考研考博-英语-四川音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川音乐学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ifthatdeskisatleast100yearsold,itisanauthenticantiqueandvaluable.

问题1选项

A.real

B.ancient

C.eminent

D.obsolete

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.real真的B.ancient古老的

C.eminent杰出的D.obsolete废弃的

【答案】A

【考查点】形容词辨析

【解题思路】划线词修饰的是antique“古董”，原词authentic“真的”，并且原句得出该结论的条件是“如果那张桌子至少有100年的历史”，由此原句表达的是该古董是真品而非赝品。因此，A选项real“真的”与原词词义最接近，符合原句句意。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合原词词义。

【句意】如果那张桌子至少有100年的历史，那它就是一件真正的古董，并且价值不菲。

2.翻译题

PartII.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(25分)

如果分析不当，造成误解，就谨小慎微，不敢解放思想，不敢放开手脚。结果是丧失时机，犹如逆水行舟，不进则退。（《邓小平文选》第三卷）

【答案】Ifwefailtomakeaproperanalysisandthusincurmisunderstanding,wewillbecomeovercautiousanddarenotemancipateoutmindsandactboldly.Consequently,wewillloseopportunities.Likeaboatsailingagainstthecurrent,wemustforgeaheadorbesweptdownstream.

3.单选题

Imustleavenow.（

）ifyouwantthatbookIwillbringittomorrow.

问题1选项

A.Occasionally

B.Accidentally

C.Incidentally

D.Subsequently

【答案】C

【解析】副词辨析题。A选项Occasionally“偶尔，间或”；B选项Accidentally“意外地，偶然地”；C选项Incidentally“顺便，附带地”；D选项Subsequently“随后，后来”。句意：我必须得离开了。顺便说一句，如果你想要那本书，我明天就带过来。选项C符合语境。

4.单选题

Theydecidedto____theirdifferencesinpursuitofacommongoal.

问题1选项

A.submit

B.surrender

C.substitute

D.submerge

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.submit屈从B.surrender投降

C.substitute替代D.submerge湮灭

【答案】D

【考查点】语义衔接与动词辨析

【解题思路】空格处所在部分语义为“____他们的差异”，由此可知，该动词为及物动词，直接带宾语“他们的差异”；根据后文“为了追求一个共同的目标”可知，他们应该是放弃了、搁置了或消除了差异，以追求共同的目标。综上所述，D选项submerge“湮灭”最符合题意，submergetheirdifferences“消除他们的差异”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项submit“屈从”，常搭配介词to，原句中没有介词，侧重于指向……屈服，不得已接受；

B选项surrender“投降”，常搭配介词to，原句中没有介词，侧重于指投降或被迫放弃；

C选项substitute“替代”，不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】他们决定消除分歧以追求一个共同的目标。

5.单选题

Somesportsequipmentrequiresaspecial（

）.

问题1选项

A.insulation

B.preservation

C.snap

D.grip

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。insulation“绝缘，隔离，孤立”；preservation“保存，保留”；snap“猛咬，劈啪声”；grip“紧握，柄，支配”。句意：有些体育器材需要特殊存放。选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Questions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Theywillpickupsomesouvenirsorgiftitems.

B.Theywillhavetheirvehicleswashedorserviced.

C.Theywilltakeadvantageofthetimetorestawhile.

D.Theywillbuysomethingfromtheconveniencestores.14.

问题2选项

A.Theymayeventuallydriveonetobankruptcy.

B.Theyshouldbedoneawaywithaltogether.

C.Theyaremeantfortheextremelywealthy.

D.Theycanbringonlytemporarypleasures.15.

问题3选项

A.Smalldailysavingscanmakeabigdifferenceinone’slife.

B.Avacationwillbeaffordableifonesaves20dollarsaweek.

C.Retirementsavingsshouldcomefirstinone’sfamilybudgeting.

D.Agoodwaytosocializeistohavedailylunchwithone’scolleagues.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

【解析】PassageTwo

It’snoaccidentthatmostgasstationshaveconveniencestoresattached.[13]Fewofuscanfillupthetankwithoutbuyingafewsnacks,cigarettes,softdrinksorotheritemswecanlivewithout.Ideserveit.That’swhathardworkingmenandwomensaytojustifytheirlavishvacations,bigstereosystemsorregularrestaurantmeals.Theydodeservesuchindulgences.However,theyalsodeserveahomeoftheirown—asecureretirementandfreedomfromworryingaboutunpaidbills.NooneshouldhavetolivewithwhataTexasmotherdescribedasconstantstress,tension,evenfearaboutmoney.[14]Sadly,thepleasurethatcomesfromextravagancesoftendisappearslongbeforethebillsdo.Thevideocamerathatonesinglemotherboughtforaspecialoccasion,forexample,isnotmuchfunnow.She’sfiguredoutthatitwilltakeheranotherthreeyearstopayitoffat$30amonth.AndtheNewYorkerswhospentabundleonanoutdoorhottubnowadmittheyrarelyuseit,becausewecan’taffordtoheatitinwinter.Thesolution:setpriorities—adduptheannualcostofeachitem,thenconsiderwhatelseyoucouldbuywiththesamemoney.Thatwillhelpyoudecidewhichitemsarereallyworthit.OneChicagowoman,forexample,discoveredthatdailyluncheswithcoworkerscosther$2,000ayear;shedecidedtotakelunchtoworkinstead.[15]“Inowput$20aweekintomyvacationfundandanother20intoretirementsavings,”shesays.“Thosemeanmoretomethanlunch.”

13.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutdriverswhostopatgasstations?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问关于停在加油站的司机，说话者说了什么？录音开头提到，大部分加油站旁边都会有便利店。很少人在加油站给车辆加油时不会顺道去买一些零食、烟、软饮料等。由此可知，D选项“他们会在便利店买一些东西”正确。A选项“他们会挑选一些纪念品或者礼物”；B选项“他们会将车辆拿去清洗或进行其他服务”和C选项“他们会利用时间休息一会儿”在录音中均未提及。

14.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutextravagances?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问关于奢侈，说话者说了什么？录音提到，一些努力工作赚钱的人认为他们花钱奢侈地度假、买巨型的立体音响，或者去餐馆吃饭都无可厚非，但是这种享受奢侈消费带来的快乐很短暂，通常在你的账单尚未还清时就已消失殆尽。由此可知，D选项“它们只能带来短暂的快乐”与录音原文表述一致。A选项“它们最终会使人走向破产”；B选项“它们应该被彻底摒弃”和C选项“它们代表着非常富有”均不正确。

15.WhatdoesthespeakerwanttoshowbytheexampleoftheChicagowoman?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问说话者想通过芝加哥女士的例子表明什么？录音最后举了一个例子：一个生活在芝加哥的女士发现，自己每天跟同事一起吃午饭所花的钱一年累计下来达两千美元。后来该女士就开始自己带午餐。接着她说到自己如今每星期都会把节省下来的钱分别存储到旅游资金和退休积蓄上，对她来说这钱省下来比花在午餐上更加有意义。由此可知，A选项“每日少量的积蓄对个人生活意义重大”符合题意。B选项“如果一个人每周节省20美元，度假是可以接受的”，录音中只提到女士每周把20美元存到旅游资金中，并没有说节省下来的这笔钱就能负担得起旅游费用，因此排除B选项；C选项“退休储蓄应该排在家庭预算第一位”和D选项“交际的好方法就是与同事一起吃午饭”在录音中均没有信息提及，所以不正确。

7.翻译题

1.Butisitreallythecase?TheinformationI’vecollectedoverlastfewyearsleadsmetobelievethatartisticandculturalprojectsmaybelessusefulthanmanygovernmentsthink.Infact,basicinfrastructureprojectsareplayingextremelyimportantroleandshouldbegivenpriority.

2.Thosewhoareinfavorofartisticandculturalprojectsadvocatethatculturalenvironmentwillattractmoretourists,whichwillbringhugeprofitstolocalresidents.Somepeopleevenequatethebuildingofsuchprojectswiththeimprovingofeconomicconstruction.

3.Thereisagrowingtendencythesedaysformanypeoplewholiveinruralareastocomeintoandworkincity.Thisproblemhascausedwidepublicconcerninmostcitiesallovertheworld.Aninvestigationshowsthatmanyemigrantsthinkthatworkingatcityprovidethemwithnotonlyahighersalarybutalsotheopportunityoflearningnewskills.

4.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,Ifirmlybelievethattimewillprovethattraditionaltechnologyandmethodswoulddieoutwiththedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.Themaintenanceofthetraditionaltechnologyandmethodsisfutile.

5.Todayanincreasingnumberofpeoplehaverealizedthatlaweducationisofgreatimportance.Inordertokeeplawandorder,everyoneofusissupposedtogetalaweducation.

【答案】1.但这是真的吗？这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

2.那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

3.农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势。这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。一项调查显示很多民工认为在城市打工不但有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

4.通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

5.现在，越来越多的人认识到了法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安，我们每个人都应该接受法制教育。

8.单选题

Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.

Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfanning.

ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom"blackcarbon"——theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred（烧成炭的）woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfanning.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil，”saysGlaser.Unbumtvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.

“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure（粪肥）Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”

TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfanners.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpotteryconfirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.

1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat（

）.

2.Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause

（

）.

3.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby

（

）.

4.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrain-forests?

5.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherain-forest

B.itdestroysrainforestsoils

C.ithelpsimproverain-forestsoils

D.itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrain-forestsoils

问题2选项

A.thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstable

B.blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrains

C.organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrain

D.long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth

问题3选项

A.studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon

B.examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizations

C.test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazon

D.radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils

问题4选项

A.Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.

B.Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.

C.Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.

D.Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.

问题5选项

A.humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorain-forests

B.Amazonrain-forestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworld

C.farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrain-forests

D.thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrain-forests

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干可知，我们需要找的是“thetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarming对于刀耕火种的传统观点”，这一信息出现在文章第一段“Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.低水平的刀耕火种并不会损害雨林。相反，它有助于农民和改善森林土壤。”文中出现了onthecontrary就说明出现了观点对比，且后面补充说到“Thisistheunorthodoxview这是一种非正统的观点”因此本句就是与传统观点相悖的地方。由此推出传统观点“刀耕火种会损害雨林”。B选项“它破坏雨林土壤”符合题意。

2.事实细节题。由题干关键信息“thinandpoor薄且贫瘠”定位到文章第二段第一句“Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.大多数雨林土壤都很贫瘠，因为它们缺乏矿物质，而且高温和强降雨会在土壤中的大部分有机物到达森林地面后的四年内将其破坏。”因此原因在于高温和强降雨会使土壤中有机物质迅速流失，这一点与C选项同义。

3.事实细节题。Glaser的研究结论由何而来，由题干定位到第三段第一句“ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.但是，拜罗伊特大学的土壤科学家布鲁诺•格拉泽(BrunoGlaser)研究了亚马逊中部出人意料的肥沃土壤。”说明Glaser是研究了亚马逊中部意外发现的肥沃土壤才有了上述结论，因此A选项“研究亚马逊中部的肥沃土壤”正确。

4.观点态度题。题干关键信息“theregrowthofrain-forests雨林的再生”出现在文章第四段倒数第二句“Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.雨林在小规模的清理后很容易再生。”对比四个选项发现D选项“在刀耕火种后，他们很容易恢复。”符合文意。

5.判断推理题。A选项“人类活动将对热带雨林造成严重破坏”不符合文意，本文只是论述“刀耕火种创造的肥沃土壤使亚马逊中的文明得以存在”这一观点；B选项“亚马逊雨林的土壤曾经是世界上最肥沃的”文中并未提及；C选项“农业对亚马逊雨林的破坏负有责任”不属于文章论述的主要观点；D选项“在亚马逊雨林中曾经存在着一种城市文明”出现在文章最后一段，研究者发现亚马逊雨林中存在陶器及上百座大土方，推知古代在这里存在过人类文明。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Persistentbullyingisoneoftheworstexperiencesachildcanface.Howcanitbeprevented?PeterSmith,ProfessorofPsychologyattheUniversityofSheffield,directedtheSheffieldAnti-BullyingInterventionProject,fundedbytheDepartmentforEducation.

Herethereportsonhisfindings.

SectionA

Bullyingcantakeavarietyofforms,fromtheverbal—beingtauntedorcalledhurtfulnames—tothephysical—beingkickedorshoved—aswellasindirectforms,suchasbeingexcludedfromsocialgroups.AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.

SectionB

Bullyingisclearlyunpleasant,andcanmakethechildexperiencingitfeelunworthyanddepressed.Inextremecasesitcanevenleadtosuicide,thoughthisisthankfullyrare.Victimizedpupilsaremorelikelytoexperiencedifficultieswithinterpersonalrelationshipsasadults,whilechildrenwhopersistentlybullyaremorelikelytogrowuptobephysicallyviolent,andconvictedofanti-socialoffences.

SectionC

Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.Fortunatelymoreschoolsarenowsaying:“Thereisnotmuchbullyinghere,butwhenitoccurswehaveaclearpolicyfordealingwithit.”

SectionD

Threefactorsareinvolvedinthischange.Firstisanawarenessoftheseverityoftheproblem.Second,anumberofresourcestohelptacklebullyinghavebecomeavailableinBritain.Forexample,theScottishCouncilforResearchinEducationproducedapackageofmaterials,ActionAgainstBullying,circulatedtoallschoolsinEnglandandWalesaswellasinScotlandinsummer1992,withasecondpack,SupportingSchoolsAgainstBullying,producedthefollowingyear.InIreland,GuidelinesonCounteringBullyingBehaviourinPost-PrimarySchoolswaspublishedin1993.Third,thereisevidencethatthesematerialswork,andthatschoolscanachievesomething.Thiscomesfromcarefullyconducted“beforeandafter”evaluationsofinterventionsinschools,monitoredbyaresearchteam.InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.TheSheffieldinvestigation,whichinvolvedsixteenprimaryschoolsandsevensecondaryschools,foundthatmostschoolssucceededinreducingbullying.

SectionE

Evidencesuggeststhatakeystepistodevelopapolicyonbullying,sayingclearlywhatismeantbybullying,andgivingexplicitguidelinesonwhatwillbedoneifitoccurs,whatrecordswillbekept,whowillbeinformed,whatsanctionswillbeemployed.Thepolicyshouldbedevelopedthroughconsultation,overaperiodoftime—notjustimposedfromtheheadteacher’soffice!Pupils,parentsandstaffshouldfeeltheyhavebeeninvolvedinthepolicy,whichneedstobedisseminatedandimplementedeffectively.

Otheractionscanbetakentobackupthepolicy.Therearewaysofdealingwiththetopicthroughthecurriculum,usingvideo,dramaandliterature.Theseareusefulforraisingawareness,andcanbestbetiedintoearlyphasesofdevelopment,whiletheschoolisstartingtodiscusstheissueofbullying.Theyarealsousefulinrenewingthepolicyfornewpupils,orrevisingitinthelightofexperience.Butcurriculumworkalonemayonlyhaveshorttermeffects;itshouldbeanadditiontopolicywork,notasubstitute.

Therearealsowaysofworkingwithindividualpupils,orinsmallgroups.Assertivenesstrainingforpupilswhoareliabletobevictimsisworthwhile,andcertainapproachestogroupbullyingsuchas“noblame”,canbeusefulinchangingthebehaviourofbullyingpupilswithoutconfrontingthemdirectly,althoughothersanctionsmaybeneededforthosewhocontinuewithpersistentbullying.

Workintheplaygroundisimportant,too.Onehelpfulstepistotrainlunchtimesupervisorstodistinguishbullyingfromplayfulfighting,andhelpthembreakupconflicts.Anotherpossibilityistoimprovetheplaygroundenvironment,sothatpupilsarelesslikelytobeledintobullyingfromboredomorfrustration.

SectionF

Withthesedevelopments,schoolscanexpectthatatleastthemostseriouskindsofbullyingcanlargelybeprevented.Themoreeffortputinandthewiderthewholeschoolinvolvement,themoresubstantialtheresultsarelikelytobe.Thereductioninbullying—andtheconsequentimprovementinpupilhappiness—issurelyaworthwhileobjective.

1.ArecentsurveyfoundthatinBritishsecondaryschools（）.

2.Childrenwhoarebullied（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthatthedeclaration“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”（）.

4.WhatwerethefindingsofresearchcarriedoutinNorway?

问题1选项

A.therewasmorebullyingthanhadpreviouslybeenthecase

B.therewaslessbullyingthaninprimaryschools

C.casesofpersistentbullyingwereverycommon

D.indirectformsofbullyingwereparticularlydifficulttodealwith

问题2选项

A.aretwiceaslikelytocommitsuicideastheaverageperson

B.finditmoredifficulttorelatetoadults

C.arelesslikelytobeviolentinlaterlife

D.mayhavedifficultyformingrelationshipsinlaterlife

问题3选项

A.isnolongertrueinmanyschools

B.wasnotinfactmadebymanyschools

C.reflectedtheschool’slackofconcern

D.reflectedalackofknowledgeandresources

问题4选项

A.Bullyingdeclinedby50%afterananti-bullyingcampaign.

B.Twenty-oneschoolsreducedbullyingasaresultofananti-bullyingcampaign.

C.Twoyearsistheoptimumlengthforananti-bullyingcampaign.

D.BullyingisalessseriousprobleminNorwaythanintheUK.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节题。根据文章SectionA第二句，“AsurveyIconductedwithIreneWhitneyfoundthatinBritishprimaryschoolsuptoaquarterofpupilsreportedexperienceofbullying,whichinaboutoneintencaseswaspersistent.Therewaslessbullyinginsecondaryschools,withaboutoneintwenty-fivesufferingpersistentbullying,butthesecasesmaybeparticularlyrecalcitrant.”，调查发现在英国有多达四分之一的学生有被欺凌的经历，中学的欺凌事件更少，大约二十五分之一的欺凌会持续下去。可判断出中学的欺凌行为比小学的少，选项B符合题意。

2.细节题。根据文章SectionB提到欺凌给小孩带来的影响，包括让孩子感到自卑和沮丧、导致自杀、长大后出现人际交往困难、更有可能在未来成为暴力分子，可判断出选项A和B文章并未提及，选项C“在以后生活中不太可能有暴力行为”，与原文内容相反，所以选项D“在以后可能会出现人际交往困难”符合文章意思，选项D符合题意。

3.细节题。根据文章SectionC“Untilrecently,notmuchwasknownaboutthetopic,andlittlehelpwasavailabletoteacherstodealwithbullying.Perhapsasaconsequence,schoolswouldoftendenytheproblem.‘Thereisnobullyingatthisschool’hasbeenacommonrefrain,almostcertainlyuntrue.”，可知“Thereisnobullyingatthisschool”是学校提出的。学校声称没有欺凌现象的原因在于人们对这个话题所知甚少，老师们也未能得到帮助来应对欺凌。可判断出学校否认欺凌现象的原因在于知识和资源的缺乏。选项D符合题意。

4.细节题。根据文章SectionD“InNorway,afteraninterventioncampaignwasintroducednationally,anevaluationofforty-twoschoolssuggestedthat,overatwoyearperiod,bullyingwashalved.”，在挪威，一项干预措施在全国推广后，对42所学校的评估表明，在两年的时间里，欺凌现象减少了一半。可判断出在挪威进行的研究发现在一场反欺凌运动之后，欺凌事件减少了一半，选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Akilnisatypeofoveninwhichclayis（

）sothatithardensintoaformofceramicmaterial.

问题1选项

A.repaired

B.baked

C.melted

D.lightened

【答案】B

【解析】repair修理，修补；bake烤，烘焙；melt使融化，使软化；lighten使照亮，使轻松。句意：窑是一种把黏土烧制变硬成为陶瓷材料的炉子。选项B符合语境。

11.翻译题

道别是一种社交礼仪，它象征一次活动的终结。

在英国、美国和其他许多西方国家，告别具有特定的程式化常见表达模式。这些表达模式依不同的时间、地点、参加人和文化而变化。一般来说，客人应该先向主人告别。参加同一活动的两位宾客应该谁先告别并没有特定要求。有意思的是，在西方国家，客人提出辞呈后不会马上离去，而是会再多待上10到15分钟再离开。出于礼貌，客人要反复告辞两三次以表示自己确实不愿意离去。主人送客时会在门口与客人道别。更重要的是，客人要对主人的招待表示感谢，主人则要表示再次相聚的愿望。

在中国，送别客人所花费的时间要多得多。事实上，许多好客的主人会坚持把客人送出居民区，一直送到停车场或公共汽车站。而客人则要再三劝主人不必如此客气，而他们的努力自然是不会奏效的，因为双方的做法都是在遵循传统的礼仪规范。事实上，主人要等到客人上车，再也看不见了才可以离开。在新疆，多数当地少数民族居民认为客人在门口道别离开后还要转身再次向主人表示感谢和祝福。

鞠躬在日本是一种非常重要的习俗。日本人总是不停地鞠躬。最普遍的现象是他们在彼此问候及道别时以鞠躬代替握手。不论谁向你鞠躬，不回礼是无礼的表现。身体接触会令日本人不自在。但是，他们已经习惯与西方人握手了。

鞠躬看似简单，但方式是有区别的。这取决于你鞠躬致意的对象的社会地位和年龄。如果对方比你的地位高或年纪比你大，鞠躬角度应该更大，时间更长。此时弯腰鞠躬是礼貌的做法。男子通常将双手垂在身侧，女子则将双手叠放在大腿上，手指相触。如果是在非正式场合，类似于点头的鞠躬就可以了。最常见的形式是15度的鞠躬。你或许会觉得这种做法很怪异，但在日本还是试着要鞠躬。别人会认为你十分有礼貌！

【答案】Goodbyesaresocialritualsthatsignaltheendofanevent.

IntheUnitedKingdom,theUnitedStates,andmanyotherwesterncountries,leavingcommonpatternsofexpressionwithspecificformulae.Theserepresentationpatternsvarybytime,place,participant,andculture.Generallyspeaking,guestsshouldsaygoodbyetotheirhostfirst.Thereisnospecificrequestastowhichofthetwoguestsatthesameeventshouldsaygoodbyefirst.Interestingly,inwesterncountries,guestswhosubmittheirresignationsdonotleaveimmediately,butstayforanother10to15minutes.Outofpoliteness,guestshavetosaygoodbyetwoorthreetimestoshowthattheyreallydon’twanttoleave.Thehostwillsaygoodbyetotheguestsatthedoorwhenheseesthemoff.What’smore,theguestshouldexpresshisgratitudeforthehost’shospitality,andthehostshouldexpresshisdesiretogettogetheragain.

SeeingoffgueststakesmuchlongerinChina.Infact,manyhospitablehostsinsistonsendingtheirguestsoutoftheresidentialarea,allthewaytotheparkinglotorbusstop.However,guestsshouldpersuadethehostnottobesopoliteagainandagain,andtheireffortswillnotbeeffective,becausebothsidesarefollowingthetraditionaletiquettenorms.Infact,thehostcan’tleaveuntiltheguestgetsonthebusandcan’tseeitanymore.Inxinjiang,mostethnicminorityresidentsbelievethatguestshavetoturnaroundtothankandblesstheirhostsagainaftersayinggoodbyeatthedoor.

BowingisaveryimportantcustominJapan.TheJapanesealwaysbow.Themostcommonphenomenonisthattheybowinsteadofshakinghandswhengreetingandsayinggoodbyetoeachother.Nomatterwhobowstoyou,itisrudenottogiveback.PhysicalcontactmakestheJapaneseuncomfortable.Buttheyareusedtoshakinghandswithwesterners.

Bowingmayseemsimple,buttherearedifferentwaystodoit.Itdependsonthesocialstatusandageofthepersonyoubowto.Iftheotherpersonisinahigherpositionorolderthanyou,bowmoreandforlonger.Itispolitetobowatthistime.Menusuallyputtheirhandsontheirsides,whilewomenputthemontheirthighsandtouchthemwiththeirfingers.Ifit’sinformal,abowlikeanodisfine.Themostcommonformisa15-degreebow.Youmightthinkit’sweird,butinJapanyoustilltrytobow.Peoplewillthinkyou’reverypolite!

12.单选题

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublic-sectorclericalworker,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themulti-occupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970’s,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworker,however,identifiestheprimarycatalystthestructuralchangeinthemulti-occupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears,theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs,anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen’sissues.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were（

）.

2.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce(line11—15)inordertoaccountforwhy（

）.

3.Theauthor’sclaimthat,sincethemid-1970’s,anewstrategyhasemergedintheunionizationofpublic-sectorclericalworkers(line19)wouldbestrengthenediftheauthor（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,intheperiodpriorto1975,eachofthefollowingconsider