英语雅思大作文课件

IELTS

大作文写作手法IDAIELTSIELTS1.目录HowareTask2answersassessed?1Waystodevelopaparagraph（论证方法）

2雅思议论文论证结构3大作文分类42.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaTaskResponse(i.e.howfullyandappropriatelythecandidatehasansweredallpartsofthetask;theextenttowhichthecandidate'sideasarerelevant,developedandsupported;theextenttowhichthecandidate'spositionisclearandeffective)3.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaCoherence连贯性

andCohesion衔接(i.e.howwelltheinformationandideasareorganisedandpresentedi.e.paragraphing;howwelltheinformationislinked)

4.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaLexicalResource词汇资源

(i.e.therangeofvocabularyused,howaccuratelyitisusedandhowappropriateitisforthetask)

5.ExaminersassesstheanswersaccordingtothesecriteriaGrammaticalRangeandAccuracy(i.e.therangeofstructuresused,howaccuratelytheyareusedandhowappropriatetheyareforthetask)6.段落的组织250字，4段至5段话，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction:stateyourviewBody:supportyourviewwithreasons,arguments,examplesConclusion:restateyourview主体段落：Topicsentence+supportingsentences7.Argumentativedevices---Waystodevelopaparagraph（论证方法）

exemplification（举例说明），explanation（解释说明），causeandeffect（因果论证），comparisonandcontrast（比较与对比）concessionandrefutation（让步与反驳），classification（分类）8.ExemplificationExample:aspecificfact,idea,person,orthingthatisusedtoexplainorsupportageneralidea,ortoshowwhatistypicalofalargergroup举例相关关联词：ForexampleForinstanceTake(Consider)…asanexampleAcaseinpointsuchasincluding9.Somepeoplethinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedasfriends.Yetothersonlyconsideranimalsassourcesoffoodandclothing.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?SampleAnswerThereisagrowingtendencynowadaysforsomepeopletotreatanimalsaslivingmeatandwalkingfur.Thisleadstothecruelslaughterofanimalsallovertheworldeveryyear.Yet,inmyopinion,insteadofkillinganimals,humanbeingsshouldtreatthemastheirfriends.Itisanundeniablefactthatanimalsplayavitalroleinmaintainingthesubtlebalanceoftheearth'secologicalsystem.Thelackofthisessentialpartwillbringaboutthedestructionofthewholeworld.Therefore,tosomeextent,killinganimalsisequaltodiggingourowngraves.Forthousandsofyears,manyanimalshavegivenloyalservicetohumans.Pigeonsconveymessagesinwartime,anddogshelptodetectcrime.Evenpigs,whichmanypeoplethinkarethemoststupidanimals,areusedinthebattleagainstdrugs.Thereisnodoubtthatourliveswouldbefarlessconvenientwithoutalittlehelpfromouranimalfriends.Animalsalsohelphumansinaspiritualway.Thereisnothingbetterthankeepingacatoradogifyouwantyourkidstobemoreindependentandresponsible.Itisalsonotedthatseniorcitizenslivelongeriftheykeeppetsaftertheirretirement.Tosumup,animalsarehumanbeings'friends.Thosewhoregardanimalsasmerelyasourceoffoodandclothingshouldatleastbearonethinginmind:Beingkindtoanimalsisbeingkindtoourselves.Therefore,forourownfuturebenefit,pleasetreatanimalswithloveandcare.10.Topicsentence:Agrowingnumberofenvironmentalproblemsarenolongerconfinedtoacertainregionorcountry.Forexample,oilspillscanpolluteinternationalwatersandthelossoftheozonelayermayleadtothemeltingoficecapsandglaciers,whichinturn,mayraisesealevelsworldwide.11.练习Topicsentence:TheadvertisementsonTV,newspaperandotherkindsofmediamayconfuseconsumersandmakethemrushtopurchaseproductswhichtheydon’treallyneed.Takethecellphoneforexample.Itsfunctionsandpracticaluseareoftenexaggeratedinadvertisements.What’smore,theadvertisementsevencreateafashionableatmosphereforcellphoneswhichappealstoyoungpeopletochangetheirphonescontinuouslywhileignoringthebasicserviceofcellphonesisjusttomakeaphonecall.12.Explanation解释：ItmeansThatistosayInotherwordsToputitanotherwayBythatImean13.Ibelievethetraditionalfamily,withbothparentsprovidingemotionalsupportandrole-modelsfortheirchildren,isthemostsatisfactorywayofbringingupchildren.Educationafterbirthplaysasignificantroleinone’sdevelopment.Education,whichhelpschildrendeveloptheirthinkingandaccumulatetheirknowledge,isadecidingfactorofone’ssuccess.Forexample,ahigh-schoollevelpersoncommonlymaynotsucceedtotheextentofapersonwhohasreceivedauniversityeducation.Thisisnotonlybecauseofthegreaterbreadthofknowledgeacquired,butalsoduetoamorecriticalandfocusedwayofthinkingthatisimpartedandrefinedduringonessenioreducation.Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspectivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives(thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.)andwhatisnot(aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.)14.CauseandEffectCause:becauseofasaresultofduetothankstoowingtobecauseassinceforResult:asaresultasaconsequenceaccordinglyinthiswaythushencesotherefore15.练习妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。WomenshouldbejoininthearmyWomenshouldnotbeamemberofthearmyWomenshouldnottakeupamilitarycareerbecausetheyarenotasstrongasmenbecausetheyareinferiortomeninphysicalstrengthbecauseoftheirphysicalinadequacies16.Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentbehavior.

Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?

Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?范文：PoorstudentbehaviorseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmodernlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.Inmanycountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdonothavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant,regardlessofprice,andtobehaveastheyplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutconsiderationforothersandwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.Whentheygettoschoolagetheyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.Theyhavelessrespectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeyschoolrulesinthewaythattheirparentsdid.17.ComparisonandContrastsimilarlylikewiseinthesamemannerinthesamewaybutwhilewhereaswhilstonthecontraryincontrastbycontrastontheotherhandinsteadratherconverselyPlaneisthefastestmeansoftransportation.Itusedtotakeusabout10hourstogotoaplacebycar.Now,wecangothereinnomorethan1hourbyair.Whatusedtotakeus10hoursbycarcannowbecoveredwithin1hourbyair.18.ConcessionandRefutationalthoughwhileadmittedlyitistruethatitisoftenthecasethatbuthowevernevertheless19.Althougholdpeopleareunlikelytofacephysicallychallengingtasks,therearemanyjobsthatareespeciallysuitableforoldpeople,suchasjobsthatcallformoreexperienceandwisdomthanphysicalpower.Withtheirrichexperienceinbothworkandlife,manyoldpeoplewouldmakegoodconsultants,instructors,coaches,doctorsandpsychologists,tomentiononlyafew.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherearecertainlygentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.20.论证方法总结及分类论证妇女是否应当参军？Inmanycountries,womenarenotabletojoininthearmytoshareequalbasiswithmenandsomepeoplethinkthatonlymenshouldbeamemberofthearmy,navyandairforce.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?21.应当；不应当；主体客体分类Whyshould?战争的状态和要求Thewaybattlesarefoughthasundergonedramaticchangesandsowomenhaveanequalbasisasmen.参军的职责Justasmenhavetheresponsibilityofbringingupchildrenwithwomen,sowomenshouldbeartheburdenofprotectingtheirowncountrybyjoininginthearmy.Whyshouldnot?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）男女分工不同Culturallyspeaking,womenarenotfitforthepositionofkilling.分类：主体/客体主体分类：什么妇女？客体分类：当什么兵？22.完整文章分析：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.23.SampleAnswer:Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.Fromthetimetheyarelittlegirls,femaleslearnaboutnurturing.Firstwithdollsandlaterperhapswithyoungerbrothersandsisters,girlsaregiventheroleofcareer.Girlsseetheirmothersinthesamerolesandsoitisnaturalthattheyidentifythisasafemaleactivity.Boys,incontrast,learncompetitiverolefarremovedfromwhatitmeanstonurture.Whileboysmaydreamofadventures,girls’conditioningmeanstheytendtoseethefutureintermsofraisingfamilies.Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherecertainlyexistgentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.Finally,womentendtobebettercommunicatorsthanmen.Thisisshowninintelligencetests,wherefemales,onaverage,dobetterinverbalcommunicationthanmales.Ofcourse,communicationisofutmostimportanceinrearingchildren,aschildrentendtolearnfromandadoptthecommunicationstylesoftheirparents.Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.24.雅思议论文论证结构ArgumentSomepeoplethinkthat…Othersbelievethat…Discussandgiveyouropinion.题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。平衡式交代双方观点观点一及其理由观点二及其理由我的观点（倾向性---一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句25.雅思议论文论证结构Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchbenefitsallofhumanity.Otherstaketheoppositeviewandsaythatmoneyforthistypeofresearchiswasted.Discusstheseviewsandgiveyouropinion.26.雅思议论文论证结构SampleAnswer：Foroverfiftyyears,anumberofnationshavebeeninvolvedintheexplorationofouterspace.Thisresearchhasbeenverycostly,ofcourse.Hasthismoneybeenwellspentorwasted?Somepeoplebelievethatallormostspaceresearchshouldbeeliminatedbecauseofitsincredibleexpense,notonlyintermsofmoney,butalsointermsofscientificandhumanresources.Thesepeoplepointoutthefactthatitcostbillionsofdollarstosendastronautstothemoon,butalltheybroughtbackweresomeworthlessrocks.Thesepeoplesaythatthemoneyandeffortnowbeingwastedinouterspacecouldbespentonmoreimportantprojectsrighthereonearth,suchasprovidinghousingforhomelesspeople,improvingtheeducationsystem,savingtheenvironment,andfindingcuresfordiseases.27.雅思议论文论证结构However,otherpeoplebelievethatspaceresearchhasprovidedmanybenefitstomankind.Theypointoutthathundredsofusefulproducts,frompersonalcomputerstoheartpacemakerstofreeze-driedfoods,arethedirectorindirectresultsofspaceresearch.Theysaythatweatherandcommunicationsatellites,whicharealsoproductsofspaceprograms,havebenefitedpeopleallovertheglobe.Inadditiontothesepracticalbenefits,supportersofthespaceprogrampointtothescientificknowledgethathasbeenacquiredaboutthesun,themoon,theplanets,andevenourownearthasaresultofspaceresearch.28.雅思议论文论证结构Iagreewiththosepeoplewhosupportspaceresearchandwishtocontinue.Spaceresearch,asshown,hasalreadybroughtmanybenefitstohumanity.Perhapsitwillbringevenmorebenefitsinthefuture,onesthatwecannotevenimaginenow.Moreover,justasindividualpeopleneedchallengestomaketheirlivesmoreinteresting,Ibelievethehumanraceitselfneedsachallenge,andIthinkthatthepeacefulexplorationofouterspaceprovidesjustsuchachallenge.29.练习Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion题解：和从事其他重要职业的人士相比，成功的职业运动员能挣多得多的钱。一些人认为这是完全合理的，而其他人认为不公平。讨论这两种观点并提出你的看法。30.雅思议论文论证结构范文：Asaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalsinmycountryhavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Justlikemoviestars,theyliveextravagantlifestyleswithhugehousesandcars.Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,sportssalariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofsportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness”isnottheissue.31.雅思议论文论证结构范文：Thosewhofeelthatsportsstars’salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentareveryfew,andthemoneyisarecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.Thepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlight.Soallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsmakeismorejustifiedthanthehugeearningsofmoviestars,butatthesametime,itindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmorevalueonsportthanonmoreessentialprofessionsandachievements.32.雅思议论文论证结构用词多样：“收入高”，题目中用的是earnagreatdealofmoney，文中几处地方分别改写成了arepaidhugesalaries,supersalaries,hugeearnings。“认为”，文中分别用了find,feel,和think等。句型多变：长短句结合：例如第二段和第三段论证用的长句和总结时的短句。分类式交代双方观点并指出其复杂性，进行分类情形一及做法情形二及做法总结33.AgreeorDisagree?

Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisview?同意不同意题型的几种开头写法：直接提出观点，同意：情景+观点：让步反驳：事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点34.直接提出观点，同意：Creativeartistsshouldalwaysbegiventhefreedomtoexpresstheirownideas(inwords,pictures,musicorfilm)inwhicheverwaytheywish.Thereshouldbenogovernmentrestrictionsonwhattheydo.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?创造性艺术家应该拥有以自己想要的任何方式通过文字、图画、音乐或影像来表达思想的自由。对此政府不应该加以任何限制。你在何等程度上同意还是不同意这个观点？35.展示+练习范文一：Onthespecificissueofcreativefreedomversusgovernmentrestrictions,Iamfullyoftheopinionthatthelattershouldgiveplacetotheformer.范文二：Toaverylargeextent,Ibelievethattheworkofcreativeartistsshouldnotberestrictedbyanygovernment.36.Usingacomputereverydaycanhavemorenegativethanpositiveeffectsonyoungchildren.

Doyouagreeordisagree?

每天用电脑对小孩来说弊大于利。你同意还是不同意？范文：Itendtoagreethatyoungchildrencanbenegativelyaffectedbytoomuchtimespentonthecomputereveryday.Thisispartlybecausesittinginfrontofascreenfortoolongcanbedamagingtoboththeeyesandthephysicalpostureofayoungchild,regardlessofwhattheyareusingthecomputerfor.我同意小孩每天花太多时间在电脑上会受到负面影响。部分原因在于无论小孩用电脑从事什么活动，长时间坐在屏幕前对小孩的眼睛和身体姿势有害。37.情景+观点：

Shoulddangeroussportssuchasboxingormotor-racingbebanned?

范文：Millionsofpeopleplaysporteveryday,and,inevitably,somesufferinjuryorpain.Mostplayersandspectatorsacceptthisrisk.However,inmyopinion,dangeroussportssuchasboxingshouldbebanned.38.让步反驳Universitiesshouldacceptequalnumbersofmaleandfemalestudentsineverysubject.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?大学应该在每一个学科都招收同等数量的男女学生。你在何等程度上同意或不同意这个观点？范文：Althoughsomepeoplemaythinkthatitisfairtomaintaingenderequalityineverydisciplineintheuniversity,Itendtobelievethatsucharigidruleisimpracticalandevenharmful.虽然有的人认为大学里每个学科维持性别均等很合理，但我认为这种僵化做法不切实际，甚至有害。39.改写的三种方法：Paraphrase换词性；使用同义词；改变句型。40.改写练习1：Thepositionofwomeninthesocietyhaschangedgreatlyinthepast20years.Women’ssocialstatushasundergonedramaticchangesinthelasttwodecades.改写练习2：Widespreadtobaccoconsumptionhasledtograveconsequences,yetthetobaccocompaniesarestillclaimingthattheymakeavaluablecontributiontotheworldeconomy.Extensivecigarettesmokinghascausedseriousproblems.Butthetobaccocompaniesinsistthattheycontributegreatlytotheworldeconomy.改写练习3：Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest.Thereisprobablynootherfeelingthatisnoblerthanlove.41.事实+对方观点及理由+反驳并提出自己观点Everyyearseverallanguagesdieout.Somepeoplethinkitisnotimportantbecauselifewillbeeasieriftherearefewerlanguagesintheworld.Doyouagreeordisagree?范文：Recentsurveyssuggestthatmanyoftheexistinglanguagesarethreatenedwithextinction.（事实陈述）Somepeopleclaimthatthereisnothingtoworryaboutandcommunicationsbetweennationsmayevenbecomelessdifficultasaresult.（对方观点及理由）However,Idonotagreewiththisopinionbecauselanguagediversityiscrucialtothesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumancivilisationasawhole.（反驳，提出自己观点）42.文章的主体段落论证反驳段支持段或者支持段1支持段2或者让步段反驳段43.文章的三种结尾总结本方中心思想及段落大意反驳对方观点并指出其谬误再次提出本方观点并融合对方观点的合理之处44.第一种结尾举例：Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.45.开头：Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.结尾：Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.46.第二种结尾举例：明显的是，那种认为语言少一些生活会更方便的观点是过于短视的。持有这种观点的人们没有能够考虑到语言在文化多元化中所扮演的重要角色。Obviously,theopinionthatlifewillbesimplerwithfewerlanguagesisfartooshort-sighted.Peoplewhoholdthisviewhavenottakenintoconsiderationtheimportanceoflanguageinculturaldiversity.Peoplewhoholdthisview(Supportersofthisview/Proponentsofthisview)Opponents/Peoplewhoargueagainstthisview/Peoplewhoobjecttothisview/47.第三种结尾举例：Manypeoplethinkthatpubliclibrariesshouldonlyprovidebooksandshouldnotwastetheirlimitedmoneyonexpensivehi-techmediasuchassoftware,videoorDVD.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisopinion?题目核心词：publiclibraries,books(traditionalandlessexpensive),software/video/DVD(modernandmorecostly),limitedmoney分析：公共图书馆的角色/使命，有限的经费，应该用来买书：lessexpensive,andthereforecanbenefitmorepeopleeasytocarry,andsocanbereadanytime,anywhere(e.g.ontheplane,in