英国历史与文化英文课件

AnIntroductionto

BritishHistoryandCultureAnIntroductionto

BritishHi1EnglishHistoryPrehistoricEnglandRomanBritain(43-410)TheAnglo-SaxonsandVikings(450-1066)NormansandPlantagenets(1066-1272)LancasterandYork(1272-1485)TheTudors(1485-1603)TheStuarts(1603-1714)OrderandDisorder(1714-1837)VictoriaandEmpire(1837-1910)PeaceandWar(1910-1945)ContemporaryBritain(1945-)EnglishHistoryPrehistoricEng2Chapter1EarlyEnglandOldStoneAge,70,000—8000BCMiddleStoneAge,8300—3500BCNewStoneAge,3500—2500BCBronzeAge,2500—700BC(Iberians)IronAge,700—100BC(Celts)TheDawningofEnglishHistory150BC—50Chapter1EarlyEngland3OfficialtitleUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritishIslesincludingGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,alltheoffshoreislands1.1Geography:SomeTerminology

Officialtitle1.1Geography4英国历史与文化英文课件5isolatedfromEuropebytheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSeaonceperceivedasbeingontheedgeoftheworldTheseasaroundBritainalsoactedasbarriersagainstattemptedinvasions:TheArmada,1588;theFrench,1805,NaziGermany,19401.1Geography:GeographyandHistoryisolatedfromEuropebytheEn6GenerallymildandtemperateweatherallowsfarmingtoflourishacrossthecountryNorth:lessfertileland,wetterSouth:fertileland,drier

1.1Geography:WeatherGenerallymildandtemperatew7Huntersandgatherers

OldStoneAge(Paleolithic),70,000—8000BCMiddleStoneAge(Mesolithic),8300—3500BCNewStoneAge(Neolithic),3500—2500BC1.2EarlySettlersHuntersandgatherers1.2Ear8NewStoneAge

,3500—2500BCStonehenge史前巨石阵amonumentalcircularsettingoflargestandingstonessurroundedbyanearthwork1.2EarlySettlersNewStoneAge,3500—2500BC1.9StonehengeStonehenge10InSearchofHistory00:20—01:38InSearchofHistory00:20—11TheCelts(IronAge,700—100BC)fromnorth-westernEurope,ancestorsofthehighlandScots,theIrishandWelshGaelic盖尔语

:languageofCelticorigin1.2EarlySettlers

1.2EarlySettlers12Chapter2RomanBritainChapter2RomanBritain13RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)

BritishrecordedhistorybeginswithRomaninvasion.firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarcompletecontroloverthelandin43A.D.leavinginaround410A.D.RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)14WhatisthemeaningofB.C.andA.D.?BC

standsfor"beforeChrist"ADstandsfortheLatinphrase“annodomini”means"intheyearofourLord"ThepurposeoftheBC/ADdatingsystemtomakethebirthofJesusChristthedividingpointofworldhistoryWhatisthemeaningofB.C.an15GaiusJuliusCaesar(July13,100BC–March15,44BC)aRomanmilitaryandpoliticalleaderplayedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheRomanRepublicintotheRomanEmpireGaiusJuliusCaesar16RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)Firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarReasonsthelureoftreasurestopunishtheCeltsbecauseofthehelptheyrenderedtheirfellowtribesmeninGaulResultsfailedbecauseofweatherwithdrawwithhostagesandprisonersRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD17RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)2.

Completecontroloverthelandin43A.D.LeaderheadedbytheEmperorClaudiusReasonscameasimperialiststoexploitandgovernbyrightofbeingthesuperiorRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD18英国历史与文化英文课件19RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)3.

Leavinginaround410A.D.TheRomanEmpiredisintegratedin476A.D..leftbehindawellestablished

Celtic-RomancultureRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)3.20RomanSoldiersRomanSoldiers21ResistancetoRomanOccupationFornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.Romantroopsoftenwithdrew.Resistance:thePictsTwogreatwallstokeepthePicts:Hadrian’sWallAntonineWallResistancetoRomanOccupation22英国历史与文化英文课件23RomanInfluence:

TheRomanisationofBritannia

Romanlaws,taxes,engineeringskillsArchitectureRomansocialsystemTheLatinLanguageSystemofwritingandnumberingIntroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownsBroughtthenewreligionChristianitytoBritain

RomanInfluence:

TheRoma24RomanInfluence:

TheRomanisationofBritannia

Romantowns:London,York,Bathbaths,temples,amphitheatres竞技场,Romanaqueducts高架渠

Romanroads:morethan5000roads,anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetownsRoman

civilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads.RomanInfluence:

TheRoma25Romantown:BathRomantown:26英国历史与文化英文课件27BathAbbeyBathAbbey28英国历史与文化英文课件29Romanamphitheatre

Romanamphitheatre30Romanaqueduct

Romanaqueduct31RomanRoadRomanRoad32TheImpactofChristianityTheCelt’sReligion

Polytheism(多神论)Animals,rivers,andlakeswerealsotreatedasgods.TheImpactofChristianityThe33CelticgodsandgoddessesCelticgodsandgoddesses34RomanBritain.ChristianmerchantsandtradersarrivedinEnglandinthe1stcenturyA.D,butmadelittleimpact.Inthe2ndcentury,Christianityslowlyspread.Inthelate6thcentury,ChristianitywasintroducedwidelyinEngland.RomanBritain.35Christianity:beliefinonegodhead,TheCelt’sReligion:beliefinseveralgodsAfterConstantine’sconversiontoChristianity,Polytheism

(多神论)

monotheism

(一神论)BritanniaBritannia36Anglo-SaxonperiodInthemiddleofthe5thcentury,Anglo-Saxonssettledhere.Englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition,language,physicalheritagetothem(tall,fair-haired).Vikinginvasion:bythe8th,theDanishbegantoinvadeEnglandinasuccessfulwayuntilAlfredtheGreatdefeatedthem.

KingAlfredtheGreat(r.871-899阿佛列大帝)HeisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedEngland.HedefeatedtheDanesatbattles.

Anglo-Saxonperiod3728Beowulf,theoldestEnglishepic,tellsthestoryofaScandinavianhero.ProbablywritteninNorthumbriaintheearlyeighthcentury,itprovidesastrikingpictureofearlyGermaniclife.TheearliestsurvivingmanuscriptofBeowulfwaswritteninSaxoninthelatetenthcentury.p7328Beowulf,theoldestEnglish3829TheManuscriptofBeowulf29TheManuscriptofBeowulf3932Anevildragonrobbedthehollycupawayandguardedthecupinhiscavenotallowinganyonetotouchit.32Anevildragonrobbedtheho4033Beowulfledhismentosailacrosstheseatofindthehollycupbackforhispeople.33Beowulfledhismentosail41TheNormanConquestAfterEdwarddied,DukeofNormandy---WilliamI,wascrownedinLondon,onChristmasDay

1066.Significance:A.Anewdynasty,anewaristocracyB.AstrongNormangovernment,feudalsystemC.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized.TheNormanConquest42封建时代1)William’srule(1066-1087)

A.strongmonarchywasestablishedB.FrenchlanguagewasusedinthecourtandupperclassesC.DomesdayBook:greatsurveyoftherealmin1089

2)HenryⅡ’sreform(1154-1189)

A.EstablishedthePlantagenetDynasty(1154-1485)B.replacedthefeudallawwithroyalorcommonlaw,thejuryof12swornmen3)MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)in1215

A.signedbykingJohnB.thebasisofmodernEnglishconstitutionC.theupholdingofindividualrightsagainstarbitrarygovernment

封建时代43

4)theparliamentin1265

A.duringHenryⅢ,SimondeMontfortcalledthefirstparliamentB.commonerssatforthefirsttime

5)theHundredYears’War(1337-1453)

A.betweenFranceandEngland,FrenchwonB.introducedthefirststandingarmiesinWesternEuropeC.bourgeoisiewaspushedonahigherrangofsocialladderD.fallofFrenchlanguageinEnglandE.EnglandandFrancewasseparatefromeachotherentirelyforever

4)theparliamentin1265446)Thebackdeathin1348

A.spreadbyratfleasB.killed1.5millionoutofthetotal4millionpeopleC.grainfarmingturnedtosheepfarming

7)WatTyler’sUprisingin1381

A.infightingagainstthePollTaxin1380B.markedthebeginningoftheendofserfdominmedievalEngland8)ThewaroftheRoses

A.betweenHouseofYork(whiterose)andHouseofLancaster(redrose)B.Markedtheendofmiddleagesandbeginningofmodernworld6)Thebackdeathin134845Great-great-great-grandsonofEdwardIIIHenryVIIHenryVIIIEdwardVIMaryIElisabethIGreat-great-great-grandsonof463.走向现代英国

1）HenryⅧ（1509-1547）

A.theChurchofEngland

separatedfromRomanCatholicismB.kingofEnglandbecameboththesecularandreligiousworldC.kingbecametherealheadofEnglandasanationstate

3.走向现代英国1）HenryⅧ（1509-154747MaryICatholicburningnearlythreehundredProtestantsatthestakelosingCalaisMaryICatholic482)ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)

A.thelastTudormonarch,nevergotmarriedforthegoodofthenationB.securethechurchofEngland,compromisebetweenRCandPC.destructionofSpanishArmadashowedEngland’ssuperiorityasanavalpower2)ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)49ElisabethIProtestanttheVirginQueenSpanishArmadaNeutralityandcompromiseElisabethIProtestant503)TheEnglishRenaissance

A.fromthebeginningof16thcenturytothe17thcenturyB.thegreatestEnglishhumanist:3)TheEnglishRenaissance51JamesI1603-1625CharlesI1625-1649CharlesII1660-1685JamesII1685-1688WilliamIII1688-1702andQueenMaryII1688-1694

QueenAnne1702-1714JamesI1603-162552JamesI

JamesI53CharlesII

Plague(1665)GreatFire(1666)St.Paul'sCathedralbySirChristopherWrenCharlesIIPlague(1665)54JamesIIescapedtoFrancein1648,disguisedasagirlCatholicpersecutionoftheProtestantsJamesIIescapedtoFrancein554)Thecivilwars(1642-1651)A.parliamentaryvictory1651B.executionofCharlesI1649C.Protectorate(1653-1659)OliverCromwellandhisson5)Restoration(1660)CharlesreturnswithabigwelcomeandwascrownedinApril1660,astherestorationofStewartDynasty

4)Thecivilwars(1642-1651)566)GloriousRevolution(1688)A.JamesⅡwasoverthrownbyparliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbytheDutchstadtholderWilliamofOrangeB.BillofRights,autocraticmonarchy----constitutionalmonarchyC.markedtheendoffeudalismandthebeginningofcapitalism★Britaincameintobeingin1707withtheActofUnionwhichunitedEnglandandScotland.7)WhigsandToriesWhigsfavoredreformandToriesaremonarchists.6)GloriousRevolution(1688)57WilliamIIIandQueenMaryIIofferedtheEnglishcrowninvadedEnglandin1688WilliamIIIandQueenMaryIIo588)Enclosure

A.asignificantriseduringtheTudorperiodB.during18-19thcentury,theEnclosureActsbytheparliamentC.harms:PeasantDispossessedoftheirlandD.significance:betterfarmingmethodsaccumulationofcapitalabundantfoodcheapandmobilelabor8)Enclosure5919thcentury:1)TheChartistMovement(1836—1848)19thcentury:1)TheChartist602)ColonialexpansionMotivation:A.economicalmotivation;B.industrialrevolutionandsearchfornewmarkets;C.Struggleformastery;D.Maintainingorderinprofitableareas;E.Themoralguardian.“Thesunneversets”2)Colonialexpansion61VictoriaTheBritishEmpirethelongestreigninEnglishhistorythegrandmotherofEurope

VictoriaTheBritishEmpire6220thcentury:

1.TheLaborparty2.Firstworldwar3.betweenthewars4.Secondworldwar5.postwarBritain6.joiningtheEEC(1973)7.Thatcherandherera20thcentury:1.TheLaborpa63Thatcherandherera“TheIronLady”(tightcontrolofBritain’smonetarypolicy)---thefirstfemalePrimeMinisterinthenation’shistoryin1979.Thatcherandherera“TheIron64QueenElizabethII

QueenElizabethII65AnIntroductionto

BritishHistoryandCultureAnIntroductionto

BritishHi66EnglishHistoryPrehistoricEnglandRomanBritain(43-410)TheAnglo-SaxonsandVikings(450-1066)NormansandPlantagenets(1066-1272)LancasterandYork(1272-1485)TheTudors(1485-1603)TheStuarts(1603-1714)OrderandDisorder(1714-1837)VictoriaandEmpire(1837-1910)PeaceandWar(1910-1945)ContemporaryBritain(1945-)EnglishHistoryPrehistoricEng67Chapter1EarlyEnglandOldStoneAge,70,000—8000BCMiddleStoneAge,8300—3500BCNewStoneAge,3500—2500BCBronzeAge,2500—700BC(Iberians)IronAge,700—100BC(Celts)TheDawningofEnglishHistory150BC—50Chapter1EarlyEngland68OfficialtitleUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritishIslesincludingGreatBritain,thewholeofIreland,alltheoffshoreislands1.1Geography:SomeTerminology

Officialtitle1.1Geography69英国历史与文化英文课件70isolatedfromEuropebytheEnglishChannelandtheNorthSeaonceperceivedasbeingontheedgeoftheworldTheseasaroundBritainalsoactedasbarriersagainstattemptedinvasions:TheArmada,1588;theFrench,1805,NaziGermany,19401.1Geography:GeographyandHistoryisolatedfromEuropebytheEn71GenerallymildandtemperateweatherallowsfarmingtoflourishacrossthecountryNorth:lessfertileland,wetterSouth:fertileland,drier

1.1Geography:WeatherGenerallymildandtemperatew72Huntersandgatherers

OldStoneAge(Paleolithic),70,000—8000BCMiddleStoneAge(Mesolithic),8300—3500BCNewStoneAge(Neolithic),3500—2500BC1.2EarlySettlersHuntersandgatherers1.2Ear73NewStoneAge

,3500—2500BCStonehenge史前巨石阵amonumentalcircularsettingoflargestandingstonessurroundedbyanearthwork1.2EarlySettlersNewStoneAge,3500—2500BC1.74StonehengeStonehenge75InSearchofHistory00:20—01:38InSearchofHistory00:20—76TheCelts(IronAge,700—100BC)fromnorth-westernEurope,ancestorsofthehighlandScots,theIrishandWelshGaelic盖尔语

:languageofCelticorigin1.2EarlySettlers

1.2EarlySettlers77Chapter2RomanBritainChapter2RomanBritain78RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)

BritishrecordedhistorybeginswithRomaninvasion.firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarcompletecontroloverthelandin43A.D.leavinginaround410A.D.RomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)79WhatisthemeaningofB.C.andA.D.?BC

standsfor"beforeChrist"ADstandsfortheLatinphrase“annodomini”means"intheyearofourLord"ThepurposeoftheBC/ADdatingsystemtomakethebirthofJesusChristthedividingpointofworldhistoryWhatisthemeaningofB.C.an80GaiusJuliusCaesar(July13,100BC–March15,44BC)aRomanmilitaryandpoliticalleaderplayedacriticalroleinthetransformationoftheRomanRepublicintotheRomanEmpireGaiusJuliusCaesar81RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)Firstlandingin55B.C.ledbyJuliusCaesarReasonsthelureoftreasurestopunishtheCeltsbecauseofthehelptheyrenderedtheirfellowtribesmeninGaulResultsfailedbecauseofweatherwithdrawwithhostagesandprisonersRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD82RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)2.

Completecontroloverthelandin43A.D.LeaderheadedbytheEmperorClaudiusReasonscameasimperialiststoexploitandgovernbyrightofbeingthesuperiorRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD83英国历史与文化英文课件84RomanInvasion

(55BC-410AD)3.

Leavinginaround410A.D.TheRomanEmpiredisintegratedin476A.D..leftbehindawellestablished

Celtic-RomancultureRomanInvasion(55BC-410AD)3.85RomanSoldiersRomanSoldiers86ResistancetoRomanOccupationFornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation,butitwasneveratotaloccupation.Romantroopsoftenwithdrew.Resistance:thePictsTwogreatwallstokeepthePicts:Hadrian’sWallAntonineWallResistancetoRomanOccupation87英国历史与文化英文课件88RomanInfluence:

TheRomanisationofBritannia

Romanlaws,taxes,engineeringskillsArchitectureRomansocialsystemTheLatinLanguageSystemofwritingandnumberingIntroducedasystemoforganizedgovernmentintownsBroughtthenewreligionChristianitytoBritain

RomanInfluence:

TheRoma89RomanInfluence:

TheRomanisationofBritannia

Romantowns:London,York,Bathbaths,temples,amphitheatres竞技场,Romanaqueducts高架渠

Romanroads:morethan5000roads,anetworkofroadstoconnectlargetownsRoman

civilizationwasbasedoncitylifeinhundredsofwalledtownlinkedbymilitaryroads.RomanInfluence:

TheRoma90Romantown:BathRomantown:91英国历史与文化英文课件92BathAbbeyBathAbbey93英国历史与文化英文课件94Romanamphitheatre

Romanamphitheatre95Romanaqueduct

Romanaqueduct96RomanRoadRomanRoad97TheImpactofChristianityTheCelt’sReligion

Polytheism(多神论)Animals,rivers,andlakeswerealsotreatedasgods.TheImpactofChristianityThe98CelticgodsandgoddessesCelticgodsandgoddesses99RomanBritain.ChristianmerchantsandtradersarrivedinEnglandinthe1stcenturyA.D,butmadelittleimpact.Inthe2ndcentury,Christianityslowlyspread.Inthelate6thcentury,ChristianitywasintroducedwidelyinEngland.RomanBritain.100Christianity:beliefinonegodhead,TheCelt’sReligion:beliefinseveralgodsAfterConstantine’sconversiontoChristianity,Polytheism

(多神论)

monotheism

(一神论)BritanniaBritannia101Anglo-SaxonperiodInthemiddleofthe5thcentury,Anglo-Saxonssettledhere.Englishpeopleowemuchoftheirtradition,language,physicalheritagetothem(tall,fair-haired).Vikinginvasion:bythe8th,theDanishbegantoinvadeEnglandinasuccessfulwayuntilAlfredtheGreatdefeatedthem.

KingAlfredtheGreat(r.871-899阿佛列大帝)HeisoftenregardedasthefirstkingofaunitedEngland.HedefeatedtheDanesatbattles.

Anglo-Saxonperiod10228Beowulf,theoldestEnglishepic,tellsthestoryofaScandinavianhero.ProbablywritteninNorthumbriaintheearlyeighthcentury,itprovidesastrikingpictureofearlyGermaniclife.TheearliestsurvivingmanuscriptofBeowulfwaswritteninSaxoninthelatetenthcentury.p7328Beowulf,theoldestEnglish10329TheManuscriptofBeowulf29TheManuscriptofBeowulf10432Anevildragonrobbedthehollycupawayandguardedthecupinhiscavenotallowinganyonetotouchit.32Anevildragonrobbedtheho10533Beowulfledhismentosailacrosstheseatofindthehollycupbackforhispeople.33Beowulfledhismentosail106TheNormanConquestAfterEdwarddied,DukeofNormandy---WilliamI,wascrownedinLondon,onChristmasDay

1066.Significance:A.Anewdynasty,anewaristocracyB.AstrongNormangovernment,feudalsystemC.TheupperranksoftheclergywereNormanizedandfeudalized.TheNormanConquest107封建时代1)William’srule(1066-1087)

A.strongmonarchywasestablishedB.FrenchlanguagewasusedinthecourtandupperclassesC.DomesdayBook:greatsurveyoftherealmin1089

2)HenryⅡ’sreform(1154-1189)

A.EstablishedthePlantagenetDynasty(1154-1485)B.replacedthefeudallawwithroyalorcommonlaw,thejuryof12swornmen3)MagnaCarta(theGreatCharter)in1215

A.signedbykingJohnB.thebasisofmodernEnglishconstitutionC.theupholdingofindividualrightsagainstarbitrarygovernment

封建时代108

4)theparliamentin1265

A.duringHenryⅢ,SimondeMontfortcalledthefirstparliamentB.commonerssatforthefirsttime

5)theHundredYears’War(1337-1453)

A.betweenFranceandEngland,FrenchwonB.introducedthefirststandingarmiesinWesternEuropeC.bourgeoisiewaspushedonahigherrangofsocialladderD.fallofFrenchlanguageinEnglandE.EnglandandFrancewasseparatefromeachotherentirelyforever

4)theparliamentin12651096)Thebackdeathin1348

A.spreadbyratfleasB.killed1.5millionoutofthetotal4millionpeopleC.grainfarmingturnedtosheepfarming

7)WatTyler’sUprisingin1381

A.infightingagainstthePollTaxin1380B.markedthebeginningoftheendofserfdominmedievalEngland8)ThewaroftheRoses

A.betweenHouseofYork(whiterose)andHouseofLancaster(redrose)B.Markedtheendofmiddleagesandbeginningofmodernworld6)Thebackdeathin1348110Great-great-great-grandsonofEdwardIIIHenryVIIHenryVIIIEdwardVIMaryIElisabethIGreat-great-great-grandsonof1113.走向现代英国

1）HenryⅧ（1509-1547）

A.theChurchofEngland

separatedfromRomanCatholicismB.kingofEnglandbecameboththesecularandreligiousworldC.kingbecametherealheadofEnglandasanationstate

3.走向现代英国1）HenryⅧ（1509-1547112MaryICatholicburningnearlythreehundredProtestantsatthestakelosingCalaisMaryICatholic1132)ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)

A.thelastTudormonarch,nevergotmarriedforthegoodofthenationB.securethechurchofEngland,compromisebetweenRCandPC.destructionofSpanishArmadashowedEngland’ssuperiorityasanavalpower2)ElizabethⅠ(1558-1603)114ElisabethIProtestanttheVirginQueenSpanishArmadaNeutralityandcompromiseElisabethIProtestant1153)TheEnglishRenaissance

A.fromthebeginningof16thcenturytothe17thcenturyB.thegreatestEnglishhumanist:3)TheEnglishRenaissance116JamesI1603-1625CharlesI1625-1649CharlesII1660-1685JamesII1685-1688WilliamIII1688-1702andQueenMaryII1688-1694

QueenAnne1702-1714JamesI1603-1625117JamesI

JamesI11