考研考博-英语-东北师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-东北师范大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Generally,itisonlywhenanimalsaretrappedthatthey（）toviolenceinordertoescape.

问题1选项

A.proceed

B.appeal

C.resort

D.incline

【答案】C

【解析】句意:一般来说，动物只有在落入圈套时，为了逃命才会采取暴力行为。

考查动词辨析。proceed继续前进，开始；appeal恳求，呼吁；resort诉诸，凭借某些手段，通常与介词to搭配；incline倾向于。因此无论从搭配还是从语义上来说，C项正确。

2.翻译题

ThefirsteditionofThomasKuhn’sTheStructureofScientificRevolutionsappearedin1962.（1）Hisvisionrevolutionizedthewaywethinkaboutscience，andithasgivenusanewwaytolookatchangein“science”itself.

（2）

Whereaspreviousvisionsofsciencesawscienceasanaccumulationofallthathadbeenlearnedoverhistory,Kuhnenvisionedscienceashaving，atanyonetime,aworldview,or“paradigm(范式)”，ofitsenvironment.

Kuhn(库恩)postulatedthatmostscientistsengagein“normalscience”thatoftenresultsinsolid,butrelativelyincrementalgains,whichneverthelessaccumulateandcollectivelycontributetoresearchandsubsequentscientificknowledgeforward.Whenanomaliesarise,someindividual(s)step(s)outoftheparadigm,andpropose(s)anewprincipleorlaw.（3）Ifthescientificcommunityacceptstheproposedchange,thenscienceexperiencesa“paradigmshift”，andnewscienceproceedswiththatnewparadigm.

Paradigmshiftsareimportant,andanecessarypartoflife.Thingsdochange,andwehavetoadjustandadapttothatchange.Perhapsnotsurprisingly,importantparadigmshiftsoftencomefromtheyoung.（4）Itusuallytakesalongtimetoeffectaparadigmshift—oftenasmuchas20-25years—which，perhapsnotsocoincidently，isaboutthelifeofageneration.

（5）ArelativelyrecentwhitepaperemanatingfromMITjustifiablyarguesthattheintersectionsofarraysofscientists，engineers,mathematicians，aswellasindividualswithahostofmanyotherprofessionaltalents,willbethenextKuhnianscientificrevolutionandinfact，the“Third”biomedicalrevolution.ThisnewrevolutionisbroadlyknownasConvergence.

【答案】（1）他的视角彻底改变了我们思考科学的方式，给了我们一个全新的方式来看待“科学”自身的变化。

（2）然而过去，人们把科学当作人类在历史长河中所学到的全部知识的积累过程，而库恩则把科学看成在任一时刻对环境的一种世界观，或者“范式”。

（3）如果科学界认可了有些人所提出的变化，那么科学就将经历“范式转移”，而新的科学将按照新的范式向前发展。

（4）引发范式转移通常需要很长时间——往往长达20〜25年——也许并非巧合，这大约相当于一代人。

（5）最近一份出自麻省理工学院的详情报告理由充分。它认为各类科学家、工程师、数学家以及个人与其他专业人才的交汇将成为下一场库恩意义上的科学革命，事实上也就是“第三次”生物医学革命。

3.单选题

ItisoneoftheironiesofWesternmanthathehasneverfelt（）inventionasathreattohiswayoflife.

问题1选项

A.anyconcernwith

B.anyconcernabout

C.anyconcernin

D.anyconcernat

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定用法。concernaboutsth.orsb.是固定用法，因此只有选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Euthanasiaisapracticeofmercifullyendingaperson'slifeinorderto_______thepersonfromanincurablediseaseandintolerablesuffering.

问题1选项

A.liberate

B.confine

C.release

D.apprehend

【答案】A

【解析】liberate解放,解脱;confine限制;release释放;apprehend理解,逮捕。句意：安乐死是一种仁慈地结束一个人的生命,从而使病人从不可医治的绝症和无法忍受的痛苦中解脱出来的做法。选项A符合句意。

5.单选题

Ifeltmyself（）andmyhandstrembledasIread:Wehaveyourson.Heissafesofar.Ifyouobeyordershewillbesoonbebackwithyou.

问题1选项

A.begrowingcold

B.growcold

C.havegrowncold

D.togrowcold

【答案】B

【解析】感官动词如feel,see,watch,hear后面接动词原形或动名词,

首先排除选项A和D。根据句意：当我读到:“你的儿子在我们手里,

他目前很安全,

只要你遵守约定,

他将很快回到你身边”时,

我感到不寒而栗,

手也开始颤抖。这里用一般现在时即可,

选项B正确。

6.单选题

Allthestudentsofthisuniversityhavefree（

）totheInternetviaabroadbandconnection.

问题1选项

A.access

B.entrance

C.permission

D.passageway

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：大学的所有学生通过连接宽带都可以免费上网。access“进入；机会”；entrance“入口”；permission“允许，许可”；passageway“通道，走廊”。根据句意，选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Theprotestwentaheaddespitegovernmentassurancesthattheywouldpressfor（

）withtheneighboringcountryintheissuingofvisas.

问题1选项

A.reciprocity

B.show-off

C.payoff

D.intimacy

【答案】A

【解析】考察名词词义辨析。reciprocity“相互作用;互惠主义”；show-off“爱炫耀的人”；payoff“付清”；intimacy“性行为；亲密”。句意：尽管政府保证将压制与邻国的互惠签证颁发，但是抗议仍然在继续。选项A符合题意。

8.单选题

TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economy,accordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstitute,apublicpolicyresearchorganization.Currently,manyolderexperiencedworkersretireatanearlyage.Accordingtotherecentlyissuedstatistics,79percentofqualifiedworkersbegincollectingretirementbenefitsatage62;ifthattrendcontinues,therewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury.

OlderAmericansconstituteanincreasingproportionofthepopulation,accordingtotheU.S.CensusBureau,andthepopulationofthoseoverage65willgrowby60%between2001and2020.Duringthesameperiod,thegroupaged18to44willincreasebyonly4%.Keepingolderskilledworkersemployed,evenparttime,wouldincreaseU.S.economicoutputandstrengthenthetaxbase;butwithoutsignificantpolicyreforms,massiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely.

Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.SocialSecurityandMedicaidearningslimitsandtaxpenaltiessubjectourmostexperiencedworkerstomarginaltaxratesashighas67%.SocialSecurityformulasencourageearlyretirement.Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofwork,anypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits.

HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneeded,buttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401(k)andKeoghretirementplans,theongoingstockmarketonWallStreet,andthelikelihoodoflargeinheritance,thereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreach65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations.

TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavings,especiallyforolderworker.Amongthereport'srecommendations:TaxhalfofallSocialSecuritybenefits,regardlessofotherincome,provide8%largerbenefitsforeachyearbeyond65;andpermitworkersnearingretirementtonegotiatecompensationpackagesthatmayincludealowersalarybutwithgreaterhealthcarebenefits.However,it,maytakerealandfruitfulplanningtofindtherightsolutiontotheearlyretirementofolderexperiencedworkers;anymeasurestakenmustbeallowedtoprolongtheserviceabilityofolderexperiencedworkers.

1.AccordingtoHudsonInstituteresearcher,theeffectoftheearlyretirementofqualifiedworkersintheUSeconomyis（

）.

2.TheolderexperiencedworkersinAmericatendtoretireearlybecausetheirprolongedservicemay（

）.

3.Thesecondparagraphiswrittenchieflytoshowthat（

）.

4.Theword"hinder”inthelastsentenceofParagraph1refersto（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

问题1选项

A.constructive

B.significant

C.inconclusive

D.detrimental

问题2选项

A.doharmtoyoungergenerations

B.endupwithfewornobenefits

C.give-playtotheirpotentials

D.shedlightonsocialtrends

问题3选项

A.therewillbeanacutelaborshortageinthenearfuture

B.baby-boomerscontributemuchtotheUSeconomicoutput

C.governmentpoliciesconcerningolderpeopleareoutdated

D.olderworkersareenthusiasticaboutcollectingsocialbenefits

问题4选项

A.help

B.prevent

C.promote

D.drag

问题5选项

A.Somegovernmentpoliciesatpresentdiscourageworkandsavings

B.Seniorcitizensoccupythelargestpercentageofthepopulationnow.

C.Incomeseldomriseswithadditionalyearsofwork.

D.TheHudsonInstitutebelongstotheGovernmentAdministrations

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目所问的是“根据哈德逊研究所研究报道，在美国经济中有经验的合格工作人员提前退休的影响是什么？”文章第一段第一句话提到“有经验的工作人员提前退休严重损害了美国的经济发展”(TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economy)。因此，选项D符合题意。constructive“建设性的”；significant“重大的，有效的”；inconclusive“不确定的”；detrimental“有害的”。

2.细节事实题。题目所问的是“年龄大的经验工人往往会提前退休是因为他们的长期服务可以会怎么样？”文章第三段最后一句提到“尽管随工作年限增长工资会增加，但是他们所缴纳的税也会增加，所获得的利润变少”（Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofwork,anypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits）。因此，选项B“获得很少甚至没有好处”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。题目所问的是“第二段主要是为了表明什么？”第二段作者通过对比老年人（65岁）和青壮年（11-44岁）的人口增长率，分别是60%和4%，说明美国社会劳动力的短缺。选项A“在不久的将来劳动力将会急剧短缺”符合题意。

4.词义题。题目所问的是“‘hinder’的意思是什么？”hinder出现的句子是therewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury，在该句中，hinder的主语是alaborshortage，宾语是economicgrowth，根据前文可知这里提到的是年老工人的提前退休对经济发展有害，因此hinder在这里是否定意义，hindertheeconomicgrowth“阻碍经济发展”。因此，选项B符合题意。

5.推理判断题。题目所问的是“下列说法哪个是正确的？”根据文章最后一段第一句提到“哈德逊研究所提倡改革政府那些不鼓励工作和存储的政策”（TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavings）可知美国政府目前所存在的问题就是“目前一些政策阻碍了工作和存储”，因此选项A符合题意。

9.不定项选择题

Theweightofplasticwastecloggingtheworld’soceansthreatenstoexceedallfishby2050iftheworld’sseeminglyinsatiableappetiteforthematerialcontinuesatthecurrentexplosiverate,warnedanewreportpresentedonTuesday.

Infact,accordingtothestudybytheEllenMeaArthurFoundationalongwiththeWorldEconomicForum,“plasticsproductionhassurgedoverthepast50years,from15milliontonnesin1964to311milliontonnesin2014,andisexpectedtodoubleagainoverthenext20years.”

Thestudy—TheNewPlasticsEconomy:RethinkingTheFutureofPlastics—introducedattheopeningdayoftheWEF’sannualsummitinDavos,Switzerlandisthefirstofitskindtocomprehensivelyassessglobalplasticpackagingflows.Thereportmakesaneconomiccaseforwhatitcallsthe“NewPlasticsEconomy”,describedas“anewapproachbasedoncreatingeffectiveafter-usepathwaysforplastics;drasticallyreducingleakageofplasticsintonaturalsystems,inparticularoceans;anddecouplingplasticsfromfossilfeedstocks”.

Amongthefindings,whicharebasedoninterviewswithover180expertsandonanalysisofover200reports,thestudyestimatesthatroughly8milliontonnesofplasticsleakintotheoceaneachyear—“whichisequivalenttodumpingthecontentsofonegarbagetruckintooceaneveryminute”,Thisamountisexpectedtodoubleby2030.

“Inabusiness-as-usualscenario,theoceanisexpectedtocontain/tonneofplasticforevery3tonnesoffishby2025,andby2050,moreplasticsthanfish(byweight)”thereportcontinues.

What’smore,thereportestimatesthatonly14percentofplasticpackagingiscollectedforrecyclingandevenlessforplasticsingeneral.Aftersorting,only5percentisultimatelyretainedforsubsequentuse,whichisfarbelowglobalrecyclingratesforpaper(58percent)andironandsteel(70-90percent).

Further,thereportexaminesthecarbonimpactofplasticsproduction,giventhatover90percentarederivedfrom“virginfossilfeedstocks”.Plasticsproductionrepresentsroughly6percentofglobaloilconsumptionand“Ifthecurrentstronggrowthofplasticsusagecontinuesasexpected,theplasticssectorwillaccountfor20%oftotaloilconsumptionand15%oftheglobalannualcarbonbudgetby2050.”

Thereportarguesthatsingle-useplastics,andplasticpackagingspecifically,representsanetlossfortheeconomy,asitslimitedvalueisoutweighedbythesenegativeimpacts.Itstates:

Afterashortfirst-usecycle,95%ofplasticpackagingmaterialvalue,orUSD80-120billionannually,islosttotheeconomy.Astaggering32%ofplasticpackagingescapescollectionsystems,generatingsignificanteconomiccostsbyreducingurbaninfrastructure.Thecostofsuchafter-useexternalitiesforplasticpackaging,plusthecostassociatedwithgreenhousegasemissionsfromitsproduction,isexceedingtheplasticpackagingindustry’sprofitpool.

“Linearmodelsofproductionandconsumptionareincreasinglychallengedbythecontextwithinwhichtheyoperate,andthisisparticularlytrueforhigh-volume,low-valuematerialssuchasplasticpackaging,”saidEllenMacArthur,anaccomplishedBritishyachtswomanturnedfoundationchair.

Theresearchersconcludethatinordertogetclosertothegoalofa“circulareconomy”—where“consumptionhappensonlyineffectivebio-cycles;elsewhereusereplacesconsumption”—boththepublicandprivatesectormustworktowardsthegoalofcreatingplasticsthatcanbebothrecycledandcomposted.

1.WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTaboutNewPlasticsEconomyaccordingtothepassage?

2.AllEXCEPT（）canbefoundfromthefindingsofTheNewPlasticsEconomy.

3.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtothepassage?

4.Howtogetclosertothegoalofcirculareconomyaccordingtotheresearchers?

问题1选项

A.Itisanapproachbasedoncreatingevasiveafter-usepathwaysforplastics.

B.Itisanapproachreducingleakageofplasticsintonaturalsystems,inparticularlands.

C.Itisanapproachdecouplingplasticsfromironfeedstocks.

D.ItcomesfromastudyintroducedattheopeningdayoftheWEF'sannualsummitinDavos,Switzerland.

问题2选项

A.Itisestimatedthatabout8milliontonnesofplasticsleakintotheoceaneachyear.

B.Plasticsproductionrepresentsroughly6percentofglobaloilconsumption.

C.Plasticsproductionwillbe311milliontonnesandaccountfor20%oftotaloilconsumptionby2050.

D.Theoceanisexpectedtocontain/tonneofplasticforevery3tonnesoffishby2025inabusiness-as-usualscenario.

问题3选项

A.Only14percentoftheplasticpackagingisultimatelyretainedforsubsequentuseaftersorting.

B.Theglobalrecyclingratesforpaperare58%.

C.32%ofplasticpackaginggetsawayfromcollectionsystems,generatingsignificanteconomiccosts.

D.95%ofplasticpackagingmaterialvalueislosttotheeconomyafterashortfirst-usecycle.

问题4选项

A.Tomakealinearmodelofproductionandconsumptionofhigh-volume,low-valueplasticpackaging.

B.Tomakethepublicandprivatesectorworktogethertocreateplasticsthatcanbebothrecycledandcomposted.

C.Tomakeusereplaceconsumptionwhenrequired.

D.Tomakeconsumptionhappeninsustainablebio-cycles.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.WhichofthefollowingisCORRECTaboutNewPlasticsEconomyaccordingtothepassage?1.根据文章，关于《新塑料经济》，下列哪个选项是正确的？

A.Itisanapproachbasedoncreatingevasiveafter-usepathwaysforplastics.A.这是一种基于为塑料创造回避使用后路径的方法。

B.Itisanapproachreducingleakageofplasticsintonaturalsystems,inparticularlands.B.这是一种减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是土地的方法。

C.Itisanapproachdecouplingplasticsfromironfeedstocks.C.这是一种从铁原料中分离塑料的方法。

D.ItcomesfromastudyintroducedattheopeningdayoftheWEF’sannualsummitinDavos,Switzerland.D.它来自于在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的一项研究。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“这项名为《新塑料经济：重新思考塑料的未来》的研究报告是在瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的，这是首个全面评估全球塑料包装流动的此类研究”，理解可知，《新塑料经济》来自于在瑞士达沃斯举行的世界经济论坛年度峰会开幕日推出的一项研究，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】A选项“这是一种基于为塑料创造回避使用后路径的方法”、B选项“这是一种减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是土地的方法”和C选项“这是一种从铁原料中分离塑料的方法”定位至第三段第二句“该报告为其所谓的《新塑料经济》提出了经济理由，称其为‘一种基于为塑料创造有效的使用后路径的新方法；大幅减少塑料泄漏到自然系统，特别是海洋；以及将塑料与化石原料分离’。”可知，都与原文不符，曲解原文。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.AllEXCEPT______canbefoundfromthefindingsofTheNewPlasticsEconomy.2.除了______，其他都可以在《新塑料经济》的调查结果中找到。

A.Itisestimatedthatabout8milliontonnesofplasticsleakintotheoceaneachyear.A.据估计，每年约有800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中。

B.Plasticsproductionrepresentsroughly6percentofglobaloilconsumption.B.塑料生产约占全球石油消耗的6%。

C.Plasticsproductionwillbe311milliontonnesandaccountfor20%oftotaloilconsumptionby2050.C.到2050年，塑料产量将达到3.11亿吨，占石油总消费量的20%。

D.Theoceanisexpectedtocontain/tonneofplasticforevery3tonnesoffishby2025inabusiness-as-usualscenario.D.在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第七段最后一句“……到2050年，塑料行业将占石油消费总量的20%，占全球年度碳预算的15%”可知，C选项“到2050年，塑料产量将达到3.11亿吨，占石油总消费量的20%”中的“3.11亿吨”并没有提到；而在第二段最后一句有提到“塑料产量在过去50年里激增，从1964年的1500万吨增至2014年的3.11亿吨，预计未来20年还将翻番”，可知，3.11亿吨是2014年的塑料产量，C项属于张冠李戴，不符合原文但符合题意。该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“据估计，每年约有800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中”定位至第四段第一句“……大约每年800万吨塑料泄漏到海洋中……”，可知A项正确，属于反向干扰；

B选项“塑料生产约占全球石油消耗的6%”定位至第六段第二句“塑料生产约占全球石油消费的6%……”，可知B项正确，属于反向干扰；

D选项“在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料”定位至第五段第一句“在一切照旧的情况下，到2025年，海洋中每3吨鱼将含有1吨塑料……”，可知D项正确，属于反向干扰。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECTaccordingtothepassage?3.根据文章，下列哪个选项是错误的？

A.Only14percentoftheplasticpackagingisultimatelyretainedforsubsequentuseaftersorting.A.经过分类后，只有14%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用。

B.Theglobalrecyclingratesforpaperare58%.B.全球纸张回收率为58%。

C.32%ofplasticpackaginggetsawayfromcollectionsystems,generatingsignificanteconomiccosts.C.32%的塑料包装从回收系统中流失，产生了巨大的经济成本。

D.95%ofplasticpackagingmaterialvalueislosttotheeconomyafterashortfirst-usecycle.D.在短暂的首次使用周期后，塑料包装材料的价值在经济上损失了95%。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第六段第二句“在分类后，只有5%最终被保留用于后续使用，这远远低于纸张（58%）和钢铁（70%-90%）的全球回收率”，可知，经过分类后，只有5%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用，而A项“经过分类后，只有14%的塑料包装最终保留下来供后续使用”与原文不符。故该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“全球纸张回收率为58%”根据解题思路可知，该项正确，属于反向干扰；

C选项“32%的塑料包装从回收系统中流失，产生了巨大的经济成本”定位倒数第三段第二句“令人震惊的是，32%的塑料包装逃过了回收系统，减少了城市基础设施，产生了巨大的经济成本”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

D选项“在短暂的首次使用周期后，塑料包装材料的价值在经济上损失了95%”定位倒数第三段第一句“在短暂的首次使用周期后，95%的塑料包装材料价值，即每年800亿-1200亿美元，被浪费在经济上”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Howtogetclosertothegoalofcirculareconomyaccordingtotheresearchers?4.如何更接近循环经济的目标？

A.Tomakealinearmodelofproductionandconsumptionofhigh-volume,low-valueplasticpackaging.A.建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型。

B.Tomakethepublicandprivatesectorworktogethertocreateplasticsthatcanbebothrecycledandcomposted.B.让公共和私营部门共同努力，生产既可回收又可堆肥的塑料。

C.Tomakeusereplaceconsumptionwhenrequired.C.在需要时以使用代替消耗。

D.Tomakeconsumptionhappeninsustainablebio-cycles.D.使消费在可持续的生物循环中发生。

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词circulareconomy定位至最后一段“为了更接近循环经济的目标，即消费只发生在有效的生物循环中（consumptionhappensonlyineffectivebio-cycles），或其他使用代替消费的地方（elsewhereusereplacesconsumption）；公共和私营部门都必须努力实现制造既可回收又可堆肥的塑料的目标”，可知，要更接近循环经济的目标，就要要求公众和个人要齐心协力共同生产出既能循环利用又能降解的塑料制品，B项“让公共和私营部门共同努力，生产既可回收又可堆肥的塑料”符合原文。该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型”定位倒数第二段“线性生产和消费模式正日益受到它们所处环境的挑战，对于塑料包装等大批量、低价值材料来说尤其如此”，从中可知，建立一个大容量、低价值的塑料包装的生产和消费的线性模型日益受到挑战，所以不是一个更接近循环经济的目标的好办法，该项属于反向干扰；

C选项“在需要时以使用代替消耗”根据解题思路可知，C选项中的“whenrequired”并不符合原文的elsewhere，属于曲解原文；

D选项“使消费在可持续的生物循环中发生”根据解题思路可知，D选项中的“sustainable”并不符合原文的effective，属于曲解原文。

10.单选题

Manytouristswere（

）bythecity’scomplicatedtrafficsystem.

问题1选项

A.degraded

B.bewildered

C.evoked

D.diverted

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。degrade“降级，降低，退化”；bewilder“使迷惑”；evoke“引起，唤起”；divert“转移”。句意：很多游客都被这个城市复杂的交通系统弄得晕头转向。选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

'Whyarehumanssosmart?”isaquestionthatfascinatesscientists.TadeuszKawecki,aBiologistattheUniversityofFribourg,likestoturnaroundthequestion.“It’ssopicattobesmart.”Dr.Kaweckiasks"Whyhavemostanimalsremaineddumb?”Drkaweckiandlike-mindedscientistsaretryingtofigureoutwhyanimalslearnandwhysomehaveevolvedtobebetteratlearningthanothers.Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.Thewormsarenotbornwithaninnateaversiontothedangerousbacteria.Theyneedtimetolearntotellthedifferenceandavoidbecomingsick.Dr.Dukashypothesizesthatanyanimalwithanervoussystemcanlearn,evenincaseswherescientistshavefailedtodocumentlearninginaspecies,hethinkstheyshouldnotbetooquicktoruleitout.”IsitbecausePmnotagoodteacherorbecausetheanimaldoesn’tlearn?”Dr.Dukasasked.

Althoughlearningmaybewidespreadamonganimals,Dr.Dukaswonderswhytheybotheredtoevolveitinthefirstplace.“Youcannotjustsaythatlearningisanadaptationtoachangingenvironment，’’hesaid.Itispossibletoadapttoachangingenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystemtolearn.Bacteriacanalterbehaviortohelptheirsurvival.Ifamicrobesensesatoxin,itcanswimaway.Ifitsensesanewfood,itcanswitchgenesonandofftoalteritsmetabolism.

Learningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffectsthatmakeitsevolutionevenmorepuzzling.Dr.Kaweckiandhiscolleagueshaveproducedstrikingevidenceforthesesideeffectsbystudyingfliesastheyevolveintobetterlearnersinthelab.Dr.Kaweoklsuspectsthateachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.Hisexperimentsdemonstratethatflieshavethegeneticpotentialtobecomesignificantlysmarterinthewild.Butonlyunderhislabconditionsdoesevolutionactuallymoveinthatdirection.Innature,anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttoomuch.Dr.Kaweckialsosaysitisworthinvestigatingwhetherhumansalsopayhiddencostsforextremelearning.“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.”hesaid.Thebenefitsoflearningmusthavebeenenormousforevolutiontohaveovercomethosecosts,Dr.Kaweckiargues.

1.Accordingtothetext,beingsmartcanbebadforanimal’shealthbecause（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtothetext?

3.BacteriaandmicrobeareusedinParagraph2asexamplestoshow

（

）.

4.Thesentence'Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence’Dr.Kaweckiarguesinthelastparagraphimpliesthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.learningneedstime

B.learningisatthecostofitsevolution

C.leaningishard

D.noneoftheabove

问题2选项

A.Onlyhumanshavetheabilitytolearn.

B.Allanimalscanlearn.

C.Evolutionisthebalancebetweencostandbenefitoflearning.

D.Evolutionistheresultofadaptingtoenvironment.

问题3选项

A.theirbornabilitytosurvive

B.thatitispossibleadapttoenvironmentwithoutusinganervoussystem

C.thatitisunnecessarytobotherthemselvestoevolve

D.alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.illnessisresultedfromhumans’notlearning

B.illnessisresultedfromhumans’strongabilitytolearn

C.illnessisthecosthumanspayfortheirevolution

D.BothBandC

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.细节题。题目提问‘根据课文，聪明对动物的健康有害，因为……。’原因在第一段第四句“Onereasonforthedifference,theirresearchfinds,isthatbeingsmartcanbebadforananimal’shealth.他们的研究发现，造成这种差异的一个原因是，聪明可能对动物的健康有害。”和第三段第一句“Learningalsoturnsouttohavedangeroussideeffects学习行为也带来危险的负面效果”，但是A选项‘学习需要吋间’、B选项‘学习是以动物自身的进化为代价的’及C选项‘学习很困难’都不正确，所以答案选D‘以上都不是’。

2.细节题。题目提问‘根据文章，下列哪个选项是不正确的?’根据第一段中的“Learningisremarkablywidespreadintheanimalkingdom.学习行为引人注目地广泛存在于动物世界”确定A选项‘只有人类有学习的能力’不正确，同时也确定B选项‘所有的动物都能学习’正确。根据文中最后一段中的“eachspeciesevolvesuntilitreachesanequilibriumbetweenthecostsandbenefitsoflearning.每个物种都在进化，直到在学习的成本和收益之间达到平衡。”确定选项‘进化是成本和学习的效益之间的平衡’正确，根据常识和文中许多理论确定D选项‘进化是适应环境的结果’是正确的。所以本题选A。

3.细节题。题目提问‘第二段以细菌和微生物为例是为了……。’文章第二段中对A选项‘他们天生的生存能力’、B选项‘不用神经系统也有可能适应环境’及C选项‘让自身进化是没有必要的’都有论述，所以D选项‘上述所有选项’正确。

4.推断题。题目提问‘这句话‘‘我们可以推测，一些疾病是聪明的副产品。”Kawecki博士认为在最后一段暗示……。’根据题干“Wecouldspeculatethatsomediseasesareabyproductofintelligence.我们能推测一些疾病是聪明副产品。”和文中“anyimprovementinlearningwouldcosttomuch学习进步代价很大”可知C选项‘疾病是人类为进化所付出的代价‘正确。

12.单选题

Withoutfacts,wecannotformaworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledge___ourthinking.

问题1选项

A.whichtobebasedon

B.whichtobaseupon

C.uponwhichtobase

D.towhichtobebased

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词不定式短语作定语。分析句子结构可知wecan’tformaworthwhileopinion是主句，forweneedtohavefactualknowledge___ourthinking是原因状语从句，在这个从句中___ourthinking是knowledge的定语，展开后半截应该是tobaseourthinkinguponfactualknowledge，是主句中的we主动的发出base这个动作，所以不能使用被动语态，排除A，D选项；动词不定式短语作定语时要加上which完善结构（但是并非从句）且和base这个动作搭配的介词upon需要放在which之前，排除B选项。句意：没有事实，我们就不能形成有价值的观点，因为我们需要事实知识来作为我们思考的基础。因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Centralcitiesalwayshavebeenhospitabletoentrepreneurs,becausetheyprovideeasy（）tobuyersandproducers.

问题1选项

A.ambit

B.access

C.appeal

D.approval

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。ambit“范围，周围”；access“通道，机会”；appeal“呼吁，恳求，上诉”；approval“批准，认可”。句意：市中心是企业家的安乐窝，因为在那里可以很容易地有机会接触买家和生产者。provideaccessto提供通往…的便捷途径。故B项正确。

14.单选题

Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas“hard”,thesocialsciencesas“soft”,andthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Thisisinterpretedtomeanthatourknowledgeofphysicalsystemsismorecertainthanourknowledgeofbiologicalsystems,andtheseinturnaremorecertainthanourknowledgeofsocialsystems.Intermsofourcapacitytosampletherelevantuniverses,however,andtheprobabilitythatourimagesoftheseuniversesareatleastapproximatelycorrect,onesuspectsthatareverseorderismorereasonable.Weareabletosampleearth’ssocialsystemswithsomedegreeofconfidencethatwehaveareasonablesampleofthetotaluniversebeinginvestigated.Ourknowledgeofsocialsystems,therefore,whileitisinmanywaysextremelyinaccurate,isnotlikelytobeseriouslyoverturnedbynewdiscoveries.Eventhefolkknowledgeinsocialsystemsonwhichordinarylifeisbasedinearning,spending,organizing,marrying,takingpartinpoliticalactivities,fightingandsoon,isnotverydissimilarfromthemoresophisticatedimagesofthesocialsystemderivedfromthesocialsciences,eventhoughitisbuiltupontheveryimperfectsamplesofpersonalexperience.

Incontrast,ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverse,orevenifearth’sgeologicalhistory,caneasilybesubjecttorevolutionarychangesasnewdatacomesinandnewtheoriesareworkedout.Ifwedefinethe“security”ourimageofvariouspartsofthetotalsystemastheprobabilityoftheirsufferingsignificantchanges,thenwewouldreversetheorderofhardnessandseethesocialsciencesasthemostsecure,thephysicalsciencesastheleastsecure,andagainthebiologicalsciencesassomewhereinbetween.Ourimageoftheastronomicaluniverseistheleastsecureofallsimplybecauseweobservesuchafantasticallysmallsampleofitanditsrecord-keepingistrivialascomparedwiththerichrecordsofthesocialsystems,oreventhelimitedrecordsofbiologicalsystems.Recordsoftheastronomicaluniverse,despitethefactthatweseedistantthingsastheywerelongago,arelimitedintheextreme.

Eveninregardtosuchacloseneighborasthemoon,whichwehaveactuallyvisited,theoriesaboutitsoriginandhistoryareextremelydifferent,contradictory,andhardtochooseamong.Ourknowledgeofphysicalevolutionisincompleteandhighlyinsecure.

16.Theword“paradox”(Para.1)means“____”.

A.implication

B.contradiction

C.interpretation

D.confusion

17.Accordingtotheauthor,weshouldreverseourclassificationofthephysical