考研考博-英语-北京信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京信息职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Understandingisoneofthemostimportant（

）ofahappymarriage.

问题1选项

A.initiatives

B.ingredients

C.proverbs

D.possessions

【答案】B

【解析】initiative主动权,首创精神；ingredients要素,组成部分；proverb谚语,格言；possession拥有,财产。句意:理解是幸福婚姻最重要的因素之一。选项B符合句意。

2.单选题

Theyhurriedtothetheatre（）thattheplayhadalreadybegun.

问题1选项

A.finding

B.justintime

C.onlytofind

D.rightincase

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。主句使用的是一般过去式hurried，而后面的句子使用的是过去完成时hadbegun，两者之间存在转折。句意：他们匆忙赶到剧院，……戏已经开始了。onlytodosth表示“出乎意料的结果”，故选C。

3.单选题

IhadvisitedthecapitalbeforealthoughmyfriendArthurhadnot,IfirstvisitedLondonasastudent,reluctantlyreleasedfromthebosomofatearfulmum,withatravelingtrunkstuffedfullofhome-madefruitcakesandwoollyvests.Iwasill-preparedfortheSpartanstandardsoftheSouth.Througheventhegrimmestpost-wardays,askidswehadploughedourwaythroughcornercutsofbeefandsteamedpuddings.SoyoucanimaginemydismaywhenIarrived,thatfirstday,atmyLondondigstobefacedwithaplateoftuna-pastesandwichesandathinsliceofcakeleftcurlingunderatea-towel.AndthatwassupposedtobeSundaylunch!

WhenIeventuallycaughtupwithmyextremelyirritatinglandlady,ImetwithavisionofsplendormoreinkeepingwiththeRoyalEnclosureattheracesthantheareainwhichshelived.Festoonedwithjewelsandfursandplasteredwithexclusivecosmetics,shewasawalkingadvertforBondStreet.

Now,wehaveanonetooelegantbutveryaptphraseforthisintheNorthofEngland,anditwastheonemyfriendArthurtodescribeLondonafterthreedaysthere:“Allfurcoatandnothingunderneath.”

Takeourhotel.Thereceptionareawasplushandinviting,theloungeanddining-roompoorenoughtostartArthurspeaking“properly”.Butjourneyupstairsfromonelandingtothenext,attheveneersofcivilizationfellawaybeforeyoureyes.Bythetimewereachedourroom,allpretensiontorefinementandcomforthaddisappeared.Thefurcoatwasoff(backinthebandsofthehirepurchasecompany),andwhatwewerereallyexpectedtoputupwithforasmallfortuneanightwasexposedinallitsshamefulnakedness.Itwaslittlemorethanagarret,ashabbyaffairwithpatchedandpeelingwalls.TherewasastainedsinkwithpipesthatgrumbledandmutteredallnightlongandanassortmentoffurnishingsthatwouldhavedisgracedHerMajesty’sPrisonService.Butthecrowningglorywastheviewfromthewindow.Apeekbehindthehandsomefacadeofourfabledcity,rankgardenschokedwithrubbish,allthedebrisoflifepiledagainstthebackdoor.Itwasagoodjobthewindowdidn’topen,becausefromitallarosetheunmistakableodoroftheabyss.

Arthur,whosemumstillpolishesherbackstepanddisinfectsherdustbinonceaweek,slumpedontothebedinasuddenfitofdepression.“Nevermind,”Isaid,drawingthecurtains.“Youcanwatchtelly.”Thiswasoneofthehotel’sluxuries,whichinthenewspaperadhadpersuadedusweweregoingtospendtheweekinstyle.Itturnedouttobeayellowingplasticthingwithapicturewhichrolledoverandoverlikeaflounderingfishuntilyoutookyourfisttoit.ButArthurwasn’tgoingtobeconsoledbyanycheaptechnologicalgimmicks.

Hewassurehisdadhadforgottentofeedhispigeonsandthathisdogswerepiningawayforhim.Hegrewhorriblyhomesick.Afteraterriblenightspenttossingandturningtoaceaselesscacophonyofpipesandfiredoors,traffic,drunksandlow-flyingaircraft,Arthursurfacednextdaylikeaclaustrophobicmole.Londonhadgotsquarelyontopofhim.Sevenmillionpeoplehadsatonhimallnight,breathedhisair,generallyfouledhislivingspace,andcomebetweenhimandthatdailyquotaofprivacyandpeacewhichpreventsusallfromdegeneratingintomadaxemenorreservoirpoisoners.

ArthurhadtobegotoutofLondonforawhile.

1.Whenthewriterfirstcametothecapital（）.

2.ThewriterwassurprisedatwhathereceivedforSundaylunchbecause（）.

3.ThelandladyseemedtoepitomizeaphraseusedintheNorthofEnglandtoindicatethatthingswere（）.

4.Theroomwhichthewriterandhisfriendweretoshare（）.

5.Thewriterfeelsthatinordertoremainsane,oneneedsacertainamountof（）.

问题1选项

A.hehadbeenveryreluctanttoleavehismother

B.hismotherhadnotwantedhimtoleavehome

C.hehadmadenopreparationsforhisjourneysouth

D.hehadsenthispossessionsonaheadinatrunk

问题2选项

A.foodhadalwaysbeenplentifulathome

B.hehadbeenusedtogrimmertimesathome

C.thingshadbeendifficultafterthewarupNorth

D.beefhadalwaysbeenavailablefromthebutcheronthecornerathome

问题3选项

A.tenderunderneaththesurface

B.vulnerabletotheoutsideworld

C.moreprofoundthantheyseemed

D.beautifulbutonlysuperficially

问题4选项

A.wasmoresuitedtohousingprisonersthanhotelguests

B.hadamagnificentviewfromoneofitswindows

C.hadadoorwhichprovidedaccesstoarubbishtip

D.wassituatedabovesomefoul-smellinggardens

问题5选项

A.physicalexercise

B.freshair

C.dailynourishment

D.breathingspace

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:文章第一段提到我第一次在伦敦旅行时还是个学生。那时候依依不舍地离开妈妈的怀抱，还提着一个装满家里做的水果蛋糕和羊毛背心的旅行箱。所以选项B符合题意。

第2题:文章第一段提到尽管是在战后艰苦的日子，我们依然能吃到牛肉和蒸布丁，所以可以想象当第一天到达伦敦寓所吃的食物的沮丧心情。所以选项A符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位至第三段。作者认为旅店女老板的装扮非常俗气，而他的朋友亚瑟在那里待了三天后对伦敦的描述是：“所有的都是毛皮外套，里面什么都没有”（Allfurcoatandnothingunderneath）。而后面一段描述了豪华的接待区和破败的休息室和餐厅以及阁楼水槽等，并说到文明的表象就在你眼前消失了（attheveneersofcivilizationfellawaybeforeyoureyes）。由此可知，豪华的外表下竟是破败的内在。因此D项“虚有其表”正确。

第4题:作者和他的朋友的房间并不比顶楼大多少，四周是斑驳的墙壁。有一个褪了色的水池，水管整夜响不停，摆放的几件家具还比不上英国监狱局的。所以选项A符合题意。

第5题:文章倒数第一段提到日常的隐私和平静可以保护我们不会堕落成疯狂的凶手（whichpreventsusallfromdegeneratingintomadaxemenorreservoirpoisoners），即一个人需要休息的场所和喘息的时间。所以选项D符合题意。

4.问答题

DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablish

families.Theyquicklybroughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomen

A

andbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundredyearsofsteady

B

C

decline,producingthe"babyboom."

D

【答案】试题答案：B;high

【解析】考查形容词。此处表示他们把男女的婚龄降了下来，使出生率达到了20世纪的高峰。height是名词，一般表示“高度”；high是形容词，一般表示“很高的”，修饰名词。

5.单选题

Electronictrash,knownase-waste,ispilingupfasterthaneverinAmericanhomesandbusinesses.Peopledonotknowwhattodowitholdtelevisionsorcomputerssotheythrowtheminthetrash.

NationalSolidWastesManagementAssociationstateprogramsdirectorChazMillersaysthelargeamountofelectronicwasteAmericansgenerateisnotunexpected.“Wehavesomanyelectronicproductsthat“weuse”,saidMiller.“Theyarebeingfarmorewidelydistributedthroughoutthepopulationofthecountryandtheytendtohaverelativelyshortlifespans.Cellphonesthatlasttwoorthreeyears,computersthatlastmaybetwoorthreeyearsbeforetheygetreplaced.”

TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)estimatesmorethan400millionconsumerelectronicitemsaredumpedeachyear,andthereisapushbymorestatestobanthewastefromgarbagedumpsandcreaterecyclingprograms.

Forexample,asquicklyasoldelectronicsarriveatarecyclingfacilityinBaltimore,Maryland,theyaretornapartandsortedforusableparts.PlantmanagerMikeFannonsayse-wastehereisresoldtoothercompaniesthatfurtherbreakdownthecomponentsthatarevaluable.“Therearealotofvaluablemetalsthatcanberecoveredandreusedasopposedtojustputtingtheminthegarbagedump,andincertaincomponentstherearesomematerialsthatshouldnotreallybedumpedinthegarbagedump,Fannonexplained.Nearly20percentofelectronicwasteisrecyclednationwide.Goingback1.3years,itwasonlyaboutsixpercent.Recyclingratescontinuetoriseasmorecommunitieshavebannedelectronicsfromgarbagedumpsinanefforttokeepe-wastetoxins(毒素，毒质)，likeleadandmercuryoutofgarbagedumps.Manyplaceshavesetupfreedrop-offsiteswherepeoplecanbringolditemsforrecycling.FannonsayssomeitemslikeoldelectroniccircuitboardswillgetshippedtoCanada,while,otherpartswillbeshippedtocountriesinAsia.“Thesewillgooffactuallytoacoppersmelterwhereworkerswillrecovercopperwithinthecircuitboardaswellaspreciousmetalsthatareontheboard’’,addedFannon.“Thereisgoldplatingonalotofthematerial.Thereissilver.Soallthosepreciousmetalsarerecoveredinadditiontothecopper.’’

ThisyearseveralstateslikeVermontimposedabanonelectronicwasteingarbagedumps.Morecanbedonetoboostelectronicwasterecycling.

WastemanagementanalystssayU.S.facilitiescansafelyrecycleitems.Environmentalistsmaintaintheycanreducetheamountofelectronicwasteingarbagedumpsnowbyraisingconsumerawarenessaboutthebestwaystorecyclee-waste.

1.WhyistheresomuchelectronicwasteinAmerica?

2.AccordingtoEPA,whathelpstoreducethedumpede-waste?

3.WhatistherightwaytorecycletheoldelectronicsaccordingtoFannon?

4.AccordingtoFannon,whatpreciousmetalcanpeoplegetfromusedcircuitboard?

5.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Becauseithasnovaluetoberecycled

B.BecauseAmericansdon'tknowhowtorecycleit.

C.BecauseAmericansloveelectronicitemsmorethanothersdo

D.Becauseelectronicitemsarewidelyusedandfallintodisuseeasily

问题2选项

A.Thebanofe-wastefromgarbagedumps

B.ArecyclingfacilityinBaltimore.

C.Theshipmentofe-wastetoothercountries.

D.Anadvancedtechnologytomakee-products

问题3选项

A.Dumpthemintothegarbagedump

B.Tearthemapartathomeforvaluablematerials.

C.Leavetheminfreedrop-offsitesforrecycling

D.Burythemundergrounddirectly

问题4选项

A.Iron

B.Mercury

C.Gold

D.Lead

问题5选项

A.Peopleshouldtrytouseaslesselectronicproductsaspossible

B.Peoplecandealwiththeelectronicwasteinasafeway

C.Thegovernmentcandonearlynothinginfrontoftheelectronicwaste

D.Peoplearehelplessinfrontofelectronicwaste

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据原文第二段的内容可知，美国人产生的大量电子垃圾并不出人意料。我们有很多电子产品在使用，它们在全国人口中分布得更为广泛，而且电子产品的寿命往往相对较短。由此可推测，之所以有这么多电子垃圾，是因为电子产品被广泛使用，而且容易废弃。选项D符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词“EPA”定位到第三段“TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)estimatesmorethan400millionconsumerelectronicitemsaredumpedeachyear,andthereisapushbymorestatestobanthewastefromgarbagedumpsandcreaterecyclingprograms.美国环境保护局估计，美国每年有4亿多件消费电子产品被倾倒，越来越多的州正在推动禁止倾倒垃圾，并建立回收项目。”由此可知，帮助减少电子垃圾倾倒是因为各州推行的禁止倾倒垃圾，选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词“Fannon”定位到第四段第二句“PlantmanagerMikeFannonsayse-wastehereisresoldtoothercompaniesthatfurtherbreakdownthecomponentsthatarevaluable.工厂经理MikeFannon说，这里的电子垃圾被转售给其他公司，进一步拆分出有价值的组件。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据第四段最后一句“‘Thereisgoldplatingonalotofthematerial.Thereissilver.Soallthosepreciousmetalsarerecoveredinadditiontothecopper.’‘很多材料上都镀了金，以及银。所以除了铜以外，所有这些贵重金属都能被重新找到。’”。所以选项C正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容“废物管理分析人士说，美国的设施可以安全地回收物品。环保人士坚持认为，通过提高消费者对电子垃圾回收的最佳方式的认识，可以减少垃圾填埋场中电子垃圾的数量。”由此可以推断，人们可以用一种安全的方式处理电子垃圾。选项B符合原文。

6.翻译题

中国是世界文明的发源地之一，有五千年的文明史。在中国古代思想史上，涌现出了许许多多杰出的思想家，为中华民族乃至整个人类留下了丰富的思想遗产。这些思想成果独树一帜，在漫长的历史中又不断地被阐释、被发展，很多思想对于今天的中国乃至世界而言，仍然历久弥新，极具生命力。比如，儒家学派创始人孔子“仁”的理念、“和”的思想，不仅在当代中国，在其他亚洲国家也一直备受推崇。

【答案】Chinaisoneofthebirthplacesoftheworldcivilizationwhichhasa5,000-yearhistory.TherearemanyoutstandingideologistsinChineseancientthoughthistorythatleftarichideologicalheritageforourChinaandeventhewholemankind.Theideologicalachievementswereveryuniqueandconstantlyexplainedanddevelopedinthelonghistory.Today,someofthesethoughtsarestilllivelyandfullofvitalityfortoday’sChinaandthewholeworld.Forexample,theidealof“benevolence”andthe“harmony”thoughtofConfuciuswhoistheoriginatorofConfucianschoolhavebeenpraisedhighlybyChinaandotherAsiancountriesatpresent.

7.单选题

—Youforgotyourkeyswhenyoulefthomeinthemorning.

—Goodheavens,（）.

问题1选项

A.sodidI.

B.soIdid.

C.soyoudid.

D.sodidyou.

【答案】B

【解析】句意:早上，你离开家的吋候，忘记拿钥匙了。天啦，是的！

语法题。考查省略。第一句的you和第二句的I是同一个人。根据句意关系，后句是表示同意上文陈述的内容，而第一句主句的动词是forgot（过去时），因此“soldid”表示“确实”，符合句意和结构，助动词需与前文保持时态一致。因此B项正确。

8.单选题

Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely______totheoutsideworld.

问题1选项

A.beinglost

B.havinglost

C.losing

D.lost

【答案】D

【解析】考查伴随状语。句意：安娜正在看一部科幻小说，完全迷失在外面的世界里。横线前后两部分动作同时进行，表示伴随状态，根据固定搭配belostto还原句子为Shewascompletelylosttotheoutsideworld，所以D选项lost符合题意。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

ThereareafewsmallthingsthatIdon’tlikeaboutmyjob,but（）it’sveryenjoyable.

问题1选项

A.allatonce

B.onceandforall

C.somuchas

D.byandlarge

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项allatonce“突然”；B选项onceandforall“一劳永逸地；彻底地；最后一次”；C选项somuchas“甚至于；连……都不”；D选项byandlarge“大体上，总的来说”。句意：虽然工作上的一些小事情让我讨厌，但是总的来说它是非常令人愉快的。由题干中的“afewsmallthings一些小事情”和表示转折的“but”可知“byandlarge总的来说”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Ispentmostofmymoneyinthefirstweekand（）hadverylittletoeatduringthelastfewdaysoftheholiday.

问题1选项

A.afterall

B.consequently

C.otherwise

D.anyhow

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。afterall“毕竟”；consequently“因此，结果”；otherwise“否则，不然”；anyhow“无论如何，总之”。句意：我第一周就花掉了大部分的钱，因此在假期的最后几天只能吃一点点东西。选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

Menoftenwaitlongertogethelpformedicalproblemsthanwomen,and（

）,womenliveaboutsixyearslongerthanmenonanaverage.

问题1选项

A.insteadof

B.constantly

C.consequently

D.because

【答案】C

【解析】根据句意可知，前后构成因果关系，前面是因，后面是由此产生的结果，所以选项C符合语境。

12.单选题

Thegovernmentisexpectedtomakenewlegislationsto（

）foreigninvestmentinrealestate.

问题1选项

A.manipulate

B.regulate

C.dominate

D.prevail

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项manipulate“操纵，控制”；B选项regulate“调节，管理”;C选项dominate“控制，支配”；D选项prevail“盛行，战胜”；空格前的“legislations法规”是这个动词的逻辑主语，所以跟“法规”搭配应该是B选项。

13.单选题

3.

问题1选项

A.Sheneedaphysicalexamination.

B.Sheisingoodhealth.

C.It’sgoodtohaveadoctorfriend.

D.It’sgoodtovisitthedoctor.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Whenyouneedahealthcheckup,justcallme.It’stotallyfree.

W:It’sgreathavingadoctoraround.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

【解析】细节题。男士说需要体检时打个电话给他，免费的。女士回答说身边有个医生很好。

14.单选题

ThepolicestoppedmetheotherdayasIwasdrivinghome,becauseIwas（）thespeedlimit.

问题1选项

A.transcending

B.exceeding

C.surpassing

D.overtaking

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项transcend“胜过，超越”；B选项exceed“超过，胜过”；C选项surpass“超越，优于”；D选项overtake“赶上，压倒”。四个选项都有“超过，胜过”的意思，但表示超速只能用exceed。根据句意“那天我开车回家的时候被警察拦住了，因为我超速了。”所以选项B正确。

15.单选题

Heknewthathehadonemoredutytoperformbeforeheallowedhimselftosuccumbtohis______forrest.

问题1选项

A.orientation

B.disgust

C.craving

D.objection

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.orientation方向；目标B.disgust厌恶；憎恶

C.craving强烈的愿望；渴望D.objection反对的理由；反对

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】按照句意“他知道在他屈服于对休息的______之前，他还有一个任务要完成”可推知，______forrest应该是指对休息的强烈渴望，故该题选择C项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。

【句意】他知道在他屈服于对休息的渴望之前，他还有一个任务要完成。

16.单选题

Aboutone-thirdoftheadulthomelessare（

）mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.

问题1选项

A.chronically

B.sparsely

C.adequately

D.individually

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。chronically意为“慢性地，习惯性地，长期地”；sparsely意为“稀疏地，节省地”；adequately意为“足够地”；individually意为“分别地，单独地”。

句意：大约三分之一的无家可归的人患有慢性精神病，而且大约有一半是酗酒或吸毒的。

17.单选题

Itisthroughlearningthattheindividual（）manyhabitualwaysofreactingtosituations.

问题1选项

A.retains

B.gains

C.achieves

D.acquires

【答案】D

【解析】句意:只有通过学习，才能获得许多处理各种情况的常用方法。

考查动词辨析。retain保留；gain获得，赢得（尤指想要的或所需的事物）；resort求助，采取（最后）手段；acquire（靠自己的能力、努力或行为）获得，得到。该处为一个动词，宾语为“habitualways常用方式”。因此，D项符合句意。

18.单选题

FormanyyearstheJapanesehave（

）thecarmarket.

问题1选项

A.presided

B.occupied

C.operated

D.dominated

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项presided“主持”；B选项occupied“占领”；C选项operated“运转，操作”D选项dominated“控制，支配”。句意：长久以来，日本人（）汽车市场。结合选项，答案选D，日本人主导着汽车市场；B选项一般指的是战争上的占领，不符合提干语境，所以不选。

19.单选题

Fallingsalesandrisingoverheadshaveobligedthecompanytorevieweachcustomer’s（

）limit.

问题1选项

A.credit

B.currency

C.check

D.certificate

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项credit“借贷，贷款，信誉”；B选项currency“货币”；C选项check“支票”；D选项certificate“证明，证明书”。根据limit（限制，限额）可知A选项符合语境。句意：销量下降和管理费用上升迫使公司审查每个客户的信贷限额。

20.单选题

Wearemakinglittle（）inpollutioncontrol.

问题1选项

A.headway

B.sideway

C.edgeways

D.leeway

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短语搭配。A选项headway“前进；进步；航行速度；间隔时间”；B选项sideway“人行道；小巷”；C选项edgeways“侧着；边对边地；在边上的”；D选项leeway“退路；留有余地；风压差；余地”。根据固定搭配makelittleheadway“前进的步伐很小；没什么进展”可知该题选headway。句意：我们在控制污染方面成绩甚微。因此A选项正确。

21.单选题

Althoughmostbirdshaveonlyanegligiblesenseofsmell,theyhave（）vision.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.exact

C.acute

D.vivid

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项vigorous“有力的；精力充沛的”；B选项exact“准确的，精密的；精确的”；C选项acute“敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的”；D选项vivid“生动的；鲜明的”。句意：尽管大多数鸟类只有微不足道的嗅觉，但是它们却有敏锐的视觉。根据句意可知C选项正确。

22.单选题

Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinheterogeneoussocietiesthaninhomogenousones,simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer.Therearemoreconflictsofinterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationofdifferentpersuasions.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandtoleranceinheterogeneoussocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecisionratherthansubjectingthemtoauthority.Inaquitehomogenoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,becauseeverythingseemstobethesameand,ifnotsatisfactory,atleastcustomaryandundisputed.

Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadily(1)inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;(2)inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;(3)inthelessbasic,lessemotional,orlesssacredaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites,likereligionorasystemofprestige;(4)inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones.(5)Informratherthaninsubstance;and(6)inelementscongenialtothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.

Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.

1.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweenahomogenoussocietyandaheterogeneousoneliesin（

）.

2.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethatchangesaremorelikelytobesuccessfulin（

）.

问题1选项

A.thenumberofopportunitiesoffered

B.thenatureofconflictsofinterest

C.theawarenessoftheneedforchange

D.theroleofsocialorganizations

问题2选项

A.productionmethods

B.ideologicalconcept

C.religiousbeliefs

D.socialbehavior

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段的第一句话后半句“…，simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer”可以看出在由不同种族组成的社会中会存在更多的不同的观点，因此要求改变的意识就更强。或者此题也可从反面看出，从第一段的第五句话中“Inaquitehomogeneoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,...”看出由同种族构成的社会中，没什么情况会让人们觉察到需要改变，因此从反面可推出由不同种族组成的社会肯定是因为觉得要改变的意识更强，所以才会变化的快。因此C选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段内容尤其是第（5）点Informratherthaninsubstance可推知作者讲述了一个社会中六种容易改变的方面，其中第一个方面就是文化中物质的方面比非物质的方面要变化的快些，比如说是科技比价值观变化的快。A选项中的productionmethods“生产商品的方法”属于科技，所以A选项正确。

23.单选题

Wehadintendedtotalkaboutwork,but（

）startedtotalkaboutfootball.

问题1选项

A.continuously

B.unwittingly

C.permanently

D.consistently

【答案】B

【解析】考察副词词义辨析。continuously“继续地”；unwittingly“不知不觉地”；permanently“永久地”；consistently“一致地”。句意：我们原意是打算谈论工作的，但是不知不觉就谈到了足球。选项B符合题意。

24.单选题

Peoplebuyinsuranceinorderto（）asmall,certain,tolerablelossforalarge,uncertain,catastrophicone.

问题1选项

A.return

B.substitute

C.institute

D.predict

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定词组搭配。固定搭配substitute...for...表示“用……代替……”。A选项return表示“返回，报答，回击”；C选项institute表示“实行，授予（学位），提起（诉讼）”；D选项predict表示“预言，预测”。【句意】人们买保险是为了用一个可以确定和容忍的小损失来替代大的、不确定的、灾难性的损失。

25.案例题

Asresearcherslearnmoreabouthowchildren'sintelligencedevelops,theyareincreasinglysurprisedbythepowerofparents.Thepoweroftheschoolhasbeenreplacedbythehome.Tobeginwith,ailthefactorswhicharepartofintelligence—thechild'sunderstandingoflanguage,learningpatterns,curiosity—areestablishedwellbeforethechildentersschoolattheageofsix.Studyafterstudyhasshownthatevenafterschoolbegins,children'sachievementshavebeenfarmoreinfluencedbyparentsthanbyteachers.Thisisparticularlytrueaboutlearningthatislanguage-related.Theschoolratherthanthehomeisgivencreditforvariationsinachievementinsubjectssuchasscience.

Inviewoftheirpowerit'ssadtoseesomanyparentsnotmakingthemostoftheirchild'sintelligence.Untilrecentlyparentshadbeenwarnedbyeducatorswhoaskedthemnottoeducatetheirchildren.Manyteachersnowrealizethatchildrencannotbeeducatedonlyatschoolandparentsarebeingaskedtocontributebothbeforeandafterthechildentersschool.

Parentshavebeenparticularlyafraidtoteachreadingathome.Ofcourse,childrenshouldn'tbepushedtoreadbytheirparents,buteducatorshavediscoveredthatreadingisbest[aughtindividually一andtheeasiestplacetodothisisathome.Manyfourandfive-year-oldswhohavebeenshownafewlettersandtaughttheirsoundswillcomposesinglewordsoftheirownwiththemevenbeforetheyhavebeentaughttoread.

1.Whathaveresearchersfoundoutabouttheinfluenceofparentsandtheschoolonchildren'sintelligence?

2.Whatdoresearchersconcludeaboutchildren'slearningpatterns?

3.Inwhichareamayschoolplayamoreimportantrole?

4.Whydidmanyparentsfailtomakethemostoftheirchildren'sintelligence?

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthatparentsshouldbeencouragedto.

【答案】1.Parentshavegreaterinfluencethanschool.

2.Theyareestablishedwellattheageofsix.

3.Subjectsuchasscience.

4.Theywerewarnedbyeducatorsnottoeducatetheirchildren.

5.teachreadingathome.

【解析】1.根根据第一段第四句"Studyafterstudyhasshownthatevenafterschoolbegins,children'sachievementshavebeenfarmoreinfluencedbyparentsthanbyteachers."一项又一项研究表明,即使在开学后,孩子们的成绩也更多地受到父母的影响,而不是老师的影响。

2.根据第一段第三句"Tobeginwith,allthefactors...areestablishedwellbeforethechildentersschoolattheageofsix."在儿童六岁入学之前,所有与智力相关的因素,如儿童对语言的理解力、学习模式、好奇心都已经确定。

3.根据第一段最后一句"Theschoolratherthanthehomeisgivencreditforvariationsinachievementinsubjectssuchasscience."在诸如科学这类科目中取得成就时,受到称赞的是学校而非家庭。

4.根据第二段的第二句"Untilrecently,parentshadbeenwarnedbyeducatorswhoaskedthemnottoeducatetheirchildren."直到最近,教育学家还告诫父母不要教育他们的孩子。

5.根据最后一段的第二句"...childrenshouldn'tbe...todothisisathome."当然,父母不应该强迫孩子阅读,但教育工作者发现,阅读是最好的个别化教学,而最容易的地方是在家里。作者其实是鼓励父母在家里教孩子阅读。

26.单选题

Ifyoustandontopofacliffbookingdownadeepvalley,you’llfeel（）.

问题1选项

A.uncomfortable

B.dizzy

C.sick

D.feeble

【答案】B

【解析】uncomfortable不舒服的；dizzy头晕目眩的；sick恶心的；feeble虚弱的。句意：如果你站在悬崖顶端往下看深谷，你会感到头晕目眩。选项B更符合语境。

27.单选题

Khalida’sfathersaysshe’s9ormaybe10.AsmuchasSayedShahloveshis10children,thefunctionallyilliterateAfghanfarmercan’tkeeptrackofalltheirbirthdates.Khalidahuddledathisside,tryingtohidebeneathherchadorandheadscarf.Theybothknowthefamilycan’tkeephermuchlonger.Khalida’sfatherhasspentmuchofhisliferaisingopium,asmenlikehimhavebeendoingfordecadesinthestonyhillsidesofeasternAfghanistanandonthedustysouthernplains.It’stheonlyreliablecashcropmostofthosefarmerseverhad.Evenso,Shahandhisfamilybarelygoby:traffickersmayprosper,butpoorfarmerslikehimonlysubsist.Nowhe’slosingfarmorethanmoney.“IneverimaginedI’dhavetopayforgrowingopiumbygivingupmydaughter,”saysShah.

Thefamily’sheartbreakbeganwhenShahborrowed$2000fromalocaltrafficker,promisingtorepaytheloanwith24kilosofopiumatharvesttime.Latelastspring,justbeforeharvest,agovernmentcrop-eradicationteamappearedatthefamily’slittleplotoflandinLaghmanprovinceanddestroyedShah’sentiretwoandhalfacresofpoppies.Unabletomeethisdebt,ShahfledwithhisfamilytoJalalabad,thecapitalofneighboringNangarharprovince.Thetraffickerfoundthemanywayanddemandedhisopium.SoShahtookhiscasebeforeatribalcouncilinLaghmanandbeggedforleniency.Instead,theeldersunanimouslyruledthatShahwouldhavetoreimbursethetraffickersbygivingKhalidatohiminmarriage.Nowthefamilycanonlywaitforthe45-year-olddrugrunnertocomebackforhisprize.Khalidawantedtobeateachersomeday,butthathasbecomeimpossible.“It’smyfate”thechildsays.

Afghansdisparagingly(贬低的)callthem“loanbrides”—daughtersgiveninmarriagebyfatherswhohavenootherwayoutofdebt.Thepracticebeganwiththedowryabridegroom’sfamilytraditionallypaystothebride’sfatherintribalPashtunsociety.Thesedaystheamountrangesfrom$3,000orsoinpoorerplaceslikeLaghmanandNangarharto$8,000ormoreinHelmand,Afghanistan’sNo1opium-growingprovince.Foradesperatefarmer,thatbridepricecanbesalvation—butatacruelcost.AmongthePashtun,debtmarriageputsalastingstainonthehonorofthebrideandherfamily.Itbringsshameonthecountry,too.PresidentHamidKarzairecentlytoldthenation:“Icallonthepeople(notto)givetheirdaughtersformoney;theyshouldn’tgivethemtooldmen,andtheyshouldn’tgivetheminforcedmarriage.

Allthesame,localfarmerssayamancangetkilledforfailingtorepayaloan.NooneknowshowmanydebtweddingstakeplaceinAfghanistan,where93percentoftheworld’sheroinandotheropiatesoriginate.ButAfghanssaythenumberofloanbrideskeepsrisingaspoppy-eradicationeffortspushfarmersintodefault.“Thiswillbeourdarkestyearsince2000,”saysBazMohammad,65,awhite-beardedformeropiumfarmerinNangarhar.“Evenmoredaughterswillbesoldthisyear.”Theoldmanliveswiththeanguishofsellinghisown13-year-olddaughterin2000,afterTalibanleaderMullahMohammedOmarbannedpopp