2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版(第3套)

'格+式'格+式专业资料整理专业资料整理专业资料整理专业资料整理2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版(第3套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstudyingabroad・Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce・Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage・Haveyoueverusedemailtoapologizetoacolleague?Delivereda26toasubordinate(下属)withavoice-mailmessage?Flownbyplaneacrossthecountryjusttodeliverimportantnewsinperson?Thevariouscommunicationoptionsatourfingertipstodaycanbegoodfor27andproductivityandatthesametimeverytroublesome.Withsomanywaystocommunicate,howshouldamanagerchoosetheonethatsbest--—28whenthemessagetobedeliveredisbadorunwelcomenewsfortherecipient?We've29businesscommunicationconsultantsandetiquette(礼仪)expertstocomeupwiththefollowingguidelinesfor30usingthealterativewaysofdeliveringdifficultmessages.Firstofall,choosehowpersonalyouwanttobe.Aface—to—facecommunicationisthemost31.0therchoices,indescendingorderofpersonalization,are:areal—timephonecall,avoicemailmessage,ahandwrittennote,atypewrittenletter,andthemost32isemail.Someofthesemaychangeorderaccordingtothe33situationoryourownpreferences;forexample,ahandwrittennotemightseemmorepersonalthanvoicemail.Howdoyoudecideonthebestchoiceforthedifficultmessageyou'vegottodeliver?“My34concernis:HowcanIsoftenorcivilizethismessage?”saysetiquetteexpertDanaCasperson“.SowhenIapologize,Iusuallychoosein-personfirst,oraphoneconversationasmytopalternative,andmaybeahandwrittennotenext.ApologizingbyemailissomethingInowtotally35.”avoidconvenienceeffectivelyescapeavoidconvenienceeffectivelyescapeintimateparticularlyprimarypromptI)rewardJ)silentK)specificL)surveyedM)unfriendlyN)warningO)witnessedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoeachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.HowaPoor,AbandonedParisianBoyBecameaTopChef?ThebusystreetsinPariswereunevenandcakedinthickmud,buttherewasalwaysabreathtakingsighttoseeintheshopwindowsofPatisseriedelaRuedelaPaix.By1814,peoplecrowdedoutsidethebakery,strainingforaglimpseofthelatestsweetfoodcreatedbytheyoungchefwhoworkedinside.HisnamewasMarie-AntoineCareme,andhehadappeared,oneday,almostoutofnowhere.Butinhisshortlifetime,whichendedexactly181yearsagotoday,hewouldforeverrevolutionizeFrenchgourmetfood(美食)writebest-sellingcookbooksandthinkupmagicaldishesforroyalsandotherimportantpeople.Careme'schildhoodwasoneparttragedy,equalpartmystery.Bornthe16thchildtopoorparentsinParisineither1783or1784,ayoungCaremewassuddenlyabandonedattheheightoftheFrenchRevolution.At8yearsold,heworkedasakitchenboyforarestaurantinParisinexchangeforroomandboard.Byage15,hehadbecomeanapprentice学(徒)toSylvainBailly,awell-knowndessertchefwithasuccessfulbakeryinoneofParis'smostfashionableneighborhoods.Caremewasquickatlearninginthekitchen.Baillyencouragedhisyoungapprenticetolearntoreadandwrite.CaremewouldoftenspendhisfreeafternoonsatthenearbyNationalLibraryreadingbooksonartandarchitecture.Inthebackroomofthelittlebakery,hisinterestindesignandhisbakingtalentcombinedtoworkwondersheshapeddeliciousmasterpiecesoutofflour,butterandsugar.Inhisteenageyears,Caremefashionedeatablecopiesofthelate18thcentury'smostfamousbuildings---cookiesintheshapeofruinsofancientAthensandpiesintheshapeofancientChinesepalacesandtemples.SylvainBailly,hismaster,displayedtheseluxuriantcreations---oftenaslargeas4feettall---inhisbakerywindows.CaremecreationssooncapturedthediscriminatingeyeofaFrenchdiplomat,CharlesMauricedeTalleyrand-Perigord.Around1804,TalleyrandchallengedCaremetoproduceafullmenuforhisPersonalcastle,instatingeyoungbakertouselocalseasonfruitsandvegetablesandtoavoidrepeatingmaindishesoverthecourseofanentireyear.TheexperimentwasagrandsuccessandTalleyrand'sassociationwithFrenchnobilitywouldproveaprofitableconnectionforCareme.FrenchEmperorNapoleonBonapartewasknowntobeunimpressedbythedecliningtasteofearly18thcenturycooking,butunderpressuretoentertainParis'shighsociety,hetoocalledCaremetohiskitchenatTuileriesPalace.In1810,CaremedesignedtheextraordinarycakefortheweddingofNapoleonandhissecondbride,Marie-luiseofAustria.Hebecameoneofthefirstmodernchefstofocusontheappearanceofhistable,notjusttheflavorofhisdishes.“IwantorderandtasteAwell-displayedmealisenhancedonehundredpercentinmyeyes,”helaterwroteinoneofhiscookbooksIn1816,Caremebeginaculinary（烹饪的）journeywhichwouldforevermarkhisplaceashistory'sfirsttopchef.HevoyagedtoEnglandtocookinthemodernGreatKitchenoftheprinceregent（摄政王）GeorgeIV,andcrossedcontinentstopreparegrandbanquetsforthetablesofTsarAlexanderIofRussia.Neverafraidtotalkuphisownaccomplishments,boastfulCarememadeafortuneaswealthyfamilieswithsocialambitionsinvitedhimtotheirkitchens.Later,inhiscookbooks,hewouldoftenincludeasketchofhimself,sothatpeopleonthestreetwouldbeabletorecognize---andadmire---him.Careme'scookingdisplaysbecamethesymboloffineFrenchdining;theywereplentiful,beautifulandimposing.GuestswouldfallsilentinwonderasservantscarriedCareme'sfancycreationsintothedininghall.ForabanquetcelebratingtheGrandDukeNicholasofRussia'svisittoGeorgeIV'sBrightonPaviliononJan.18,1817,themenufeatured120differentdishes,highlightingeightdifferentsoups40maincourses,and32dessertsAshetraveledthroughthehomesofearly19thcenturynobility,CaremeforgedthenewartofFrenchgourmetfood.Lockedinhotkitchens,Caremecreatedhisfour“mothersauces”.Thesesauces---bechamel,veloute,espagnoleandallemande---formedthecentralbuildingblocksformanyFrenchmaincourses.Healsoperfectedthesouffleabakedeggdish,andintroducedthestandardchef'suniformthesamedouble-breastedwhitecoatandtallwhitehatstillwornbymanychefstoday.Thewhiteclothingconveyedanimageofcleanliness,accordingtoCareme---andinhisrealm,appearancewaseverything.Betweenmeals,CaremewrotecookbooksthatwouldbeusedinEuropeankitchensforthenextcentury.HismanualsincludingTheRoyalParisianBakerandthemassivefive-volumeArtofFrenchCookingSeries（1833-1847completedafterhisdeath）firstsystematizedmanybasicprinciplesofcooking,completewithdrawingsandstep-by-stepdirections.Longbeforetelevisioncookingshows,Caremewalkedreadersthroughcommonkitchentasks,instructingthemto“trythisforyourself,athome”asfamousAmericanChefJulliaChildmightdo,manyyearslater,Intheend,however,itwasthekitchenthatdidCaremein.Decadesofworkingovercoalfiresintight,closedspaceswithlittlefreshair(toensurehisdisheswouldnotgetcold)hadfatallydamagedhislungs.OnJan.12,1833,Caremediedjustbeforeheturned50.Butinhislifetime,Careme,everconfident,couldseebeyondhisshortdominationinthekitchen.Hewantedto“setthestandardforbeautyinclassicalandmoderncooking,andprovetothedistantfuturethattheFrenchchefsofthe19thcenturywerethemostfamousintheworld,”ashewroteinhispapersCaremewasamongthefirstchefswhostressedboththeappearanceandflavorofdishes.CaremewantedtoshowtolatergenerationsthatFrenchchefsofhistimeweremostoutstandingintheworld.CaremebenefitedgreatlyfromservingaFrenchdiplomatandhisconnections.CaremelearnedhistradefromafamousdessertchefinParis.Careme'screativeworkswereexhibitedintheshopwindowsbyhismaster..Careme'sknowledgeofartandarchitecturehelpedhimcreateextraordinarydessertsoutofordinaryingredient.ManypeopleinPariswereeagertohavealookatthelatestsweetfoodmadebyCareme.Caremebecomeextremelywealthybycookingforrichandsociallyambitiousfamilies.Careme'swritingdealtwithfundamentalcookingprinciplesinasystematicway.Careme'scontributiontoFrenchcookingwasrevolutionary.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Roughlythesizeofasodacansittingonabookshelf,arelativelyharmlessgadgetmaybeturningfriendsawayfromyourhome.TheelephantinyourlivingroomisyourInternet-connectedsecuritycamera,adevicepeopleareincreasinglyusingforpeaceofmindintheirhomes.Butfewstoptothinkabouttheeffectthesedevicesmayhaveonhouseguests.Shouldyoutellyourfriends,forinstance,thatthey'rebeingrecordedwhileyouallwatchthebiggametogether?“It'scertainlynewterritory,especiallyashomesecuritycamerasbecomeeasiertoinstall,”saysLizziePost,presidentoftheEmilyPostInstitute,America'sforemostmannersadvisors.“Ithinkitwillbeveryinterestingtoseewhatetiquette(礼仪)emergesintermsofwhetheryoutellpeopleyouhaveacameraornot,andwhetherguestshavearighttoaskthatitbeturnedoff,ifit'snotasecurityissue”.Postwantstomakeclearthatshesnottalkingaboutlegalrights,butratherpersonalpreferences.Shealsowantstoexplainthattherearenorightorwronganswersregardingmannersonthisfrontyet,becausethetechnologyisjustnowbecomingmainstream.Besides,theEmilyPostInstitutedoesn'tdictatemanners.Whenitcomestosecuritycameras,Postsays'itsahost'sresponsibilitytomakesureguestsfeelcomfortablewithintheirhome.“I'malwaysafanofbeingopenandhonest.”Forinstance,ifthehostcasuallyacknowledgesthatthereisacameraintheroombytellingastoryaboutit,thatmaybeenoughtoprovideanopeningforaguesttosayiftheyareuncomfortable.However,ifacontractorisworkinginyourhome,youdon'tneedtotellthemthattherearecameraswatching.Thenagain,theairofaccountabilitythatthecamerageneratescanalsoworkincontractors'favor,“Ifanythingdoesgowrongwhilethey'reinthehouse,theydon'twanttobeblamedforit,”shesays.“Infact,thecameracouldbethethingthatprovesthattheydidn'tstealthe$20,orknockthevaseoffthetable.”Forwhatreasonmayyourfriendsfeelreluctanttovisityourhome?Thesecuritycamerainstalledmayintrudeintotheirprivacy.Theydon'twanttheirphotostobecirculatedontheInternet.Thesecuritycameramayturnouttobeharmfultotheirhealth.TheymaynotbewillingtointeractwithyourfamilymembersWhatdoesLizziePostsayisnewterritory?TheeffectofmannersadviceCostofapplyingnewtechnologiesathomeTheincreasinguseofhomesecuritydevicesEtiquettearoundhomesecuritycameras.WhatisLizziePostmainlydiscussingwithregardtotheuseofhomesecuritycameras?LegalrightsMoralissuesLikesanddislikesofindividuals.Thepossibleimpactonmanners.Whatisahost'sresponsibilityregardingsecuritycameras,accordingtoLizziePost?MakingtheirguestsfeelateaseB)IndicatingwheretheyareTurningthemoffintime.Ensuringtheirguests'privacy.50.Inwhatwaycanthehomesecuritycamerabenefitvisitorstoyourhome?Itcansatisfytheircuriosity.Itcanprovetheirinnocence.Itcanhelpthemlearnnewtechnology.ItcanmaketheirvisitmoreenjoyablePassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.PepsiCoistospendbillionsofdollarstodevelopdrinksandsnacksandreformulateexistingoneswithlowersugar,saltandfat,asconsumersdemandhealthieroptionsandregulatorypressureintensifiesamidanobesityepidemic(流行病).ThemakerofMountainDewandGatoradehasbeenoneoftheearliermoversintheindustrytoofferproductswithreducedlevelsofunhealthyingredients---PepsiCoclaimsapacketofitschipsnowcontainslesssaltthanasliceofwhitebread.However,itsnew10-yearplanmakesclearitbelievesitstillhasalongwaytogo.Shiftingeatinghabits,includingasharpdropinconsumptionofsparklingdrinks,haveforcedradicalchangeontheindustry.Butthoseshiftshaveyettobereflectedinrecordobesitylevels,whichstandat36.5%overallintheUS.IndraNooyi,PepsiCochairman,saidtheplantomakeitsproductshealthierwasimportantforthecompany'sgrowth.Butonthesubjectofobesity,shepointedoutthatconsumers'lifestyleshavechangedsignificantly,withmanypeoplebeingmoresedentary(久坐不动的)notleastbecausemoretimeisspentinfrontofcomputers.ShesaidPepsiCo'scontributiowastoproducehealthiersnacksthatstilltastedgood.Societyhastochangeitshabits,sheadded“.Wecan'tdomuchtoaltersedentarylifestyles,butwecanprovideconsumerswithgreat-tastingproducts,lowinsalt,sugarandfat.Inthepastwehadtohaveatastetrade-off.Butwerebreakingthattrade-off”.PepsiCos'planforitsfoodsanddrinksisbasedonguidelinesfromtheWorldHealthOrganization,whichlastweekbackedusingtaxesonsparklingdrinkstoreducesugarconsumption.Initiativesalsoincludeeffortstoreduceitsenvironmentalimpact,waterconsumptionandmaterialsusedinpackagingby2025.PepsiCodidnotsayexactlyhowmuchitplannedtoinvesttoreachitsgoals.However,Dr.MehmoodKhan,chiefscientificofficer,saidthecompanyhaddoubledresearchanddevelopmentspendinginthepa