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高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题十二:非谓语动词非谓语动词是高考必考点,《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对非谓语动词列了三项:动词不定式、动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第68题和70题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词conducted和现在分词living做后置定语。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第66题和67题(语法填空)分别考查了过去分词表示被动和动名词做宾语。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第63题和68题(语法填空)分别考查了动词不定式做宾补和动名词做宾语。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词,其中分词又包括现在分词和过去分词。非谓语动词可以充当除了谓语之外的其他成分,如下表:主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√动词不定式一、动词不定式的形式主动被动一般式todotobedone否定式nottodonottobedone完成时tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing无动词不定式的用法动词不定式可以充当谓语之外的所有句子成分,动词不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。1.作主语(1)动词不定式作主语,一般表示具体的某次动作,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:=1\*GB3①Toseeistobelieve.=2\*GB3②TomasterEnglishisofgreatimportance.(2)不定式或不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,构成“Itis+adj+forsb.+todo”结构,或Itis+adj+forsth+tobedone。例如:=1\*GB3①Itisimpossibleforhimtogiveupsmoking.=2\*GB3②Itisnoteasytofindyourwayinthemountain.=3\*GB3③Itisdifficultfortheproblemtobesolved.=4\*GB3④Itisimpossibleformyquestiontobeansweredinhisabsence.2.作宾语(1)动词不定式作宾语时,常跟在某些及物动词后面,常见的有:agree,dare,decide,expect,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,intend,fail,wish,choose等。例如:=1\*GB3①Imeantogothereatonce.=2\*GB3②Wemustlearntotellfriendsfromenemies.(2)不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾补之后,而用it作形式宾语。句型为“主语+find(feel,think,believe,consider,etc)+it+形容词/名词+todosth”。例如:=1\*GB3①Ithinkitnecessarytoreportthethingtotheteacher.=2\*GB3②Ifinditinterestingtoworkwithhim.(3)动词不定式还可以用作介词except、but和besides的宾语,如果介词前为动词do的某种形式,则后面接不带to的不定式,否则带to。cannotchoosebut、cannothelpbut和cannotbut后的不定式也省略to。常用句型有:Thereisnothingtodobut+do例如:Thereisnothingtodobutwait.donothingbut/except+do例如:Wecandonothingbutwait.cannothelp/choosebut+do例如:Wecannotchoosebutwait.havenochoicebuttodo例如:Wehavenochoicebuttowait.3.作表语动词不定式作表语,常放在系动词之后,表示将来的动作,主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如wish,task,purpose,duty,job等。例如:=1\*GB3①Toteachistolearn.=2\*GB3②Myjobistohelpthepatient.【注意】如果在主语中(通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中)有实义动词do时,作表语的动词不定式省略to。例如:AllIwanttodonow(WhatIwanttodonow)isfillmystomach.4.作定语不定式可以放在名词、代词、序数词、theonly和形容词最高级等后面作定语。常被不定式修饰的名词有:chance,need,promise,time,opportunity,way等。不定式常表示将来的动作。(1)不定式与被修饰的名词往往构成逻辑上的关系。如果不定式与该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定式用主动形式;如果不定式与该句的主语不构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则不定式用被动形式。例如:=1\*GB3①Heisnotamantotelllies.=2\*GB3②Therewillnotbeenoughspacetostandinontheearth.=3\*GB3③---Iwillgohometomorrow,doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?---No,thanks.(2)作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系,而且不定式动词又是不及物动词时,应在该动词上加上一个介词。例如:=1\*GB3①Hehasanicepentowritewith.=2\*GB3②Heislookingforaroomtolivein.=3\*GB3③Itissaidthatthebestwaytotravelbyisonfoot.5.作状语不定式作状语时,可表示目的、原因、结果或条件。例如:I’mverygladtohearthenews.(原因)不定式作目的状语时,常可构成inorderto,soasto例如:Hegotupearlysoasnottobelate. 不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语。例如:Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.有些不定式短语可以做独立成份,通常放在句首,有时置于句中或句未,须用逗号的开,如:tobeginwith,tobehonest,totellyouthetruth等。例如:Tobehonest,myEnglishispoor.不定式作结果状语常用如下句型:Too+形容词/副词+todosth例如:Heistooyoungtogotoschool.形容词/副词+enough+todosth例如:Heisoldenoughtodresshimself.enough+名词+todosth例如:Ihaveenoughmoneytobuyacar.such+(形容词)名词+astodosth例如:Heissuchacleverboyastoworkoutthequestionquickly.so+形容词/副词+astodosth例如:Heissocleveraboyastoworkoutthequestionquickly.【注意】不定式作状语,其逻辑主语与句子主语必须一致。【注意】不定式可以放在only后面表示未曾预料的结果。例如:=1\*GB3①Hehurriedtotherailwaystation,onlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.=2\*GB3②Igottohishouse,onlytobetoldthathewasn’tin.6.作补语(宾语补足语和主语补足语),有两种情况:(1)接带to的不定式作宾语补足语,这类动词或动词短语有:ask,tell,invite,force,get,beg,allow,help,wish,want,like,hate,prefer,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,instruct,permit,request,order,warn,cause,urge,callon,dependon,longfor,waitfor等,构成V+sb.+todo结构。例如:=1\*GB3①Ididn’tmeanyoutohearit.=2\*GB3②Wearelongingforthenewtermtobegin.(2)在感官动词(see,hear,feel,listento,notice,watch,observe等)和使役动词(let,have,make)后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但这类句子变成被动语态时,必须带to。(注意:let,have不用于被动语态)例如:=1\*GB3①Isawhimplayinthepark.→Hewasseentoplayinthepark.=2\*GB3②Thebossmadethosemenworkdayandnight.→Thosemenweremadetoworkdayandnight.注意:tell、advise等动词后面可以接“连接代词或连接副词+todo”作宾语补足语。例如:Youdidnottellmehowtopronouncetheword.动名词主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone否定式notdoingnothavingdonenotbeingdonenothavingbeendone动名词的基本形式是由动词末尾加-ing形式构成,动名词具有动词和名词的特点:动词的特点体现在它可以有自己的宾语、状语和补足语,有时态和语态的变化;名词的特点体现在它可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。一、动名词的时态、语态和否定形式动名词的时态有一般式和完成式;语态有主动和语态和被动语态;动名词的否定式是直接在其前面加上not。以do为例,列表说明如下:动名词的时态。动名词的一般式表示的动作通常是一般性的动作,即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作,或者是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作;完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:=1\*GB3①Iaminterestedinplayingbasketball.=2\*GB3②Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetyouatthemeeting.动名词的语态。如果句子的主语是该动名词动作的承受者,即句子的主语与动名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,则动名词要用被动形式。例如:=1\*GB3①Shedidn’tmindbeingleftathome.(句子的主语she与动词leave构成动宾关系,且动作基本同时发生。)=2\*GB3②Iforgothavingbeentoldaboutit.(句子的主语I与动词tell构成动宾关系,且动作已经完成。)二、动名词的语法功能1.作主语:动名词做主语可以放在句首,有时候也可以用it做形式主语,常常构成一些固定句型,如:It’sawasteoftimedoing...;It’snouse/gooddoing...例如:=1\*GB3①Teachingismyfull-timejob.=2\*GB3②WritinganEnglishcompositionisnoteasy.=3\*GB3③It’sawasteoftimearguingwithhim.=4\*GB3④It’snousetakingthiskindofmedicine.2.作宾语:(1)作动词的宾语。只接动名词作宾语的常见动词有:resist、mind、suggest、delay、keep、lookforwardto、enjoy、include、appreciate、imagine、practice、finish、succeedin、consider、can’thelp、miss等。例如:=1\*GB3①Ihavejustfinisheddoingmyhomework.=2\*GB3②Isuggestedaskinghisbrotherforsomemoney.=3\*GB3③Hekeepsbuyingexpensivemaps.【注意】以下几个动词或短语后面跟动名词作宾语和跟动词不定式作宾语意义不同:mean,remember,stop,forget,regret,try,goon。forgeteq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.忘记要做某事,doingsth.忘记已经做过某事))regreteq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.对即将做的事表示遗憾未做,doingsth.对做过的事表示后悔已做))tryeq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.尽力去做某事,doingsth.试着做某事))gooneq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.继续做另一件事,doingsth.继续做原来做的事))remembereq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.记着去做某事未做,doingsth.记着做了某事已做))meaneq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(todosth.打算做某事,doingsth.意味着做某事))todosth.停下来去做某事stopdoingsth.停止做某事例如:=1\*GB3①Pleasestoptalking.=2\*GB3②Let’sstoptohavearest.=3\*GB3③Iregrettellinghimthesecret.=4\*GB3④Iregrettotellyouthatyouhavemissedtheexam.(2)作介词的宾语,常用于固定短语和句型中。如:be/getusedto,devote...to...,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getdownto,thinkof,beproudof,prevent...from...,keep...from....,beengagedin,feellike以及havesome/no/anydifficulty(trouble)in,havefun(pleasure)in,haveagood(hard)time,thereisnoneed/use/good/harm/hurry(in)等。例如:=1\*GB3①Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.=2\*GB3②Thereisnoneedarguingwithhim.3.作表语:动名词作表语时,句子的主语常常是表示无生命的名词或what引导的名词性从句。作表语的动名词与主语通常是对等关系,表示主语的内容,主语与表语可互换位置。例如:=1\*GB3①Myjobisteaching.=Teachingismyjob.=2\*GB3②Herfull-timejobislayingeggs.=Layingeggsisherfull-timejob.=3\*GB3③WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.4.作定语:动名词作定语表示性质或用途。awashingmachine=amachineforwashingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming分词(现在分词和过去分词)过去分词只有一种形式,即done,没有其他变化形式,而现在分词有时态和语态的变化。如下表所示(以do为例)。分词的语法功能:及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般式doingbeingdonedoing完成式havingdonehavingbeendonehavingdone1.作定语:现在分词作定语,可以表示名词的用途,也可以表示主动意义或正在进行的动作或当时的状态,此时现在分词在意义上相当于一个定语从句。过去分词作定语表示被动或完成。一般而言,单个的分词作定语要放在被修饰词之前,分词短语作定语放在被修饰词之后。例如:adevelopingcountry=acountrywhichisdevelopingasleepingboy=aboywhoissleeping
=1\*GB3①Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.
=2\*GB3②
Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople'shealth.=3\*GB3③Thebuildingbuiltlastyearwasahospital.=4\*GB3④Themeetingbeingheldnowisveryimportant.【注意】如果两个动词有先后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而用定语从句,即现在分词的完成主动式havingdone以及完成被动式havingbeendone不能作定语。如,我们不能说:Ihaveheardoftheaccidenthavinghappenedyesterday.而是用定语从句代替:Ihaveheardoftheaccidentthathappenedyesterday.再如,我们不能说:Ididn’tfindmywallethavingbeenstolen.而用定语从句:Ididn’tfindmywalletwhichhadbeenstolen.
2.作状语:现在分词作状语。表时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随(方式)等。
特点:1.分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致.2.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引导。3.如果主语不一致,要采用独立主格结构。现在分词的一般式doing和完成主动式havingdone作状语时,与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。doing表示的动作和句子的谓语动词所表示的动作基本同时发生或现在分词的动作正在发生;havingdone则表示其动作先于句子的谓语动词的动作发生。例如:=1\*GB3①Hearingthebell,thestudentsenteredtheclassroom.(时间)=2\*GB3②Hearingthecryforhelp,herushedout.(时间)=3\*GB3③Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.(时间)=4\*GB3④Havingfinishedhiswork,hewenthome.(时间)=5\*GB3⑤Seeingfromthehill,youcangetthewholetown.(条件)=6\*GB3⑥Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.(原因)=7\*GB3⑦Thestudentsranoutoftheclassroom,talkingandlaughing.(伴随)=8\*GB3⑧Footballisplayedallaroundtheworld,makingitthemostpopularsport.(结果)过去分词done和现在分词的完成被动式havingbeendone作状语时,与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。而且表示的动作在句子的谓语动词之前就已经发生。例如:=1\*GB3①Given(=Havingbeengiven)awrongnumber,Icouldn’tcontacthimoverthephone.(原因)=2\*GB3②Havingbeenwarnedmanytimes,theybecamemoreandmorecarefulindoingthejob.(时间)=3\*GB3③Seenfromthehill,thewholetownisbeautiful.(条件)
=4\*GB3④Notsatisfiedwiththeresult,wedecidedtodotheexperimentagain.(原因)
=5\*GB3⑤Heenteredtheroom,followedbyhisgirlfriend.(伴随)=6\*GB3⑥Ifallowed,hewouldeatallthefoodinthehouse.(条件)【注意】分词作状语时,如果分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,则通常在它前面加上它的主语构成独立主格结构,即“n.+-ed/-ing”。(非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语,逻辑主语的代词又是主格,故常称为“独立主格”。)例如:=1\*GB3①Herworkfinished(=Afterherworkhadbeenfinished),shesatdownforacupoftea.
=2\*GB3②Therebeingnotaxis(=Becausetherewasnotaxis),wehadtowalk.=3\*GB3③Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),theywillgoonanoutingtomorrow.
=4\*GB3④Animportantlecturetobegiventomorrow(=Becauseanimportantlecturewillbegiventomorrow),theprofessorhastostayuplateintothenight.=5\*GB3⑤Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead(=andhishandswerecrossedunderhishead)有时也用"with(without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词"的结构表示伴随状况的独立主格结构。例如:
Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.补充:其他形式的独立主格结构(n.+不定式;n.+介词短语;n.+形容词;n.+副词)例如:=1\*GB3①Heisgoingtomakeamodelplane,someoldpartstohelp.=2\*GB3②Theboygoestotheclassroom,bookinhand.=3\*GB3③Somanypeopleabsent,themeetinghadtobecalledoff.=4\*GB3④Themeetingover,theyallwenthome.作宾补:现在分词做宾补的两大特征:一是宾语与现在分词之间与主语之间有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。能跟现在分词作宾语补足语的常见动词有:make、let、have、lookat、see、watch、hear、listento、notice、feel。(三让、三看、两听、注意感觉)。例如:=1\*GB3①Iheardthegirlsingingintheclassroom.=2\*GB3②Isawalongqueueoutsidethebankwaitingforittoopen.=3\*GB3③Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithinterest.
=4\*GB3④Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.过去分词做宾补的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词做宾补与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词做宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已经完成。能借过去分词做宾补的常见动词有:have,make,see,hear,find,leave,want等。例如:=1\*GB3①I'veneverheardthesongsunginEnglish.=2\*GB3②Isawthehorsetiedtoatree.=3\*GB3③Peoplefoundthethiefescaped.
4.作表语:分词放在系动词后面作表语。现在分词作表语指物,过去分词作表语指人。例如:=1\*GB3①Themovieisinspiring.=2\*GB3②Heisinspiredbythemovie.=3\*GB3③Thestoryhetolduswasveryinteresting.=4\*GB3④HeisinterestedinEnglish.高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·非谓语动词考点规律分析:短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要涉及不定式符号to的有无,介词后该使用动词的什么形式(用动名词),并列结构中几个非谓语动词是否一致,动词用作主语时用何种形式(可用动名词或不定式,但不能用动词原形)等。语法填空主要涉及非谓语动词的形式选择。非谓语动词单句改错之真题训练:1.DavidandIwantedgoofftofindhelpbutBillinsistedonstayingnearthecar.2.…ratherthangointotheforestandgettinglost.3.Davidpointedtoapathwhichhethoughtwouldprobablyleadingtoavillage.4.IwentbacktogetDavidandhelpedhimtostoodup.5.CharlesandLindaMasondoallofthesethingsaswellasclimbedbuilding.6.Modernpeopleknowmoreabouthealth,havebetterfood,andtoliveinclearersurroundings.7.TheWorldHealthOrganizationandotherorganizationsareworkingimprovehealthallovertheworld.8.…youpaythecostofsendapostcard,thelibrarianwillwritetoyou.9....andletyoutoknowwhenthebookyouwanthasreturned.10.Iwanttothankyouagainforhavemeinyourhomeforthesummerholidays.11.Ihadalwayswantedreturntothevillageaftermovingaway.12.Itwasverykindofthemtomeetmeattherailwaystationanddrovemetotheirhome.13.Ilookforwardtohearfromyousoon.14.Playfootballnotonlymakesusgrowuptallandstrongbutalsogivesusasenseoffairplayandteamspirit.15.Iwasoftenalittletiredafteraday’sworkandwatchTVdemandsverylittleeffort.16.I’dlikeverymuchcomebutIhaveanexaminationonMondaymorning.17.I’llspendthewholeweekendreadingandprepareforit.18.Butthenthereisalwaysmoremysterieslookinto.19.Afterlearnthebasicsofthesubject,nothingelseseemedverypracticaltome.20.MyparentslovemedearlyofcourseandwilldoalltheycanmakesurethatIgetagoodeducation.21.Hedidnotwantsharethingswithotherpeople.22.Thatis,agameoftennismakinghimverybusy.23.Asweclimbedthemountain,wefedmonkeys,visitingtemplesandtoldstories.24.Buthisparentsthinkgotocollegeismoreimportantthanplayingsports.25.…childrenmaynotdevelopthehabitofreadandtheabilitytoenjoythemselves.26.…tomakechildrentowantthingsthattheydon’treallyneed.27.SoonIbegantoenjoytalktomyselfonpaperasIwaslearningtoexpressmyselfinsimpleEnglish.28.Shakeherhead,shesaid,“Itisn’tagoodtimetodothat,dear.”29.It’slikegoingtoahugelibrarywithouthavetowalkaroundtofindyourbooks.30.IamthinkingofmakingatriptoLondon,andvisittheBritishMuseumandsomeparks.31.Ihavesomerecordsgivingtomeasbirthdaygifts.32.Idreamofstandingontheplatformintheclassroomandgivelessonstolovelyboysandgirls.非谓语动词单句改错之模拟训练:1.Inthosedayswewereforcedworktwelvehoursaday.2.It’sverydifficultforaforeignerlearnChinese.3.Itwassillyofyoubelievewhathesaid.4.Hewasmadewashtheboss’scaronceaday.5.I’llletyoutoknowassoonasIhearfromher.6.Iwavedtoherbutfailedattractherattention.7.Ihavealreadyseenthefilmtwice.Idon’twantseeitanymore.8.WhatIwantknowiswhenallthishappened.9.Itwasclearthathewantedbealone.10.Mostchildrenareinterestedinlistentostories.11.Walkquicklyisdifficultforanoldman.12.Becarefulincrossthestreet.13.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Itisworthseetwice.14.Findworkisverydifficultthesedays.15.MostofusstudentsenjoyaskquestionsinEnglish.16.Look,someofmyclassmatesarepractisingspeakEnglish.17.Teachachildtosinganddanceisveryinteresting.18.LearntospeakEnglishismoredifficultthantowriteit.19.MyfriendJimisverygoodatmakingthingsandrepairthings.20.Hedecidedtogotothesouth,findagoodjobandlivingthere.21.Itwasverykindofyoutobuyussomuchfruitandseeingusatthestation.22.Excuseme,wouldyoutotellmethewaytothezoo?非谓语动词单句改错之提升训练:1.Alotofmoneyhasbeenspenttobuythebook.2.Youwillhavetopaythecostofsendapostcard.3.Whathedidwaspuzzled.4.Iwillspendaweekreadingandpreparefortheexamination.5.CharlesandLindadoallofthesethingsaswellasclimbedbuildings.6.YesterdayIhadmybadtoothpullingout.7.Iheardhersingingasongwhichmovedmetotears.8.Imadeaterriblemistake.Iregrettednottotakingyouradvice.9.Whenwereachedthetopofthemountain,westoppedtohavingarestbeforewewentdownthemountain.10.There’llbeagoodfilmtonight,remembertoseeingitontime!11.Thegamewasover,shewenthome.12.Whenspeaking,youmustmakeyourselfhear.13.ShepretendednottoseeingmewhenIcamein.14.AbrahamLincolnwasconsideredtobeingoneofthegreatestofallAmericanpresidents.15.Followingbytheofficers,thegeneralinspectedthearmy.16.There’ssomethingwrongwithmycar,anditneedsrepaired.17.Don’tburnthefallingleavesontheground.18.Losinginthought,healmostranintoacarinfrontofhim.19.Ienjoylistentotheclassicmusic.20.Judgebywhathewears,heisafarmer.学习札记:_______________________________________________________非谓语动词单句改错之真题训练:1.wanted后加to,因为want后要接不定式2.getting改get,因为get与其前的go并列3.leading改为lead,因为其前有助动词would4.stood改为stand,因为tostandup在此为不定式结构5.climbed改为climb/climbing,若将aswellas视为连词,则将climbed改为climb,因为它与其前的do并列;若将aswellas视为介词,则climbing,因为介词后动词用动名词6.去掉live前的to,因为live与其前的know,have并列7.improve前加to,toimprove…为表目的的不定式短语8.send改为sending,因为介词后接动名词作宾语9.去掉know前的to,因为其前有动词let10.have改为having,因为介词后接动名词作宾语11.return前加to,因为want后要接不定式12.drove改为drive,因为drive与其前的tomeet并列,此处的drive为省略to的不定式13.hear改为hearing,因为其前的to是介词14.第一个play改为playing,因为动词原形不能用作主语15.watch改为watching,因为动词原形不能用作主语16.come前加to,因为wouldlike后接不定式17.prepare改为preparing,因为它与其前的reading并列,与其前所用的动词spend有关18.look前加to,此处为不定式作后置定语19.learn改为learning,因为介词后接动名词作宾语20.make前加to,因为tomake…在此用作目的状语,注意句型doallonecantodosth21.want后加to,因为want后要接不定式22.making改为made,因为缺谓语,不能用非谓语形式,根据上下文用一般过去时23.visiting改为visit
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