高考英语一轮复习知识点教案：非谓语动词

非谓语动词非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（todo）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。动词不定式基本形式：todo(有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.动词不定式可充当的句子成分作主语eg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的逻辑主语Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作宾语eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表语也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/is/are、感官动词look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定语动宾关系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作状语作目的状语eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的状语常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作结果状语eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。…enough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的结果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的结果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因状语eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入语不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(说实话),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地说),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.动词不定式省略to的几种情况在使役动词make/let/have及感官动词see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被动语态中to要恢复。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的时态不定式的一般式todo所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的进行式tobedoing所表示的动作正在进行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定式的完成式tohavedone所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。eg:Heissaidtohavewrittenthebook.不定式的完成进行式tohavebeendoing表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。eg:Iamsorrytohavebeeninterruptingyou.对不起，打扰你了。HewassaidtohavebeenlivinginNewYorkfortwentyyears.不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态eg:Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)分词分过去分词V-ed但也有不规则形式兼有动词、形容词、词现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing以及副词的特征。每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表IrregularVerbs其基本形如下：动词原形V-原动词过去式V-ed动词过去分词V-p.p.AAA型cutcutcutAAB型beatbeatbeatenABB型makemademadeABA型comecamecomeABC型taketooktaken关键记住：过去被动：oppressedpeople被压迫的人民boiledwater分词完成：retiredworkers、fallenleaves开水现在主动：workingpeople劳动人民developingcountry分词进行：boilingwater正在沸腾的水发展中国家Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(Theywerepaintingthewindows.)Ifoundthewindowspainted.我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。(Thewindowshavebeenpainted.)分词可充当的句子成分分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语作定语：单个前置，短语后置eg:spokenEnglishrunningwaterabookwritenbyapeasanttheboystandingunderthetree作表语:放在连系动词后面过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态eg:Iwaspleasedatthenews.Thedoorremainedlocked.Helookedveryexcited.过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征eg:Thestorysoundsinteresting.Thenewswasdisappointing.现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/interesting/disappointing/discouraging/encouraging/puzzl-ing/surprising/confusing/amusing/charming/annoying/astonishing/shocking/inviting等。作宾语补足语分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语eg:Ifoundthedoorclosed.我发现门是关着的。Imustgetmybikerepaired.我必须请人修理自行车。Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.他努力想让人听懂他的话。Hesawpeoplecomingandgoing.他看见人们来来往往。Weheardhimsinginginhisroom.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。作状语分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。状态：原因状语eg:Beingill(Asshewasill),shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.被动：时间状语Heated(Whenitisheated),waterchangesintosteam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。状态：方式/伴随状语Sheturnedaway,disappointed(Shewasdisappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主动：方式/伴随状语Talkingandlaughing,theywentintotheroom.被动：方式/伴随状语Thewomenscientistenteredthelab,followedbyherassistants.主动：结果状语Hermotherdied,leavingherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters(Hermotherleavedherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters).被动：条件状语Givenmoretime(Ifwearegivenmoretime),wecoulddoitbetrter.主动：条件状语Workinghard(Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.被动：让步状语Beatenbytheoppositeteam(=Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam),theplayerswerenotdisappointedandpractisedevenharder.虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或whileWhengoingtoschool,ImetMary.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式havingdone.Havingfinishedthework(Afterhefinishedhiswork),Henrywenthome.独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。eg:Hecried,tearsrollingdownhischeeks.Weatherpermitting,wewillgothereonfoot.悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。eg:Generallyspeaking,thebookisnotveryinteresting.Judgingfromappearance,sheseemstobeateacher.Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver.Walkingorsleeping,thesubjectwasalwaysinmymind.现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）eg:Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourdormitory.现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）eg:Havingfinishedhiswork,Henrywenthome.Have+宾语+V-p.p.中，have有三种不同的含义：表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）eg:Wehadthemachinerepaired.表示“遭受”、“经历”eg:Hehadhisleftlegbrokenthedaybeforeyesterday.表示“有”eg:Ihavenomoneyleft.动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。动名词可充当的句子成分作主语eg:Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snousearguingwithhim.(it作形式主语)作表语eg:MyjobisteachingEnglish.作宾语动宾eg:Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Iconsiderituselessarguingwithhim.(it作形式宾语)此类动词如：admire/appreciate/avoid/like/dislike/finish/mind/consider/postpone/deny/advise/practise/escape/miss/imagine/delay等。介宾eg:Heinsistedonwatchingthefootballgame.此类短语动词如：thinkof/dreamof/hearof/giveup/prevent…from…/stop…from…/keep…from…/lookforwardto/setabout/feellike/dependon/beengagedin/beusedto/betiredof/succeedin/beproudof/beinterestedin/begoodat/beafraidof/prefer…to…/spend…(in)…/devote…to…/insiston/persistin(坚持)/stickto等。作定语eg:Hisfatherworksinapaintingfactory.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）eg:Hiscomingmademeveryhappy.Mary’scryingannoyedhim.Shedidn’tmindTom’s/his/him/Tomsmoking.动名词的否定式：由“not+V-ing”构成动名词常用于简短的禁令中eg:Nosmoking.Noparking.Nospitting.不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较不定式与动名词之间的比较有些动词只能接不定式作宾语eg:decideagreemanagepromise有些动词只能接动名词作宾语eg:enjoysuggestpractisemindimagine有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语意义相差不大eg:beginstartcontinue含义不同eg:like/love/prefer/hate+todo表示某一次具体的或将来的行为like/love/prefer/hate+doing表示习惯性的或一般性的行为Ilikeplayingchess,butIdon’tliketoplayitnow.意义有所区别eg:remember/forget/regret/try/mean/stop/goon等用法上有差别eg:allow/advise/permit/forbid+sb.todo/V-ingWedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.固定句型eg:Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itcostssb.somemoneytodosth.sb.spendsometime/money(in)doingsth.Thereisno+doing=It’simpossibletodosth.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.It’simpossibletoholdbackthewheelofhistory.现在分词与动名词之间的比较分词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语作表语时的比较Iamastudent(名词)/clever(形容词)/atschool(介词短语).Herwishistobeadoctor(不定式短语)…….分词作表语表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词Thestoryis(sounds)interesting.进行时态：be+V-ing表示主语的正在进行的动作Heisswimming.动名词作表语表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置Myfavouritesportisswimming.=Swimmingismyfavouritesport.作定语时的比较WestudyEnglish.Igotoschoolbybike.主谓动(Vt.)宾主谓宾方式状语主谓关系动宾关系短语动词：Vi.+介词Yesterdayafternon,theyplayedfootballontheplayground.时间状语主谓动宾语地点状语现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个forphrase,表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。flyingfish：fishcanfly.飞鱼flyingsuit：suitforflying飞行衣asleepingchild：achildissleeping酣睡的孩子asleepingcar：acarforsleeping一辆卧车分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定①分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。定boiledwaterabookwrittenbyapeasant语developingcountrytheboystandingunderthetree宾Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.补Ifoundthewindowspainted.状Workinghard,youwillsucceed.语Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。被动关系Heated,thewaterchangesintosteam.主动关系Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.主动表被动的几种情况want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+todo=tobedone)。eg:Heishardtotalkto.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.tolet(出租)、toblame(责备)、toseek(寻找)、topay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Thehouseistolet.（tobelet）Sheistoblameforthis.（tobeblamed）Thereasonisnotdifficulttoseek.What’stopay?要付多少钱？too…to…或…enough(forsb.)to…eg:Theboxistooheavy(forhim)tocarry.Thechairislightenough(forhim)tolift.非谓语动词非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（todo）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。动词不定式基本形式：todo(有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.动词不定式可充当的句子成分作主语eg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的逻辑主语Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作宾语eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表语也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/is/are、感官动词look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定语动宾关系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作状语作目的状语eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的状语常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作结果状语eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。…enough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的结果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的结果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因状语eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入语不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(说实话),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地说),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.动词不定式省略to的几种情况在使役动词make/let/have及感官动词see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被动语态中to要恢复。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的时态不定式的一般式todo所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的进行式tobedoing所表示的动作正在进行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定式的完成式tohavedone所表示的动作，通常发生在谓语动词的动作之前。eg:Heissaidtohavewrittenthebook.不定式的完成进行式tohavebeendoing表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时，这个动作可能已经停止，也可能还在继续。eg:Iamsorrytohavebeeninterruptingyou.对不起，打扰你了。HewassaidtohavebeenlivinginNewYorkfortwentyyears.不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态eg:Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.不定式在以下情况中使用主动语态表达被动含义不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)分词分过去分词V-ed但也有不规则形式兼有动词、形容词、词现在分词V-ing即动词原形加-ing以及副词的特征。每本英语课本后面都附有不规则动词表IrregularVerbs其基本形如下：动词原形V-原动词过去式V-ed动词过去分词V-p.p.AAA型cutcutcutAAB型beatbeatbeatenABB型makemademadeABA型comecamecomeABC型taketooktaken关键记住：过去被动：oppressedpeople被压迫的人民boiledwater分词完成：retiredworkers、fallenleaves开水现在主动：workingpeople劳动人民developingcountry分词进行：boilingwater正在沸腾的水发展中国家Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.我发现他们正在给窗户上油漆。(Theywerepaintingthewindows.)Ifoundthewindowspainted.我发现窗户已经被上了油漆。(Thewindowshavebeenpainted.)分词可充当的句子成分分词在句子中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语作定语：单个前置，短语后置eg:spokenEnglishrunningwaterabookwritenbyapeasanttheboystandingunderthetree作表语:放在连系动词后面过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态eg:Iwaspleasedatthenews.Thedoorremainedlocked.Helookedveryexcited.过去分词作表语用，相当于形容词，最常见的有：delighted/disappointed/discouraged/drunk/amused/astonished/tired/interested/satisfied/pleased/surprised/worried/excited/puzzled等。现在分词作表语,多表示主语所具有的特征eg:Thestorysoundsinteresting.Thenewswasdisappointing.现在分词作表语用，常见的有：exciting/interesting/disappointing/discouraging/encouraging/puzzl-ing/surprising/confusing/amusing/charming/annoying/astonishing/shocking/inviting等。作宾语补足语分词可以放在see/watch/hear/feel/get/keep/find/notice/have等动词后与名词或代词构成复合宾语eg:Ifoundthedoorclosed.我发现门是关着的。Imustgetmybikerepaired.我必须请人修理自行车。Hewastryingtomakehimselfunderstood.他努力想让人听懂他的话。Hesawpeoplecomingandgoing.他看见人们来来往往。Weheardhimsinginginhisroom.我们听见他在房间里唱歌。作状语分词单个或短语可作原因、时间、方式/伴随、结果、条件或让步状语，其位置可前、可中、可后，其逻辑主语一般即为主句的主语，形式由分词与其逻辑主语之间的关系来确定。状态：原因状语eg:Beingill(Asshewasill),shedidn’tgotoschooltoday.被动：时间状语Heated(Whenitisheated),waterchangesintosteam.水加热时，变成水蒸气。状态：方式/伴随状语Sheturnedaway,disappointed(Shewasdisappointed.).她走了，心里很失望。主动：方式/伴随状语Talkingandlaughing,theywentintotheroom.被动：方式/伴随状语Thewomenscientistenteredthelab,followedbyherassistants.主动：结果状语Hermotherdied,leavingherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters(Hermotherleavedherwithfouryoungerbrothersandsisters).被动：条件状语Givenmoretime(Ifwearegivenmoretime),wecoulddoitbetrter.主动：条件状语Workinghard(Ifyouworkhard),youwillsucceed.被动：让步状语Beatenbytheoppositeteam(=Thoughtheywerebeatenbytheoppositeteam),theplayerswerenotdisappointedandpractisedevenharder.虽然被对方打败，但队员们没有泄气，反而更加刻苦训练。如果分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在分词前面加上when或whileWhengoingtoschool,ImetMary.Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.如果分词表示的动作完成后，谓语表示的动作才发生，即有明显的先后顺序，则分词用完成式havingdone.Havingfinishedthework(Afterhefinishedhiswork),Henrywenthome.独立主格结构：有时分词也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。eg:Hecried,tearsrollingdownhischeeks.Weatherpermitting,wewillgothereonfoot.悬垂分词：有时可以用一个分词或分词短语来修饰整个句子册，这个分词或分词称为悬垂分词。eg:Generallyspeaking,thebookisnotveryinteresting.Judgingfromappearance,sheseemstobeateacher.Havingsufferedsuchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetoclearuptheriver.Walkingorsleeping,thesubjectwasalwaysinmymind.现在分词的被动式（被动+进行）eg:Thebuildingbeingbuiltisourdormitory.现在分词的完成式（主动+完成）eg:Havingfinishedhiswork,Henrywenthome.Have+宾语+V-p.p.中，have有三种不同的含义：表示“使”、“让”（事情由别人来完成）eg:Wehadthemachinerepaired.表示“遭受”、“经历”eg:Hehadhisleftlegbrokenthedaybeforeyesterday.表示“有”eg:Ihavenomoneyleft.动名词V-ing：具有动词和名词的特征。动名词可充当的句子成分作主语eg:Playingwithfireisdangerous.It’snousearguingwithhim.(it作形式主语)作表语eg:MyjobisteachingEnglish.作宾语动宾eg:Ienjoylisteningtomusic.Iconsiderituselessarguingwithhim.(it作形式宾语)此类动词如：admire/appreciate/avoid/like/dislike/finish/mind/consider/postpone/deny/advise/practise/escape/miss/imagine/delay等。介宾eg:Heinsistedonwatchingthefootballgame.此类短语动词如：thinkof/dreamof/hearof/giveup/prevent…from…/stop…from…/keep…from…/lookforwardto/setabout/feellike/dependon/beengagedin/beusedto/betiredof/succeedin/beproudof/beinterestedin/begoodat/beafraidof/prefer…to…/spend…(in)…/devote…to…/insiston/persistin(坚持)/stickto等。作定语eg:Hisfatherworksinapaintingfactory.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.动名词的复合结构：由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。（说明：动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语通常是一致的，但也有不一致的情况。如果动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，则要在动名词的前加一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。在句子开关必须使用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格）eg:Hiscomingmademeveryhappy.Mary’scryingannoyedhim.Shedidn’tmindTom’s/his/him/Tomsmoking.动名词的否定式：由“not+V-ing”构成动名词常用于简短的禁令中eg:Nosmoking.Noparking.Nospitting.不定式、分词、动名词之间的比较不定式与动名词之间的比较有些动词只能接不定式作宾语eg:decideagreemanagepromise有些动词只能接动名词作宾语eg:enjoysuggestpractisemindimagine有些动词既可接不定式作宾语也可接动名词作宾语意义相差不大eg:beginstartcontinue含义不同eg:like/love/prefer/hate+todo表示某一次具体的或将来的行为like/love/prefer/hate+doing表示习惯性的或一般性的行为Ilikeplayingchess,butIdon’tliketoplayitnow.意义有所区别eg:remember/forget/regret/try/mean/stop/goon等用法上有差别eg:allow/advise/permit/forbid+sb.todo/V-ingWedon’tallowpeopletosmokehere.Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.固定句型eg:Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.Itcostssb.somemoneytodosth.sb.spendsometime/money(in)doingsth.Thereisno+doing=It’simpossibletodosth.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.It’simpossibletoholdbackthewheelofhistory.现在分词与动名词之间的比较分词：具有动词、形容词、副词的特征，可作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语动名词：具有动词、名词的特征，可作表语、定语、主语、宾语作表语时的比较Iamastudent(名词)/clever(形容词)/atschool(介词短语).Herwishistobeadoctor(不定式短语)…….分词作表语表示主语的性质、特征，连系动词可以换成其它词Thestoryis(sounds)interesting.进行时态：be+V-ing表示主语的正在进行的动作Heisswimming.动名词作表语表示主语本身，主语和宾语可以互换位置Myfavouritesportisswimming.=Swimmingismyfavouritesport.作定语时的比较WestudyEnglish.Igotoschoolbybike.主谓动(Vt.)宾主谓宾方式状语主谓关系动宾关系短语动词：Vi.+介词Yesterdayafternon,theyplayedfootballontheplayground.时间状语主谓动宾语地点状语现在分词作定语时，与被修饰语之间存在主谓关系，相当于定语从句，表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的动作或特征。动名词作定语时，与被修饰语之间没有存在主谓关系，相当于一个forphrase,表示被修饰名词（人或事物）的作用、用途、目的等，作“供……用的”解释。flyingfish：fishcanfly.飞鱼flyingsuit：suitforflying飞行衣asleepingchild：achildissleeping酣睡的孩子asleepingcar：acarforsleeping一辆卧车分词作定语、宾语补足语与作状语的区分及其形式的选定①分词作状语时，常与主句用逗号隔开，如果没有逗号且放在某一名词或代词的前后，则为定语或宾语补足语。定boiledwaterabookwrittenbyapeasant语developingcountrytheboystandingunderthetree宾Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.补Ifoundthewindowspainted.状Workinghard,youwillsucceed.语Givenmoretime,wecoulddoitbetter.②其形式的选定,就由分词与被修饰名词或逻辑主语即主句主语之间的关系来确定。被动关系Heated,thewaterchangesintosteam.主动关系Hearingthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.主动表被动的几种情况want/need/deserve/require表示“需要”时beworthdoing=beworthyofbeingdone/tobedone不定式所修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor.(Akeyunlockthedoor.)不定式和它前面所修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Ihavegotalettertowrite.(Iwritealetter.)Heneedsaroomtolivein.(Helivesinaroom.)不定式作状语时，与句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。(可简单记为形容词后面的不定式一般使用主动形式表达被动含义be+adj.+todo=tobedone)。eg:Heishardtotalkto.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.tolet(出租)、toblame(责备)、toseek(寻找)、topay(支付)等往往用主动形式表达被动含义。eg:Thehouseistolet.（tobelet）Sheistoblameforthis.（tobeblamed）Thereasonisnotdifficulttoseek.What’stopay?要付多少钱？too…to…或…enough(forsb.)to…eg:Theboxistooheavy(forhim)tocarry.Thechairislightenough(forhim)tolift.非谓语动词非谓语动词就是不能充当句子谓语成分的动词形式，包括动词不定式（todo）、分词（过去分词V-p.p.、现在分词V-ing）、动名词V-ing三种形式。动词不定式基本形式：todo(有时to可以省略，称为不带to的不定式)特点：没有人称和数的变化，也不受谓语动词时态变化的干扰eg:I(You/He/She/We/You/They)want(wants/wanted)fdfdddddddtobuyacar.动词不定式可充当的句子成分作主语eg:Tostudyhardisourduty.常使用it作为形式主语，不定式作真正主语放后面Itisnoteasytomasteraforeignlanguage.亦可在不定式前面加上forsb.指出不定式的逻辑主语Itisnoteasyforustomasteraforeignlanguage.但某些表示人的品行的形容词，如：kind/good/nice/right/wrong/wise/unwise/polite/impolite/rude/silly/stupid/foolish/careless/clever/thoughtful等作表语时改用ofsb.Itiskindofyoutohelpmewithmystudy.作宾语eg:Iwanttoborrowyourdictionary.能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词有want/like/hope/wish/prefer/hate/decide/expect/desire/try/manage/start/begin/remember/forget/ask/offer/continue/agree/choose/pro-mise/mean/pretend等常使用it作为形式宾语，不定式作真正主语放后面IfinditinterestingtostudyEnglish.作表语也就是放在连系动词（主要有be动词am/is/are、感官动词look/hear/smell/taste/feel、表示保持和变化的动词stay/keep/remain/become/turn/grow/get以及seem等）的后面。eg:Herwishistobecomeadoctor.Shedoesn’tseemtoliketheidea.作定语动宾关系eg:Herearesomebooks(foryoutoread).Shehasasickbaby(totakecareof).Haveyougotanythingtosay?Vt.或短语动词（Vi.+介词）Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Shewasthefirstpersontothinkoftheidea.作状语作目的状语eg:Tocatchthefirstbus,Ihavetogetupearly.Hewenthometoseehisparents.Sheusesacomputertowriteanarticle.另外不定式作目的状语常用soasto(只能放句中)/inordertoShecheckedthenamescarefullysoasto/inordertoavoidmistakes.Inorderto(不能用soasto)arrivebeforedark,westartedearly.作结果状语eg:WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouunhappy?另外不定式作结果状语常用以下结构：so+adj.+asto/such(+n.)+astoHeissoangryastobeunabletospeak.Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.Herillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.她的病还没有严重到令人担忧的地步。…enough(forsb.)to…Theiceisthickenoughtowalkon.too…to…表示否定的结果Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.onlyto…表示出乎意料的结果Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.作原因状语eg:Iamgladtohearthenews.作插入语不定式有时可看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度，对整个句子进行说明。eg:Totellyouthetruth(说实话),Iforgotallaboutit.Tobefrank(坦率地说),Ididn’tagreewithyou.作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语与前面的名词或代词构成不定式的复合结构。eg:Mothertoldmetocomebackbefore10o’clock.Weadvicedhimtohaveagoodrest.动词不定式的否定式：在不定式符号to前加noteg:Hedecidednottogohome.“疑问词+不定式”结构疑问词who/which/what/when/where/how/whether等后接不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。eg:Idon’tknowwhattodo.动词不定式省略to的几种情况在使役动词make/let/have及感官动词see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/feel/notice等后面，但在被动语态中to要恢复。eg:Theteachermakethestudentslistenattentively.Thestudentsaremadetolistenattentively.but/except/besides/than/about等前面有do的某种形式存在时，to省略，否则不省略。eg:Shecoulddonothingbutcry.Ihavenochoicebuttogo.两个或多个不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往省略to，但如果表示对比关系时则每个不定式前都要带toeg:Shetoldmetostaythereandwaittillshecameback.It’sbettertolaughtthantocry.Hehasn’tdecdedwhethertogohomeortostayatschool.不定式的时态不定式的一般式todo所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。eg:Iwanttobuyacar.不定式的进行式tobedoing所表示的动作正在进行eg:Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.不定