考研考博-英语-云南师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-云南师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Heisvery（）inhisfamilyandneverdoesanythingagainsthiswife.

问题1选项

A.hence

B.filled

C.enormous

D.humble

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析。hence因此；filled填满的；enormous巨大的；humble谦逊的，（级别或地位）低下的。句意：他在家里很（），从不做任何违背他妻子的事。因此，D选项符合句意。

2.填空题

Ihave（1）goodnewsforyou:Johnhas（2）tobuyyouroldmotorcycle.

【答案】1.some

2.decided

【解析】1.语义题。句意:告诉你一些好消息。

2.固定搭配。Decidetodo决定…。

3.单选题

Popstarstodayenjoyastyleoflivingwhichwasoncetheprerogativeonlyofroyalty.Wherevertheygo,peopleturnoutintheirthousandstogreetthem.Thecrowdsgowildtryingtocatchabriefglimpseoftheirsmiling,colorfullydressedidols.ThestarsaretransportedintheirchauffeurdrivenRolls-Royces,privatehelicoptersorexecutiveairplanes.Theyaresurroundedbyapermanententourageofmanagers,pressagentsandbodyguards.Photographsofthemappearregularlyinthepressandalltheircomingsandgoingsarereportedfor,likeRoyaltypopstarsarenews.IftheyenjoymanyoftheprivilegesofRoyalty,theycertainlysharemanyoftheinconveniencesaswell.Itisdangerousforthemtomakeunscheduledappearanceinpublic.Theymustbeconstantlyshieldedfromtheadoringcrowdswhichidolizethem.Theyarenolongerprivateindividuals,butpublicproperty.Thefinancialrewardstheyreceiveforthissacrificecannotbecalculated,fortheirratesofpayareastronomical.

Andwhynot?Societyhasalwaysrewardeditstopentertainerslavishly.ThegreatdaysofHollywoodhavebecomelegendaryfamousstarsenjoyingfame,wealthadulationonanunprecedentedscale.Bytoday'sstandards,theexcessesofHollywooddonotseemquitesospectacular.Asinglegramophonerecordnowadaysmayearnmuchmoreinroyaltiesthanthefilmofthepasteverdid.Thecompetitionforthetitle“TopofthePop”isfierce,buttherewardsaretrulycolossal!

Itisonlyrightthatthestarsshouldbepaidinthisway.Don'tthetopmeninindustryearnenormoussalariesfortheservicestheyperformtotheircompanies?Popstarsearnvastsumsinforeigncurrencyoftenmorethanlargeindustrialconcernsandthetaxmancanonlybegratefulfortheirmassiveannualcontributionstotheexchequer.Sowhowouldbegrudgethemtheirrewards?

It’sallverywellforpeopleinhumdrumjobstomoanaboutthesuccessesandrewardsofothers.Peoplewhomakeenviousremarksshouldrememberthatthemostfamousstarsrepresentonlythetipoftheiceberg.Foreveryfamousstar,therearehundredsofothersstrugglingtoearnaliving.Amanworkinginasteadyjobandlookingforwardtoapensionattheendofithasnorighttoexpectveryhighrewards.Hehaschosensecurityandpeaceofmind,sotherewillalwaysbealimittowhathecanearn.Butamanwhoattemptstobecomeastaristakingenormousrisks.Heknowsattheoutsetthatonlyahandfulofcompetitorsevergettotheverytop.Heknowsthatyearsofconcentratedeffortmayberewardedwithcomplete.Butheknows,too,thattherewardsforsuccessareveryhighindeed;theyaretherecompenseforthehugerisksinvolvedandifheachievesthem,hehascertainlyearnedthem.That'stheessenceofprivateenterprise.

1.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardtopstars'highincome?

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,onewhodreamsofbeingastarshouldbeawarethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Approval

B.Disapproved.

C.ronical

D.Indifferent.

问题2选项

A.thereexistsfiercecompetitioninclimbingtothetopofthePops

B.peopleareblindinidolizingstars

C.successfulpopstarsgivegreatentertainment

D.popsstarsusuallytrytoavoidpayingtax

问题3选项

A.Popstarsgethigh-incomerepaymentbutaretaxedless.

B.Greatcontributionmadebypopstarsislimitedtoentertainmentindustry.

C.Successfulmenrepresentthetipoftheiceberg.

D.Popstarsshouldn'tenjoythelifeofroyalty.

问题4选项

A.firstheshouldlookforasteadyjobwithapension

B.atlastmanypeoplecanclimbtotheverytop

C.greateffortswillsurelyberewardedwithcompletesuccess

D.theessenceofprivateenterpriseishugerisksprobablybringinghighrewards

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由最后一段“Butheknows,too,thattherewardsforsuccessareveryhighindeed;theyaretherecompenseforthehugerisksinvolvedandifheachievesthem,hehascertainlyearnedthem.但他也知道，成功的回报确实很高；这是对所涉及的巨大风险的补偿，如果他实现了这些目标，这些回报也是应得的。”可知作者认同这种观点即高风险与高回报是并存的。答案A

第2题:推理判断题。由第二段最后一句“Thecompetitionforthetitle‘TopofthePop’isfierce…‘流行音乐之巅’的竞争非常激烈”，可知A项正确，答案A。

第3题:细节事实题。由第四段“Peoplewhomakeenviousremarksshouldrememberthatthemostfamousstarsrepresentonlythetipoftheiceberg.发表嫉妒言论的人应该记住，最著名的明星只是冰山一角。”可知C项正确，答案C。

第4题:推理判断题。由文章末尾“Heknowsthatyearsofconcentratedeffortmayberewardedwithcomplete.Butheknows,too,thattherewardsforsuccessareveryhighindeed;theyaretherecompenseforthehugerisksinvolvedandifheachievesthem,hehascertainlyearnedthem.That’stheessenceofprivateenterprise.他知道多年的集中努力可能会得到完全的回报。但他也知道，成功的回报确实很高；这是对所涉及的巨大风险的补偿，如果他实现了这些目标，他肯定是应得的。这就是个人事业的本质。”可知作者认为个人事业的高风险和高回报并存，这是梦想成为明星的人该注意的地方。故D项正确。

4.单选题

Abovethetreesarethehills,（）magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.

问题1选项

A.where

B.ofwhose

C.whose

D.which

【答案】C

【解析】语法题——whose引导的非限定性定语从句。whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。主句为“Abovethetreesarethehills”，从句的主语应为“山的绮丽景色”，原句为theriverfaithfullyreflectsthehill’smagnificenceonthesurface。句意：在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

His（

）wordsreachedtheeffecthewantedandpeoplegavemoneytohelphim.

问题1选项

A.elegant

B.eloquent

C.evil

D.excessive

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项elegant“优雅的”；B选项eloquent“有口才的，有说服力的”；C选项evil“邪恶的”；D选项excessive“极度的，过分的”。句意：他的能言善辩达到了他想要的效果，人们纷纷捐钱来帮助他。选项B符合语境。

6.单选题

Someyearsago,Houstonairportfacedatroublingissue.Passengerswere（1）aboutthelongwaitsatbaggageclaim(行李提取处).（2）,theexecutivesincreasedthenumberofbaggagehandlers.Theplan（3）:theaveragewaitfelltoeightminutes,wellwithinindustrystandard.（4）thecomplaintspersisted.

（5）,theairportexecutivesundertookamorecarefulanalysis.Theyfoundthatit（6）passengersaminutetowalkfromtheirarrivalgatestobaggageclaimandsevenmoreminutestogettheirbags.（7）,roughly88percentoftheirtimewasspentstandingaroundwaitingfortheirbags.

Sotheydecidedonanewapproach:（8）reducingwaittime,theymovedthearrivalgatesfartherawayfromthemainterminal.Passengersnowhadtowalksixtimeslonger.Complaintsdroppedtonear（9）.

Thisstoryshowsthattheexperienceofwaitingisdefinedonlypartlybytheobjective（10）ofthewait.Occupiedtime(walkingtobaggageclaim)feels（11）thanunoccupiedtime(（12）atbaggageclaim).Researchonqueuinghasshownthat,peopleonaverage,（13）howlongthey’vewaitedinaline.

Thisisalso（14）onefindsmirrorsnexttoelevators.The（15）wasbornduringthepost-WorldWarIIboom,whenthespreadofhigh-rises（16）complaintsaboutelevatordelays.Thereasonbehindthemirrorswas（17）totheoneusedattheHoustonairport:givepeoplesomethingtooccupytheirtime.（18）overnight,thecomplaintsceased.

We’llnever（19）linesaltogether,butabetterunderstandingofthepsychologyofwaitingcanhelpmakethose（20）delaysmorebearable.Andwhenallelsefails,bringabook.

问题1选项

A.warning

B.thinking

C.asking

D.complaining

问题2选项

A.Inresponse

B.Infact

C.Intheory

D.Inturn

问题3选项

A.failed

B.worked

C.stopped

D.continued

问题4选项

A.So

B.But

C.Or

D.And

问题5选项

A.Puzzled

B.Scared

C.Delighted

D.Relieved

问题6选项

A.spent

B.needed

C.cost

D.took

问题7选项

A.Ingeneral

B.Inaddition

C.Inanycase

D.Inotherwords

问题8选项

A.inspiteof

B.insteadof

C.bymeansof

D.becauseof

问题9选项

A.nothing

B.zero

C.none

D.no

问题10选项

A.complaint

B.reach

C.feeling

D.length

问题11选项

A.shorter

B.better

C.longer

D.harder

问题12选项

A.looking

B.standing

C.serving

D.pointing

问题13选项

A.dislike

B.disagree

C.overestimate

D.misunderstand

问题14选项

A.how

B.what

C.why

D.when

问题15选项

A.reason

B.problem

C.standard

D.idea

问题16选项

A.calledfor

B.pointedout

C.ledto

D.beganwith

问题17选项

A.accustomed

B.specific

C.helpful

D.similar

问题18选项

A.Rather

B.Quite

C.Entirely

D.Almost

问题19选项

A.cross

B.eliminate

C.draw

D.create

问题20选项

A.inadequate

B.impatient

C.impossible

D.inevitable

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:D

第7题:D

第8题:B

第9题:B

第10题:D

第11题:A

第12题:B

第13题:C

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:C

第17题:D

第18题:D

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】1.考查动词辨析。联系下文可知客户在抱怨排队时间长。A选项warning“警告”；B选项thinking“思考”；C选项asking“请求”，因此D选项正确。

2.考查语境理解。由空格前，联系第一题“Passengerswerecomplainingaboutthelongwaitsatbaggageclaim（乘客们在抱怨行李提取处等待时间太长）”，空格后“theexecutivesincreasedthenumberofbaggagehandlers.（行政人员增加了行李搬运工的人数。）”可知，空格后是对空格前做的回应。B选项Infact“事实上，实际上”；C选项Intheory“理论上”；D选项Inturn“轮流，依次”，都不符合上下文语境，因此A选项正确。

3.考查语境理解。根据下文“theaveragewaitfelltoeightminutes,wellwithinindustrystandard.（平均等待时间降至8分钟，完全符合行业标准。）”可知这项计划奏效了，等待时间下降了。因此B选项正确。

4.考查逻辑关系。根据上文“theaveragewaitfelltoeightminutes,wellwithinindustrystandard.（平均等待时间降至8分钟，完全符合行业标准。）”和下文“thecomplaintspersisted.（人们的抱怨仍在继续）”可知空格处填的词应该表示转折。A选项So表原因；B选项But表转折；C选项Or表并列；D选项And表并列，因此B选项正确。

5.考查动词辨析。“（）,theairportexecutivesundertookamorecarefulanalysis.”意为“因为……机场管理人员进行了更仔细的分析”。A选项Puzzled“困惑”；B选项Scared“害怕”；C选项Delighted“高兴，愉快”；D选项Relieved“解除”。因此A选项正确。

6.考查固定搭配。Ittakesbsometimetodosth意为花费时间做某事，没有Itspendsbsometimetodosth这个说法，spend的用法是sbspendsometime(in)doingsth，它的主语必须是人；cost的用法是sthcostsb+金钱；need的主语一般是人，不用it作形式主语。因此D选项正确。

7.考查短语辨析。根据上文“Theyfoundthatittookpassengersaminutetowalkfromtheirarrivalgatestobaggageclaimandsevenmoreminutestogettheirbags.（乘客从到达登机口走到行李认领处需要1分钟，取行李又需要7分钟。）”和下文“roughly88percentoftheirtimewasspentstandingaroundwaitingfortheirbags.（他们大约88%的时间是在站着等行李。）”可知上下文表示的意思是一样的，所以空格处应填一个表并列关系的短语。因此空格处应填“inotherwords”，因此D选项正确。

8.考查短语辨析。A选项inspiteof“不管，不顾”；B选项insteadof“代替，而不是”；C选项bymeansof“依靠，借助于”；D选项becauseof“因为，由于”，句意：他们没有缩短等待时间，而是把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方。因此B选项正确。

9.考查语境理解。句意：参考第48题，他们没有缩短等待时间，而是把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方。现在乘客们得多走六倍的路。投诉几乎为（）。从句意我们可以看出空格处应该为一个数值，选项中只有B选项符合，因此B选项正确。

10.考查名词辨析。句意：这个故事表明，等待的体验只在一定程度上取决于客观等待的（）。A选项complaint“抱怨”不符合句意；B选项reach“范围”不符合句意；C选项feeling“感觉”与句中的体验相冲突；D选项length“时长”符合句意，因此D选项正确。

11.考查逻辑关系。该句意为：被占用的时间（走到行李认领处）感觉比没被占用的时间（站在行李认领处）（）。根据上文中提到的，机场管理人员把到达门移到离主航站楼更远的地方，乘客们在等待的过程中感觉有事情可做，就会觉得走路的时间比等待的时间短，因此A选项正确。

12.考查动词辨析。该空格处应填与前面括号内（walkingtobaggageclaim）相对应的单词。A选项looking“看”；B选项standing“站”；C选项serving“招待、服务”；D选项pointing“指向，表明”，其中只有B选项与前面括号内的内容适配度更高，因此B选项正确。

13.考查动词辨析。句意：关于排队的研究表明，人们平均会（）自己排队等候的时间。A选项dislike“不喜欢，厌恶”；B选项disagree“不同意，反对”；C选项overestimate“高估”；D选项misunderstand“误解，误会”。联系上下文可知人们总是以为自己的排队时长很长，其实不然，所以人们经常高估自己排队等候的时间，因此C选项正确。

14.考查语境理解。句意：这也是（）电梯旁边有镜子。根据下文可知，正是因为镜子让人们在等待的时候有事可做，所以会让人们感觉等待时间缩短了，所以空格处应填有因果关系的词，因此C选项正确。

15.考查语境理解。该句子句意为：这个（）出现在二战后的经济繁荣时期，当时高楼林立，导致了人们对电梯延误的抱怨。由此可知，人们对电梯的延误感到抱怨更偏向于是一种社会问题。A选项reason“原因”；B选项problem“问题”；C选项standard“标准”；D选项idea“方法”，因此B选项正确。

16.考查短语辨析。A选项callfor“要求，需要，倡导”；B选项pointout“指出，指明”；C选项leadto“导致”；D选项beginwith“以……开始，开始于……”。参考55题，句意为：这个问题产生于二战后的经济繁荣时期，当时高楼林立，（）了人们对电梯延误的抱怨。根据句意可知空格处应填导致了人们的抱怨，所以C选项正确。

17.考查固定搭配。A选项beaccustomedto的意思：习惯于；习以为常；B选项bespecificto“针对……而言，仅限于……”；C选项behelpfultodosth.对做……有帮助，后面一般接todo不定式；D选项besimilarto“……与……相似，和……相似”，to后面可以接人，也可以接物。句意：镜子后面的原因和休斯顿机场使用的（）：让人们有事可做。一夜之间，投诉停止了。联系上下文可知镜子和机场都是为了让人们在等待的时候有事情可做，他们的目的是一样的，因此D选项正确。

18.考查副词辨析。句意：（）一夜之间，投诉停止了。A选项rather“宁可，宁愿，相当”；B选项quite“很，相当，完全”；C选项entirely“完全的”；D选项almost“差不多，几乎”。联系题干可知D选项正确。

19.考查动词辨析。A选项cross“穿过，横过”，cross后面一般不用lines，而是crosstheline，crosstheline逐字解释是越过某条界线，一般是指触犯了某项禁忌或者规则，做了过分的事情。B选项eliminate“消除，排除”；C选项draw“画，拉，吸引”；D选项create“创造，创立”。句意：我们永远不会完全（）排队。根据句意可知B选项正确。

20.考查形容词辨析。A选项inadequate“不充分的，不适当的”；B选项impatient“焦躁的，不耐烦的”；C选项impossible“不可能的”；D选项inevitable“不可避免的”。句意：但更好地理解等待的心理可以帮助让那些（）延误变得更容易忍受。联系句意，D选项正确。

7.单选题

Shegotveryangryand（

）herclothesaboutintheroom.

问题1选项

A.flung

B.flew

C.clamped

D.clashed

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意:她很生气，把衣服扔的房间里到处都是。

fling(尤指生气地)扔，掷，抛，丢;猛动(身体或身体部位);粗暴地(向某人)说;气势汹汹地(对某人)说。clamp夹住，固定;紧紧抓住;紧夹住;被抓住;被夹紧;用夹锁锁住(车)。clash打斗;冲突;比赛;(公开地)争论。

8.单选题

Sincethefirstbrainscannerwasconstructedseveralyearsago,computedtomographyorcomputedmedicalimagery,hasbecomefairlywidelyused,itsrapidacceptanceisduetothefactthatithasovercomeseveralofthedrawbacksofconventionalX-raytechnology.

Tobeginwith,conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowalloftheinformationcontainedinathree-dimensionobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed,causingconfusiontotheviewer.Thecomputerisabletoreconstructpicturesofthebody'sinteriorbymeasuringthevaryingintensitiesofX-raybeamspassingthroughsectionsofthebodyfromhundredsofdifferentangles.Suchpicturesarebasedonseriesofthin"slices",

Inaddition,conventionalX-raygenerallydifferentiatesonlybetweenboneandair,asinthechestandlungs.Theycannotdistinguishsofttissuesorvariationsintissues.Theliverandpancreasarenotdiscernibleatall,andcertainotherorgansmayonlyberenderedvisiblethroughtheuseofradiopaquedye.Sincecomputedtomographyismuchmoresensitive,thesofttissuesofthekidneysorthelivercanbeseenandclearlydifferentiated.ThistechniquecanalsoaccuratelymeasuredifferentdegreesofX-rayabsorption,facilitatingthestudyofthenatureoftissue.

AthirdproblemwithconventionalX-raymethodsistheirinabilitytomeasurequantitativelytheseparatedensitiesoftheindividualsubstancesthroughwhichtheX-rayhaspassed.Onlythemeanabsorptionofallthetissuesisrecorded.Thisisnotaproblemwithcomputedtomography.Itcanaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothatinadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy.

1.ConventionalX-raysmainlyshowthedifferencebetween（

）.

2.Whatkindofviewismadepossiblebycontiguouscrosssectionsofthebody?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat，comparedtoconventionalX-raytechniques,computedtomographyismore

（

）.

4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthisnewtechnique?

5.Accordingtothepassage,computedtomographycanbeusedforallofthefollowingEXCEPT（

）.

问题1选项

A.boneandair

B.liverandpancreas

C.muscleandotherbodytissues

D.heartandlungs

问题2选项

A.Two-dimensional

B.Three-dimensional

C.Animated

D.Intensified

问题3选项

A.compact

B.rapid

C.economical

D.informative

问题4选项

A.Cautious

B.Tolerant

C.Enthusiastic

D.Critical

问题5选项

A.monitoringapatient'sdisease

B.diagnosingdisorders

C.locatingtumors

D.reconstructingdamagedtissues

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。第三段指出:Inaddition，conventionalX-raygenerallydifferentiatesonlybetweenboneandair,asinthechestandlungs(另外，传统X光射线通常只能在骨头和空隙之间做出区分，比如胸腔和肺),由此可知A项“骨头和空隙”。

2.判断推理题。题干问的是:身体相邻交叉部位可能成什么样的像？第二段指出:Tobeginwith,conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowalloftheinformationcontainedinathree-dimensionobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed,causingconfusiontotheviewer(首先，传统的二维X光射线成像不能显示包含在三维物体里的所有信息。因为不同层面不同深度的影响是叠加的，这会使观察者困惑),因此B项“三维的”正确。

3.判断推理题。题干问的是:和传统X光射线相比,计算机断层扫描更加…。第二段指出:Tobeginwith,conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowalloftheinformationcontainedinathree-dimensionobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed,causingconfusiontotheviewer(首先，传统的二维X光射线成像不能显示包含在三维物体里的所有信息。因为不同层面不同深度的影响是叠加的，这会使观察者困惑),Thecomputerisabletoreconstructpicturesofthebody'sinteriorbymeasuringthevaryingintensitiesofX-raybeamspassingthroughsectionsofthebodyfromhundredsofdifferentangles(计算机断层扫描可以通过测量从数百个不同角度穿过身体截面的X线的强度变化来重新构建身体内部的图像)。由此可知D项“能提供更多信息”正确。

4.观点态度题。文章通篇在讲计算机断层扫描相比传统X光射线的优点。最后一句话指出:Itcanaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothatinadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy(它（即计算机断层扫描）可以精确定位肿瘤位置来监控放射治疗的进程，所以，除有诊断能力外，它在治疗中能起到重要作用)。由此可知作者对于断层扫描的态度是肯定的。故选C。

5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词computedtomography定位至最后一段:Itcanaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothatinadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy(它（即计算机断层扫描）可以精确定位肿瘤位置来监控放射治疗的进程，所以，除有诊断能力外，它在治疗中能起到重要作用)。因此A项“监控患者的疾病”,B项“诊断疾病”和C项“定位肿瘤位置”都正确。故选D。

9.单选题

Basicresearchisthecuttingofpathsthroughtheunknown.Asmostofusknowtoday,itisthepacesetterfortechnologyandtherawmaterialofinvention.

Becausebasicresearchisaimedatunderstandingratherthanatpracticalresults,thelaymansometimesassumesthatitisentirelyabstractandtheoretical,andthatonlywhenitbecomesamatterofindustrialdevelopmentdoesit“comedowntoearth.”Thisisafalsenotionanditsfalsitybecomesincreasinglyclearwithtime.Indeed,onestrikingcharacteristicofourscientificagehasbeenthedisappearanceofthebarriersbetweenpureandappliedscience.Notonlyarewefindingimportanttechnologicalapplicationformathematicalandscientificknowledgewhichwasformerlythoughtofasabstractand"useless,buttheadvanceoftechnologyhasbothgeneratednewproblemsinpurescienceandprovidednewtoolswithwhichsuchsciencecanbeadvancedmoreeffectively.Thedevelopmentofthetechniquesandhardwareforradarduringthewar,forexample,gavethephysicistandthechemistanewandrefinedtoolforinvestigatingthepropertiesofsolidsandofchemicalcompounds.Conversely,theextensiveuseofthistoolinbasicsciencehasopenedthewaytoentirelynewtechniquesinelectronics.Similarly,thedevelopmentoflarge-scaleelectroniccomputershasledengineerstofindpracticalusesforsomeofthemost,abstruseand"impractical"branchesofhighermathematics,whiletheunderstandingofthetechniquesofusingcomputershas,ontheotherhand,givenusdeeperinsightintosomeaspectsofthebehaviorofcomplexbiologicalandsocialsystems.Basicandappliedsciencetodayaredistinguishedlessbymethodandcontentthanbymotivation.Veryoftenindeed,thesamemancanbeboth“purescientist”and“engineer”asheworksondifferentproblemsorondifferentpartsofoneproblem.

Bythewordscientistwemeansomeonewhoisfittotakepartinbasicresearch,tolearnwithoutateacher,todiscoverandattacksignificantproblemsnotyetsolved,toshowthenatureofthisprocesstoothers—someone,inshort,whoisequippedtospendalifetimeintheadvancementofscience,tothebestofhisability.

Theprocessofgraduateeducationandtheprocessofbasicresearchbelongtogetherateverypossiblelevel.Thetwokindsofactivityreinforceeachotherinagreatvarietyof,andeachisweakenedwhencarriedonwithouttheother.

Ifgraduateeducationaimsatmakingscientists,andifinquiryintowhatisunknownisthemovingprincipleofallscience,itisnotsurprisingthatexperienceofthiskindofinquiryshouldbeessentialingraduateeducation.Clearlysuchexperienceisbestobtainedinassociationwithotherswhohavehaditorarehavingitthemselves.Theapprenticescientistlearnsbestwhenhelearnsinanatmosphereofactiveresearchwork.Inallformsofscientificwork,aman'seffectivenessismultipliedwhenhehasthatdepthofunderstandingofhissubjectthatcomesonlywiththeexperienceofworkingataresearchproblem.

Theprocessofgraduateeducationdependsonresearchjustasmuchasupon“teaching”.

Indeed,thetwoareessentiallyinseparableandthereisaradicalerrorittryingtothinkofthemasdifferentoroppositeformsofactivity.Fromthepointofviewofthegraduatestudent,theteachingandtheresearchofhisprofessor-areatthecrucialpointwhichdefinesthewhole,uniteD.Whathelearnsisnotoppositefromresearch;itisresearch.Ofcoursemanynecessarypartsofascientist'seducationhavelittletodowithresearch,andobviously,also,formanyprofessorstheremustbeagapbetweenteachingastandardgraduatecourseandworkingatone'sownproblems.Moreover,manygoodteachersmenwhokeepupwiththenewworkintheirsubjectandcommunicateitsmeaningclearlytotheirstudentsarenotthemselvesengagedinresearch.Yetweinsistonthecentralpoint,thewould-bescientistmustlearnwhatitisliketodoscience,andthiswhichisresearchisthemostimportantthinghecanbe“taught”.

Sofarwehavebeenarguingthatgraduateeducationrequirestheexperienceofbasicresearch.Whathappenswhenweturnthematteraround,andaskwhetherbasicresearchmustbecarriedononlyinconjunctionwithgraduateeducation?Heretheanswercannotbesocategorical.Thoughourgeneralconvictionisthatafundamentallyreciprocalrelationdoesexist,itisclearthatresearchofoutstandingqualityisoftencarriedoninisolationfromreachingandindeedquite,outsidetheuniversities.Whilethegreat,teacherofgraduatestudentsisalmostinvariablyaresearchmantoo,therearemanynotablescientistswhohaveaslittleaspossibletodowithteaching.First-rateindustrialandgovernmentallaboratorieswithcommitmentstospecificprogramsarenecessarilyseparatedinsomemeasurefromteachingofaconventionalsort.Thus,basicresearchcanbecarriedonwithoutmuchconnectiontograduateeducation.

Yetinthelongrunitisdangeroustoseparateresearchinanyfieldentirelyfromeducation.Thepoolofgraduatestudentsinouruniversitiesisthepoolfromwhichthescientistofthefuturemustcome.Theseyoungpeopledonoteasilystudywhatisnottaught;theydonotoftenlearnthemeaningofresearchwhichdoesnotexistintheirenvironment.Ascientificfieldwhichhasnoresearchlifeintheuniversitiesisatagravedisadvantageinrecruitingnewmembers.Aslearningandteachingrequireresearch,soresearch,intheend,cannotbesustainedwithoutteaching.Henceitisalwaysimportantforresearchinstallationstomaintaineffectiveconnectionswithstudents.

Thereisalsothefactthatinthewidersenseall-rate-researchlaboratoriesarepermeatedbyanatmosphereoflearning.Successfulresearchcanbedefined,indeed,aslearningwhathasnotbeentaughtbefore,andagoodscientistisconstantlylearningfromothers.Webelievethatresearch,learningandteachingaredeeplyconnectedprocesseswhichshouldkepttogetherwhereverpossible.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,basicresearch（）.

2.Ourscientificageischaracterizedby（）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,ascientistisone（）.

4.Indiscussingtherelationshipbetweenresearchandgraduateeducationtheauthorthink（）.

5.Anapprenticescientistlearnsbetterinanatmosphereofresearchworkbecause（）.

问题1选项

A.isaimedatunderstandingandtherefore,isbasicallyabstractandtheoretical.

B.hasopenedthewaytoentirelynewtechniquesinelectronics

C.givesusdeeperinsightintosomeaspectsofthebehaviorofcomplexbiologicalsocialsystems.

D.issometimeshardtodistinguishfromappliedscience.

问题2选项

A.thevanishingofbarriersbetweenpureandappliedsciences

B.thedisappearanceofdifferencesbetweenpureandappliedsciences

C.practicalapplicationsofsomeofthemostabstractandImpracticalbranchesscience

D.theinventionofnewandrefinedtoolsforinvestigationandresearch

问题3选项

A.whoisabletoparticipateinbasicresearchandworkontheunsolvedproblems

B.whoisabletodevelophisabilitiesinsolvingproblems

C.whoiscompetenttoshowtheprocessofresearchtoothers

D.whoiscapableofdoingallabove-mentioned

问题4选项

A.thatgraduateeducationdependsonresearchjustasmuchasuponteaching.

B.thatgraduatestudentslearnbetterwhentheyworkataresearchproblem

C.thatgraduateeducationrequirestheexperienceofbasicresearch

D.thatgraduateeducationandresearchareinseparableanddependoneachother.

问题5选项

A.graduateeducationrequirestheexperienceofbasicresearch.

B.manyprofessorsareengagedinresearchandthisisthemostimportantthingtheyteach.

C.whenapersonisdoingresearchhehasabetterunderstandingofthesubjecthelearningandthus,theeffectivenessisincreased

D.theprocessofgraduateeducationandtheprocessofbasicresearchbelongtogethereverypossiblelevel

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。A选项可以定位到文章中“Becausebasicresearchisaimedatunderstandingratherthanatpracticalresults,thelaymansometimesassumesthatitisentirelyabstractandtheoretical.”中文翻译为：因为基础研究旨在理解而不是实际结果，所以，外行有时认为它完全是抽象的和理论性的。可知A选项错误；由B选项可以定位到文章中“Conversely,theextensiveuseofthistoolinbasicsciencehasopenedthewaytoentirelynewtechniquesinelectronics.”中文翻译为：相反，在基础科学中广泛使用这一工具，为电子领域的全新技术开辟了道路。”可知B选项错误；由C选项可以定位到文章中“whiletheunderstandingofthetechniquesofusingcomputershas,ontheotherhand,givenusdeeperinsightintosomeaspectsofthebehaviorofcomplexbiologicalandsocialsystems.”中文翻译为：另一方面，对计算机技术的理解使我们对复杂的生物和社会系统的某些方面有了更深入的了解。可知C选项符合作者观点；根据D选项可以定位到原文“Indeed,onestrikingcharacteristicofourscientificagehasbeenthedisappearanceofthebarriersbetweenpureandappliedscience.”中文翻译为：事实上，我们这个科学时代的一个显著特点是，纯科学和应用科学之间的障碍消失了。障碍消失不代表很难将基础科学与应用科学之间区分开，故排除D选项。因此答案为C。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词scientificage可定位到文章“Indeed,onestrikingcharacteristicofourscientificagehasbeenthedisappearanceofthebarriersbetweenpureandappliedscience”，中文翻译为：事实上，我们这个科学时代的一个显著特点是，纯科学和应用科学之间的障碍消失了。因此A项“纯科学与应用科学之间的障碍消失了”正确。

3.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文“Bythewordscientistwemeansomeonewhoisfittotakepartinbasicresearch,tolearnwithoutateacher,todiscoverandattacksignificantproblemsnotyetsolved,toshowthenatureofthisprocesstoothers—someone,inshort,whoisequippedtospendalifetimeintheadvancementofscience,tothebestofhisability.”，中文翻译为：根据科学家这个词，我们可以说他是适合于基础研究、自主学习，发现并攻击尚未解决的重大问题，而且向他人展示这一过程的本质。简而言之，科学家会在科学进步中奉献一生并且尽最大能力去完成。因此，最佳答案为D项。

4.推理判断题。由题干关键词therelationshipbetweenresearchandgraduateeducation可以定位到原文“Theprocessofgraduateeducationandtheprocessofbasicresearchbelongtogetherateverypossiblelevel.Thetwokindsofactivityreinforceeachotherinagreatvarietyof,andeachisweakenedwhencarriedonwithouttheother.”，中文翻译为：研究生教育的过程和基础研究的过程是各方面的