北师大必修三语法知识

北师大版必修三语法知识北师大版必修三语法知识8/8北师大版必修三语法知识.北大版必修三各元知重点及法一．各元知点第七元：关系副，介+which引的定从句，形容的比第八元：限制性和非限制性定从句，静和第九元：在达成行，在达成和在达成行全数目：262个数目：40个必修三法知一、RelativeClausewithwhere,whenandwhy,where,when,why引的定从句关系副where,when引的定从句可供给和地址的信息，在reason后可用why引的定从句。介+which/whom引的定从句关系代可做介的，往常在which和whom前加介即介+which/whom构Thisisthebookforwhichheislooking.能够依据定从句所修的名或代来介，也能够依照从句的有关来用。但在平时英中，往常是吧介放在从句句末，省略关系代which和whomThetrain(which/that)I’mtravellingonisforShanghai.二、形容和副的比Moreandmore愈来愈⋯Less/theleast不如/最不⋯The⋯the⋯越⋯就越⋯ThelessIworried,thebetterIworked.三、修形容比Much,alot,slightly,alittle,almost,abit,far,even,still,twice/threetimes⋯morethan/twiceasmuch/manyas/twicethe+n+of⋯比⋯多/是⋯的两倍/三倍。四、状或作英中分两：作和状。作描绘作，可用于一般和行；状描绘状，一般不用于行。状表达思活的：admit,believe,know,mean,prefer,realize,remember,think,understand,want,表达感情的：adore，care,like,dislike,love,hate,hope表达有和存在的：appear,be,belong,contain,have,include,need,seem,possess,own.感官feel,hear,look,see,smell,sound,taste,有些状也能够表示作，在此意上，些可用于在。Howareyoufeeling?感官后用形容修二不用副。Theroseslookandsmellbeautiful.四、定从句：definingandnon-defining限制性和非限制性定从句Ⅰ.观点：(1)定从句：在主从复合句顶用作定的从句叫定从句。定从句一般接在先行(antecedent)后边。先行：被定从句修的成份。先行能够一个，短，或整个主句。引定从句的叫关系，分关系代和关系副。关系的作用：引定从句，接主句和从句，相当于一个；必在从句中作某个句子成份〔能够做主，，表，定，状〕常用的关系代:that、which、who、whom、whose、as、but(文,置于否定以后=that/who⋯not⋯,Word文档."没有⋯⋯不⋯⋯",在从句中作主，)常用的关系副〔在从句中只作状〕:when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定从句三步：第一找出先行；第二看先行在定从句中的法功能〔做主、或状〕；第三适合的关系。Ⅱ.几个关系代的根本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定从句中作主，，表。(指人，相当于who或whom；指物，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定从句;不行置于介后作)如：1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主)2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.〔〕Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.〔表〕Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.●which:指物；在定从句中作主，，表，定。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.〔主〕2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.〔〕3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.〔表〕5.Tomspentfouryearsincollege,duringwhichtimehelearnedFrench.〔定〕6.Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主，在口或非正式用法中作;只可指人whom:格，在从句中作;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定，可指人也可指物。Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.〔主〕Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)Chaplin,forwhomlifehadoncebeenveryhard,wasasuccessasanactor.〔〕He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.比：Heisthestudentwhomyouthinktobeworthyofyourpraise.Heisthestudentwhoyouthinkisworthpraising.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.〔指人〕I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.〔指物〕=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.Word文档.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.ThereisateapotshapedlikeaChineseduck,outofwhosemouthteaissupposedtocome关系代作介:关系代在定从句顶用作介,介可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首正式.〔介前置，必注意不影响的含。关系代who和that用作介,介必放在句末.〕Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?Thebeginningofagriculturewasabigstepinhumanprogresswithwhichnothingcouldcompareuntilourinformationage.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介after与look组成固定，不行前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)●as的用法:(as引定从句,在定从句中作主、、表)①如限制性的，多用于thesame⋯as;thesameas；such⋯as⋯;asmany/muchas；so⋯as等构中。如：※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一的。Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代as和指示代same用,在从句顶用作表,先行是same.).Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.〔定从句〕Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.〔果状从句〕②如非限制性的，多独引一个定从句，种定从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，"正如，一"。〔常know,see,expect,pointout,etc.〕Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.〔as作主〕=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.〔as作〕=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(,先行是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副引的定从句:●When指，在定从句中作状。其先行是表的名〔如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.〕HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.Word文档.注意：先行词为"时间名词"，可用when指引定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还能够用which或that指引，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.〔作状语〕Nextmonth,whenyouwillbeinyourhometown,isjustaroundthecorner.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.〔作宾语〕Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendinHarbin,I'msure,willbeexciting.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.●Where指地址，在定语从句中作地址状语。其先行词是表示地址的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.注意：先行词是"地址名词"，定语从句可用where指引，还可用which或that指引，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.〔作状语〕Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthepointwherehecanwalkcorrectlyandsafely.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.Governmentreports,legalpapersandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituationswhereEnglishisused.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.Thesmallmountainvillagewherewespentourholidaylastmonthliesinwhat/theplacewhichisnowpartofHubei.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.〔作宾语〕Nothavingbeentherebefore,hesimplyhadnoideaabouttheplace,whicheveryonesaysisworthvisiting.●Why指原由，在定语从句中作原由状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，那么用which或that指引。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.〔作宾语〕Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?〔作主语〕Ex.)Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate..Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how指引，that常能够省略。way后的定语从句的指引词不用时许多。但假如关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，那么用which或that指引。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway〔that/which〕Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的差别：形式上，非限制性定语从句常常用逗号分开。语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，起限制作用，假如去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完好或许会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很密切，对先行词起增补说明或描绘的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜爱的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。Word文档.4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句〔较短的一般译为"的"字构造〕；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。〔见上句翻译〕比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.指引非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.Ⅴ.几个易混杂的关系代词的比较:●that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般能够交换使用，但并不是在任何状况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的状况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,just,very,oneof等词修饰时。1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.Youcantakeany(=whichever)seatthatisfree.IhopethelittlethatIcanwillbeofsomehelptothem.比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。1.WhenwetalkaboutWuxi,thefirstthatcomesintomindisTaiLake.2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.④先行词是最高等或被最高等修饰时。1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.⑤先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不合适，这时宜用that.如：1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.⑥被修饰词为数词时.1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.⑦假如有两个从句，此中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that，以防备语言的单一或重复。Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.⑧疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以防备重复。1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?⑨主句是Therebe构造，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如：1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.Word文档.⑩被修饰成分为表语时，或许关系代词自己是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的状况:①当关系代词的前面有介词时.1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?②在非限制性定语从句中.1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.2.MoreandmorepeoplearebeginningtolearnEnglish,whichisbecomingverypopularinourcountry.(which指代主句)③在一个句子中有两个定语从句，此中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.Letmeshowyouthenovel，thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.④当关系代词后边带有插入语时.1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.⑤先行词自己是that,宜用which.What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?⑥先行词是those+复数名词.Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.(B)who&that:who和that指代人时，有些状况宜用who,而不宜用that①先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelsomearedespised.②在Therebe构造中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如：1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.2.Thereareseveralstudentsinourclasswhoarestillnotsureabouttheuseofattributiveclauses.③当先行词有较长的后置定语时.如：1.ImetaforeignerintheparkyesterdayafternoonwhocouldspeakChineseverywell.④一个句子中带有两个定语从句，此中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个那么宜用who,免得重复.如：Thestudentthatwaspraisedatyesterday'smeetingisthemonitorwhoisverymodestandworksveryhard.●as&which:as&which指引非限制性定语从句的差别：①地点的不一样：which指引的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as地点较灵巧，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Word文档.2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.②先行词的不一样：

Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.as指引非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which指引非限制性定语从句时，其先行词能够是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.〔先行词是一个词〕Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.〔先行词是一个句子〕Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.③as一般译为"正如""就像"，"这一点"asweallknow；asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyo