatingsysteminarealsense.A.Windows7B.WindowsXPC.WindowsvistaD.Windows95

Exercises(5)The

hasbeenadoptedforInternetservers A.WindowsXP B.Windowsvista C.Linux D.MS-DOS(6)The

aretrulypowerfulenterprise-levelcomputingtools. A.UNIXandLinux B.UNIXandDOS C.LinuxandDOS D.WindowsandDOS

keyExercises7.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(1)AMachasalltheessentialsbuiltrightin,includingautomaticprotectionfromPCv