考研考博-英语-上海海洋大学考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海海洋大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thepresentuniversalfearhasbeentheresultofaforwardsurgeinourknowledgeand（）ofcertaindangerousfactorsinthephysicalworld.

问题1选项

A.automation

B.perception

C.manipulation

D.administration

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。automation“自动化”；perception“感觉，看法”；manipulation“操作”；administration“管理”。句意：如今的全球恐慌是我们对物理世界中特定危险因素的突破性了解和认知的结果。选项B符合题意。

2.单选题

Theyarewell（）witheachothersincetheyoncestudiedatthesameuniversity.

问题1选项

A.identified

B.recognized

C.acquainted

D.acknowledged

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。beidentifiedwith表示“支持；与……有密切相关”；recognize表示“承认，认可”，常与as构成固定搭配berecognizedas表示“被认为，被当作”，有时也与with构成搭配berecognizedwith表示“被识别出，被承认”；beacquaintedwith表示“了解；知晓（某事）；熟悉”，beacknowledgedwith表示“被承认，被认可”。根据句意可知，因为他们曾经在同所大学中学习过，所以彼此很熟悉。此时since引导原因状语从句，因此，只有C项最符合固定搭配以及句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。

3.单选题

Agoodwayto（

）alanguageistoliveinthenativeculturewiththenativespeakers.

问题1选项

A.require

B.acquire

C.inquire

D.sustain

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。require“需要”；acquire“获得，取得；学到”；inquire“询问，查究”；sustain“维持，支撑”。句意：学习一种语言的好方式是跟那里的本地人一样居住在那个国家。选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeople（1）believethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical（2）bydrug（3）.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisis（4）themoreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenused（5）“drugabuse”to（6）thatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully（7）asheroinandcocaine.

Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)is（8）:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobe（9）,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakenin（10）willproduce（11）effectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptual（12）.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased（13）,withmoreandmoreofthesubstance（14）toproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasan（15）symptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)that（16）thecentralnervoussystemand（17）perception,moodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,（18）depressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheir（19）effectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifestation”)becausetheyseemedto（20）alterone’sstateofconsciousness.

问题1选项

A.seldom

B.always

C.mistakenly

D.rarely

问题2选项

A.made

B.taken

C.drunk

D.eaten

问题3选项

A.users

B.addicts

C.misuses

D.eaters

问题4选项

A.when

B.forwhich

C.that

D.why

问题5选项

A.than

B.morethan

C.lessthan

D.insteadof

问题6选项

A.ensure

B.sure

C.assure

D.insurer

问题7选项

A.misused

B.used

C.misuse

D.user

问题8选项

A.perverse

B.perspicuous

C.pervasive

D.perspicacious

问题9选项

A.sociable

B.affable

C.cordial

D.social

问题10选项

A.access

B.excess

C.redundancy

D.quantity

问题11选项

A.positive

B.good

C.neutral

D.negative

问题12选项

A.distortions

B.deformation

C.distraction

D.distress

问题13选项

A.tolerance

B.intolerance

C.toleration

D.endurance

问题14选项

A.requiring

B.beingrequired

C.required

D.havingbeenrequired

问题15选项

A.withdrawal

B.retraction

C.revocation

D.annulment

问题16选项

A.effect

B.influence

C.affect

D.impact

问题17选项

A.change

B.influence

C.switch

D.transform

问题18选项

A.and

B.or

C.meanwhile

D.whereas

问题19选项

A.primary

B.primal

C.major

D.prior

问题20选项

A.radically

B.drastically

C.radiantly

D.dramatically

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:B

第11题:D

第12题:A

第13题:A

第14题:C

第15题:A

第16题:C

第17题:A

第18题:D

第19题:A

第20题:A

【解析】第1题:考查副词辨析。seldom很少；always总是；常常；mistakenly错误地；曲解地；rarely很少地；难得；罕有地。该处句意为:很多人错误地认为毒品…。故选C。

第2题:考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。空格前为somesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical(一些种类的药品或一种非法的化学药品)。因此，B项正确。

第3题:考查名词辨析。由空格前“anillegalchemical一种非法的化学药品”的对应可知这里指代“吸毒者”，故B项构成的“drugaddicts吸毒者”正确。

第4题:语法题。考查从句的引导词。空格前面句意为:Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs(他们没有认识到诸如酒精和烟草的常见物质也是毒品)，是解释说明后面moreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists(更中性的词（即药物滥用）如今被很多内科医生和心理学家使用)的原因。因此D项正确。

第5题:语义题。此处句意为:“substanceabuse”这个短语代替“drugabuse”使用。

第6题:考查词义辨析。ensure保证，确保；使安全；sure确信的；可靠的；必定的；assure保证；担保；使确信；弄清楚;insure给……保险：确保。空格处应填入一个动词，而且宾语是:substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully(诸如酒精和烟草等物质可以一样有害)。因此C项正确。

第7题:语义题。这里是为了解释说明“substanceabuse”(药物滥用)，而且空格处应该填入一个动词的过去分词形式表被动。因此A项“滥用”符合句意。

第8题:考查形容词辨析。perverse堕落的；不正当的；违反常情的；perspicuous明了的；清晰明白的；易懂的；pervasive普遍的；到处渗透的；流行的；perspicacious有洞察力的；聪颖的；敏锐的。该处句意为:我们生活在一个药物的医学和社会用途…的社会：用阿司匹林缓解头痛…。由此可知C项符合句意。

第9题:考查形容词辨析。sociable社交的；好交际的；友善的；affable和蔼可亲的；友善的；cordial热忱的；诚恳的；兴奋的；social社会的；群居的。这里表示:为了社交而喝酒。因此A项正确。

第10题:考查名词辨析。该处表示:首先，大多数物质的…使用都会产生…影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。因此，B项所构成的“inexcess(过量，过度)正确。

第11题:考查形容词辨析。positive积极的；肯定的；good好的；优良的；愉快的；neutral中立的；中性的；negative［数］负的；消极的；否定的；阴性的；负面的。参照本句句意可知此处表示“负面的影响”。

第12题:考查名词辨析。distortion变形；扭曲；曲解；deformation变形；distraction注意力分散；消遣；心烦意乱；distress危难；不幸；贫困。此题解题可以参照最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(对感知有影响，扭曲且改变它)。因此这里表示“感知的扭曲”。

第13题:考查名词辨析。tolerance公差；容忍；【医学】耐药力；耐受性；intolerance（尤指对别人的意见）不宽容；偏执；toleration宽容；忍受；endurance忍耐；持久；耐久。这里表示:药物依赖首先表现为…增强。因此A项符合句意。

第14题:语法题。考查非谓语。此处是with+主语+动词分词引导伴随状语。而动词require的分词与逻辑主语substance(药物)之间是被动关系，因此用require的过去分词形式。

第15题:考查固定搭配。withdrawalsymptoms表示“断症状；脱瘾综合征”，因此A项正确。

第16题:考查动词辨析。effect使发生；引起；实现；使生效；influence影响（可以是好的或坏的影响）；改变；affect影响（侧重不好的影响）；感染：感动；impact撞击；对…产生影响（一般与on搭配使用）。空格后为“thecentralnervoussystem中枢神经系统”，由此可知C项正确。

第17题:考查动词辨析。Change改变；influence影响；switch转换；transform变换；转化；使改变（思想、性格等）。此题解题可参考最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(对感知有影响，扭曲且改变它)，由此可知这里表示“改变感知”。

第18题:考查连词辨析。由空格前“speeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem(加速或激活中枢神经系统)”与空格后“(slowitdown)使其慢下来”可知前后属于转折关系。因此D项“然而”正确。

第19题:考查形容词辨析。primary主要的；初级的；基本的;primal首要的；原始的；最初的;major重要的；主修的；较多的；prior优先的；在前的。这里表示“迷幻药对感知的…影响”，因此A符合句意。

第20题:考查副词辨析。radically根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式；drastically彻底地；激烈地；radiantly清朗地；辉煌地；dramatically显著地；剧烈地。该句表示:这些药物通常被称为迷幻药（来自希腊语，意思是“精神显现”），因为它们似乎…改变了一个人的意识状态。因此A符合句意。

5.单选题

Thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasfactorinworldpeace.Theydidnotforeseethattherailwaywouldbejustonemoremeansfortherapidmovementofaggressivearmies.Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether,themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat.

Wheneveranynewinventionisputforward,thoseforitandthoseagainstitcanalwaysfindmedicalmentoapproveorcondemn.Theanti-railwaygroupproduceddoctorswhosaidthattunnelswouldbemostdangeroustopublichealth.Theywouldproducecolds,catarrhs（粘膜炎）andconsumptions（肺癌）.Thedeafeningnoiseandtheglareoftheenginefirewouldhaveabadeffectonthenerves.Further,beingmovedthroughtheairatahighspeedwoulddograveinjurytodelicatelungs.Inthosewithhighblood-pressure,themovementforthetrainmightproduceapoplexy（中风）.Thesuddenplungingofatrainintothedarknessofatunnel,andtheequallysuddenrushintofulldaylight,wouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.Butthepro-railwaygroupwasofcourseabletoproduceequallyfamousmedicalmentosayjusttheopposite.Theysaidthatthespeedandswingofthetrainwouldequalizethecirculationpromotedigestion,tranquilizethenerves,andensuregoodsleep.

Theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable.Ifitwasatestofendurancetosixforfourhoursoutsideacoachinrain,orinsideindirtyair,therailwayofferedlittlemoreinthewayofcomfort.Certainlythefirst-classcarriageshadcushionedseats;butthesecond-classhadonlynarrowbareboards,whilethethird-classhadnothingatall;noseatsandnoroof;theywerejustopentruckssothatthird-classpassengersgainednothingfromthenewmodeexceptspeed.

Awriterintheearlydaysofrailwayswrotefeelinglyofbothsecond-andthird-classcarriages.Hemadethesuggestionthatthedirectorsoftherailwaysmusthavesentallovertheworldtofindthehardestpossiblewood.Oftheopenthird-classtruckshesaidthattheyhadthepeculiarpropertyofmeetingtherainfromwhateverquarteritcame.Hedescribethemashorizontalshower-baths,fromwhosesearchingpowertherewasnoescape.

1.Allboysandgirlsinlargefamiliesknowthat（

）.

2.Accordingtothosewhowelcomedtherailway,therailwayitselfshouldincludeallthefollowingexcept（

）.

3.Accordingtotheanti-railwaygroup,allthefollowingsaretruebut（

）.

4.Wemaysafelyconcludethat（

）

5.Whatisthetoneofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.aboyandagirlusuallyfightwhentheyaretogether.

B.peopletendtobetogethermorethantheyusedtobe

C.alotofpeoplebeingtogethermakesfightslikely

D.railwayleadstheworldtopeace

问题2选项

A.therailwayenablespeopletotravelfast

B.therailwaybringscomforttopeople

C.therailwaymakestheworldpeaceful

D.therailwayleadstheworldtowar.

问题3选项

A.tunnelsaredangeroustopublichealth.

B.thenoiseandtheglareoftheenginefiremayaffectpeople’snerves

C.therapidspeedthroughtheairdoesdamagetopeople’slungs.

D.tothosewithhighblood-pressure,therapidspeedofthetraincausesthemtodie

问题4选项

A.theauthorbelongstotheanti-railwaygroup

B.theauthorbelongstothefor-railwaygroup

C.theauthorspeakshighlyoftherailway

D.theauthormaynevertaketrainbecauseofitspotentialdangers.

问题5选项

A.Practical

B.Neutral

C.Humorous

D.Exaggerated

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.文章第一段Noneofthemforesawthatthemorewearetogether,themorechancesthereareofwar.Anyboyorgirlwhoisoneofalargefamilyknowsthat提到他们都没有预见在一起的人越多，战争的可能性就越大。任何一个大家庭的男孩或者女孩都知道。选项C符合题意，“很多人在一起可能打架”。

2.文章第一段第一句thosewhowelcomedtherailwaysawitasmorethanarapidandcomfortablemeansofpassing.Theyactuallysawitasfactorinworldpeace提到那些欢迎铁路的人认为铁路不仅仅是一种快速且舒适的通行方式，实际上他们还认为它（铁路）是构成世界和平的因素，由此可推断选项D“铁路引领世界走向战争”是错误的。

3.文章第二段inthosewithhighblood-pressure,themovementforthetrainmightproduceapoplexy提到对于那些有高血压的人来说，火车的快速的移动可能会导致中风，由此可知选项D符合题意。

4.文章第三段第一句theactualrolling-stockwasanythingbutcomfortable提到火车没有一点舒适感，然后作者又强调了铁路的不利因素，比如车里面的空气差，座位分一二三等，环境舒适度不一样等。由此可知，作者是反对铁路的群体。选项A符合题意。

5.文章最后一段最后两句话提到在开放的三等列车中，他们拥有一种特殊的资源，即可以在任何一个季度遇到雨水。作者将其描述为水平方向的淋雨，可知说辞是比较幽默的。选项C符合题意。

6.单选题

Accuracyis______totheprogrammingofcomputer.

问题1选项

A.elemental

B.base

C.fundamental

D.inherent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项elemental“基本的；主要的；自然力的；四大要素的（土、水、气、火）”（强调属于事物的基础或本质）；B选项based“基地在……的；在……居住（或工作）；（以某事）为基础，为根据”；C选项fundamental“基本的，根本的”（强调重要性，根基作用等，指重要程度即非常重要）；D选项inherent“固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的”。句意：准确性是计算机编程的基础。befundamentalto...“基础的；基本的”。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Beautyhasalwaysbeenregardedassomethingpraiseworthy.Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability.

Whileattractivenessisapositivefactorforamanonhiswayuptheexecutiveladder,itisharmfultoawoman.

Handsomemaleexecutiveswereperceivedashavingmoreintegritythanplainermen;effortandabilitywerethoughttoaccountfortheirsuccess.Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.Allunattractivewomenexecutiveswerethoughttohavemoreintegrityandtobemorecapablethantheattractivefemaleexecutives.Interestingly,though,theriseoftheunattractiveovernightsuccesseswasattributedmoretopersonalrelationshipsandlesstoabilitythanwasthatofattractiveovernightsuccesses.

Whyareattractivewomennotthoughttobeable?Anattractivewomanisperceivedtobemorefeminineandanattractivemanmoremasculinethanthelessattractiveones.Thus,anattractivewomanhasanadvantageintraditionallyfemalejobs,butanattractivewomaninatraditionallymasculinepositionappearstolackthe“masculine”qualitiesrequired.

Thisistrueeveninpolitics.“Whentheonlyclueishowheorshelooks,peopletreatmenandwomendifferently,”saysAnnBowman,whorecentlypublishedastudyontheeffectsofattractivenessonpoliticalcandidates.Sheasked125undergraduatestoranktwogroupsofphotographs,oneofmenandoneofwomen,inorderofattractiveness.Thestudentsweretoldthephotographswereofcandidatesforpoliticaloffices.Theywereaskedtorankthemagain,intheordertheywouldvoteforthem.

Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.

1.ThelastwordinParagraphone“liability”mostprobablymeans（）.

2.Intraditionallyfemalejobs,attractiveness（）.

3.Bowman’sexperimentrevealsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatpeople’sviewsonbeautyareoften（）.

5.Theauthorwritesthispassageto（）.

问题1选项

A.misfortunet

B.instabilityt

C.disadvantaget

D.burdent

问题2选项

A.reinforcesthefemininequalitiesrequiredt

B.makeswomenlookmorehonestandcapablet

C.isofprimaryimportancetowoment

D.oftenenableswomentosucceedquicklyt

问题3选项

A.turnsouttobeanobstaclet

B.affectsmenandwomenaliket

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwoment

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowoment

问题4选项

A.practicalt

B.prejudicedt

C.old-fashionedt

D.radicalt

问题5选项

A.discussthenegativeaspectsofbeingattractivet

B.giveadvicetojob-seekerswhoareattractivet

C.demandequalrightsforwoment

D.emphasizetheimportanceofappearance

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段最后一个单词‘liability’的意思是……”。第一段开头便提到了美丽的优势，Almosteveryonethinksattractivepeoplearehappierandhealthier,havebettermarriagesandhavemorerespectableoccupations.Personalconsultantsgivethembetteradviceforfindingjobs.Evenjudgesaresofteronattractivedefendants.（几乎每个人都认为有魅力的人更幸福、更健康，有更好的婚姻和更体面的职业；个人顾问会给他们更好的求职建议；就连法官对有吸引力的被告也比较宽容），接着最后一句话用but转折引出了下一句的内容Butintheexecutivecircle,beautycanbecomealiability，由此可知这句话应该是“但在行政圈，美貌可能成为一种劣势”，liability在文中表示“劣势”，故C项“缺点，劣势”正确。A项“不幸”、B项“不稳定”和D项“负担”都不能准确表达。故该题选择C项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。题干意思是“在传统的女性工作中，吸引力……”。第三段第二句提到Attractivefemaleexecutiveswereconsideredtohavelessintegritythanunattractiveones;theirsuccesswasattributednottoabilitybuttofactorssuchasluck.（人们认为，有魅力的女性高管不如没有魅力的人正直；她们的成功不是由于能力，而是由于运气等因素），可知对于有魅力的女性来说，她们会更加加强对女性素质的要求，故A项“加强对女性品质的要求”正确。B项“让女人看起来更诚实和有能力”和C项“对妇女来说是最重要的”与原文相反；D项“经常使妇女迅速成功”文章没有提到。故该题选择A项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。题干意思是“鲍曼的实验表明，当涉及到政治，吸引力……”。根据最后一段Theresultsshowedthatattractivemalesutterlydefeatedunattractivemen,butthewomenwhohadbeenrankedmostattractiveinvariablyreceivedthefewestvotes.（结果显示，有魅力的男性彻底击败了没有魅力的男性，但被评为最有魅力的女性总是得到的选票最少）可以推理，当涉及到政治，吸引力对男性来说是一个好处，但是对女性来说是一个障碍，故D项“对女性来说，更多的是一个障碍而不是一个好处”正确。A项“变成一个障碍”，表述太绝对，因为外形好看对男性来说是有优势的；B项“对男性和女性的影响是一样的”和C项“对男人和女人的影响一样小”内容与原文不符。故该题选择D项正确。

第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出，人们对美丽的看法经常是……”。通读全文可知，在工作中，有魅力的女性的成功经常被认为是运气等因素，在政治中，漂亮的女性得不到选票，所以可以推断出人们对美丽的看法是具有偏见的，故B项“偏见的”正确。A项“实际的”、C项“守旧的”和D项“激进的”都不符合。故该题选择B项正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者写这篇文章的目的是……”。文章讨论的是有吸引力对女性的不利影响，故A项“讨论有吸引力的负面因素”符合题意。B项“给有吸引力的求职者建议”和C项“要求妇女享有平等权利”本文没有探讨；D项“强调外表的重要性”，本文只通过提到外表对男性的好处，与外表对女性的劣势作对比，并没有强调外表的重要性，D项错误。故该题选择A项正确。

8.翻译题

MacroeconomicPolicy

IftheGreatDepressionsparkedtheformulizationofmacroeconomicpolicy,thecurrentGlobalFinancialAndEconomicCrisisiswritingthenextchapterHadtherebeenapolicyinventoryfortheGreatDepression,providingtheopportunitytoobservetherangeofpoliciesfollowed,therangeofcountriesimplementingthesepolicies,andtherangeoftheimpact,formalizationoflessonslearnedintheformofmacroeconomictheorywouldhavetokenplacemoreeasilyandmoreconsistentlybybeingabletoseethelargerpicture.Thisthenshouldbethemodestgoalofpolicyinventory——totrytocapturethewhole,theglobalmacropracticesacross77countries,toaidformalizationofmacroeconomicpracticeandtheory.Whatisnotcoveredadequatelybythepolicyinventoryatthemacrolevelisimpact,forwhichamoredetailedfollow-upstudyisrecommended.

Asaresultoftheneedforatrulyglobalviewoftheproblem,thissurveyhasobservedtheentiresampleofcountries,dividingthesampleintotwocategories:high-incomecountries,andlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Threeparticularityimportantfactorsinthepolicyinventorycanbeusedtoanalyzethepolicyresponsesutilizedduringthecrisisyears.

【答案】宏观经济政策

如果大萧条引发了宏观经济政策的制定，那么在存在一个库存策略的前提下，目前的全球金融和经济危机将会使大萧条进入一个新的阶段，使我们能够有机会观察由此带来的政策相关的范围，包括国家实施这些政策的范围和影响范围，由于能够看到更宏观的蓝图，在宏观经济理论中学到的形式的经验教训将更容易，更一致的发生。这应该是政策库存的适度目标，试图掌握77个国家的全球宏观实践，以帮助宏观经济实践和理论的形式化。在宏观层面上，政策库存的影响没有充分覆盖，对于这种影响，后续有一个更详细的研究建议。

由于需要真正全面地看待这一问题，这项调查观察了整个国家的样本，将样本分为两类：高收入国家和中低收入国家。库存策略中的三个特别重要的因素可以用来分析危机期间的政策反应。

9.写作题

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositiononthetopic“UncivilizedBehaviorsinPublic”Youshouldwriteatleast160wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(inChinese)below:

1.在公共场合有哪些不文明行为

2.造成这些不文明行为的原因

3.怎样改进这些不文明行为

【答案】略

10.单选题

Manyforeignstudentshavethe（

）beliefthatBritishEnglishissomehowmorepureandperfectthanAmericanEnglish.

问题1选项

A.indistinct

B.subjective

C.erroneous

D.communistic

【答案】C

【解析】考察形容词辨析。indistinct“不清楚的，模糊的”；subjective“主观的”；erroneous“错误的”；communistic“共产主义的”。句意：英式英语较美式英语更加纯正、更加完美。根据常识，这一观点是错误的。选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

Freshwaterisfiniteandvulnerableresource,essentialtosustainlife,developmentandtheenvironment.

问题1选项

A.likelytofail

B.likelytoaccumulate

C.likelytoimprove

D.likelytoenhance

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.likelytofail可能会缺乏B.likelytoaccumulate可能会积累

C.likelytoimprove可能会改善D.likelytoenhance可能会提高

【考查点】词义推测

【解题思路】该词形容的是“淡水资源”，说明淡水的特性，与其并列的形容词是finite“有限的”，A选项likelytofail“可能会缺乏”（fail有“不足，缺乏”的意思）最符合语境，原词vulnerable“易受伤害的；脆弱的”。

【干扰项排除】

B选项likelytoaccumulate“可能会积累”与“有限的”矛盾；

C选项likelytoimprove“可能会改善”，与原文不符；

D选项likelytoenhance“可能会提高”，与原文不符。

【句意】淡水是有限和脆弱的资源，对维持生命、发展和环境至关重要。

12.问答题

SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorceratein

A

B

theworld,thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurtothesameextentinEurope.Contrary

C

tofearsoftheexperts,theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned.

D

【答案】试题答案：A;Although/While

【解析】考查连词。由“theUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld（美国的离婚率仍然是世界上最高的，这一点令人怀疑）”和“thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurtothesameextentinEurope（在欧洲，离婚率的暂时下降并没有达到同样的程度）”可知此处表示转折关系，故用although或while。

13.单选题

Diseaseisafluidconceptinfluencedbysocietalandculturalattitudesthatchangediachronicallyinresponsetonewscientificandmedicaldiscoveries.Historically,doctorsdefinedadiseaseaccordingtoaclusterofsymptoms,andastheirclinicaldescriptionsbecamemoresophisticatedtheystartedtoclassifydiseasesintoseparategroups,sothatfromthismedicaltaxonomycamenewinsightsintodiseaseetiology.Beforethe20thcentury,schizophreniaandsyphiliticinsanityweretreatedasthesamedisease,butbyearly1900itbecameevidentthatpsychoseswithoutassociateddementiarepresentedaseparatediseaseforwhichthetermschizophreniawasthencoined.Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain.Whileanoptimistichuntisstillonforthegenesinvolved,wemustcontinuetodefineschizophreniaintermsofthepresenceorabsenceof“positive”and“negative”symptoms.

Labelingsomeoneasdiseased,however,hasenormousindividual,social,financial,andphysicimplications,forirrespectiveofdiseasesymptoms,thelabelitselfmayleadtosignificantdistress.Individualswithasymptomaticconditions,includinggeneticvariations,maybeperceivedbythemselvesorothersashavingadisease.Itisnotthatlabelingsomeoneasdiseasedisalwayspositive—itdoeshavesevereramifications,affectingdecisionstohavechildrenorresultinginunjusttreatmentbylife,medical,anddisabilityinsurers—butitcanbebeneficial,legitimizingsymptoms,clarifyingissuesofpersonalresponsibility,andimprovingaccessibilitytohealthcare.Nevertheless,deviationsfromnormalthatarenotassociatedwithriskshouldnotbeconsideredsynonymouswithdisease.Twoschools—nominalistandessentialistorreductionist-havedebatedtheclinicalcriteriausedtolabelapatientasdiseased.Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexplanationoftheunderlyingetiology,whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology,andnowarguethattheessentiallesiondefiningthediseasestateisageneticabnormality.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatdiseasesdefinedaccordingtotheessentialisttraditionmaybepreciselywrong,whereasthosedefinedinthenominalisttraditionalmayberoughlyaccurate.Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality),foradverseconsequences,whilethelatterhelpssuggestspecificgeneticorpharmacologictherapies.Thus,bothclinicalcriteriaandgeneticabnormalitiesshouldbeusedtodefineadiseasestate,andthechoiceofadiseasedefinitionwillvaryaccordingtowhatonewishestoachieve,thegeneticcounselingoffamilymembersortheeffectivetreatmentofthepatient.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorconsidersthewayschizophreniahasbeenclassifiedbydoctorsafter1960stobeanexampleofwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anadherentofthe“nominalistschool'wouldclassifyararenewfeverinwhichofthefollowingways?

4.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthelastparagraphinrelationtothepassageasawhole?

5.Itcanbeinferredthatwhichofthefollowingsituationsislikelytobemostproblematictoanadherentofthe“essentialist”methodofpathologicaltaxonomy?

问题1选项

A.proposingareturntoatraditionaltaxonomicalsystem

B.describingawaytoresolveataxonomicaldilemma

C.assessingthesuccessofanewtaxonomicalmethod

D.predictingachangeinfuturetaxonomy

问题2选项

A.Adiseasewhichresistedtraditionalmethodsofclassification,buthasbeenservedwellbymodernmethodsofclassification.

B.Adiseasewhichhasresistedmodernmethodsofclassification,andcontinuestorequireatraditionalmethodofclassification.

C.Adiseasewhichsatisfiesmodernmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughatraditionalmethod.

D.Adiseasewhichsatisfiestraditionalmethodsofclassificationbest,butwhichscientistsprefertoclassifythroughamodernmethod.

问题3选项

A.Shewouldwaituntilthediseaseappearsinotherpatients,thenclassifyitbyestablishingvariationsintheirsymptoms.

B.Shewoulddeterminewhetherthediseaseisacquiredorgenetic,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

C.Shewouldisolatethebacteriaorvirusorgeneticanomalywhichcausesthedisease,thenclassifyitaccordingly.

D.Shewoulddescribethepatient’ssymptoms,comparethemtopatientswhohavehadsimilarsymptoms,thentreatthepatternasadisease.

问题4选项

A.Itsummarizesthebenefitsthatmayaccruefromaperfectedsystemofpathologicaltaxonomy.

B.Itprovidesadditionalreasonswhypathologicaltaxonomyisadifficultendeavor.

C.Itarguesforasynthesisoftwomethodsofpathologicaltaxonomyalreadyinuse.

D.Itcontinuestohighlightthedifferencesbetweentwomethodsoftaxonomicalpathologicaltaxonomy.

问题5选项

A.Apatientsufferingfromfever,inwhichthevirusthatisapparentlyresponsibleforthesymptomshasnotbeenisolated.

B.Apatientsufferingfromlunginflammationwhich,thoughresemblingotherinflammations,doesnotrespondtoanyknowntreatments.

C.Apatientsufferingfromageneticanomalywhosecausemaybeknownbutwhoseconsequencesremainunidentified.

D.Acaseofapatientwithsymptomsthatmayhavearisenfromtwoknowndiseasesofdifferentsources.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一二段提到在确诊疾病的依据时，有两个不同的派别：唯名论者（nominalist）和本质主义者（essentialist），前者用疾病名称来标记症状（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename），后者认为每一种疾病都有病理病因（Whileessentialistscontendthatforeverydiseasethereisanunderlyingpathologicaletiology）；文章在最后一段提出在确诊时，临床症状和基因都应该考虑（Butinlabelingadiseasestate,wemustconsiderboththephenotype(symptoms)orthegenotype(geneticabnormality)），选项B“提出一种解决疾病分类进退两难处境的方法”符合题意。

第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“对精神分裂症的定义从20世纪60年代的精神疾病演变成一种疑似遗传病因的疾病，尽管这种病因还不确定”（Thedefinitionofschizophreniacontinuestoevolvefromthepsychiatricdiseaseofthe1960stoanillnesswithasuspectedgeneticetiology,thoughtheexistenceofsuchanetiologyremainsuncertain），由此可知选项D“一种满足传统分类方法的疾病，但是科学家更愿意通过现代方法来分类”符合题意。

第3题:推理判断题。文章第二段提到“唯名论者用疾病名称来标记各类症状，例如精神分裂症，并且没有对潜在的病因作任何解释”（Nominalistslabelsymptomswithadiseasename,suchasschizophrenia,anddonotofferanexpla