英汉互译简明教程TranslationTechniques课件

英汉互译简明教程英汉互译简明教程1TranslationTechniques

Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesthatmeritourattentionandaretobeappliedinEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishtranslationsinclude:1.Diction(遣词用字）2.Repetition（重译法）3.Amplification（增译法）4.Omission（减译法）5.Conversion（转换法）6.Inversion（词序调整法）7.Negation（正说反译，反说正译法）8.ChangeofVoices（语态变换法）9.Division（分译法）10.Combination（合译法）TranslationTechniques24.1DictionTeachingContents:

WordMeaningConceptualMeaningStylisticMeaningLinguisticMeaningPragmaticMeaningChoiceofWordMeaningsChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeechChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.ChoiceofContextualMeaningsSpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaword.Deduction（推演法）Transplant（移植法）Extension（引申法）Substitution（替换法）Explanation（释义法）Combination（合并法）Pictographic（图形法）Transliteration（音译法）Zero-Translation（零翻译法）Transliteration+Explanation（音义结合法）4.1DictionTeachingContents:3DefinitionofamplificationDictionisoneofthebasictranslationtechniquestoexpressmeaningbyusingtheproperchoiceofwordsandphrases.Itmustbebasedontheaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Speakingofwordmeanings,thereareconceptualmeaning,stylisticmeaning,linguisticmeaningandpragmaticmeaning.Definitionofamplification4WordMeaningsConceptualMeaning:isthebasicmeaningandthemaininformationcarriedbylinguisticsigns.e.g.Nosmoking（禁止吸烟）StylisticMeaning:iscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstanceoflanguageuse.WordMeanings5LinguisticMeaning:isbuiltontherelationshipsofthesignswitheachotherinthesamesystem.

e.g.千山鸟飞绝，Fromhilltohillnobirdinfight.万径人踪灭。Frompathtopathnomaninsight.PragmaticMeaning:isthestudyofthe“relationofsignstointerpreters”.e.g.大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气。Theygreetwitheachotherwitha“Hi”justtoshowtheirgoodneighbourlyfeelings.年夜饭familyreunionmealontheeveoftheSpringFestival.LinguisticMeaning:isbuilt6Therearedifferentviewsonclassificationoflevelsofformalityofwords,andMartinJoosclassifiesthisintofivecategoriesinhispaper“FiveClocks”asfollows:Frozen（拘谨）Formal（正式）Consultative（商议）Casual（随意）Intimate（亲密）Forexample:

LinguisticTermsSampleWordsFrozenQuaffFormalImbibeConsultativeDrinkCasualSwigIntimateGuzzleTherearedifferentviewsonc7Inpractice,wordsareactuallyclassifiedintothreecategoriesas:colloquial（口语）2)common（常用语）3)formal(书面语）.Take“wife”forinstance:Colloquial:woman,oldwoman,betterhalfCommon:wifeFormal:consort,spouse,helpmate.Inpractice,wordsareactuall8ChoiceofWordMeaningInthepracticeoftranslation,whatperplexesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishintoChinese,astheirmeaningvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Bydiction,generallyspeaking,thefollowingaresomecommonly-usedwaysavailabletofindanequivalentintheTL.ChoiceofWordMeaning9ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeech.Awordmayhavevariousmeaningswithdifferentpartsofspeech.

Forexample:

他们省吃俭用，为的是替国家多积累资金。Theysavefoodandexpensestoaccumulatemorefundsforthecountry.(savefood:“把食物放起来”)改译：Theylivefrugallytoaccumulatemorefundsforthestate.Note:不要进行字对字的死译。要考虑中英文的真正含义。ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord10ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.Thesamewordwiththesamepartofspeechmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcollocations.Forexample:DelicateDelicateskin娇嫩的皮肤Delicateporcelain精致的瓷器Delicateupbringing娇生惯养Delicateliving奢侈的生活Delicatehealth虚弱的身体Delicatestomach容易吃坏的胃Delicatevase易碎的花瓶Delicatediplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题Delicatedifference讲不大清楚的差别Delicatesurgicaloperation难做的外科手术ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord11ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.Sometimesitisnecessarytoputthewordwithconcreteimageintoonewithabstractmeaningandviceversa.e.g.Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme,I’llshootyouatonce

你要是敢和我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。

上海反映了中国的发展与现状。

ShanghaimirrorsthedevelopmentandcharactersofChina.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetwe12ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.e.g.Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.敌人的阴谋破产了。Thisisourschemefortheterm’swork.这是我们这学期的工作计划。Heisverymuchinterestedinpolitics.他对政治很有兴趣。Maryalwaysgetswhatshewantsbyplayingofficepolitics.玛丽总是靠耍手腕来达到她的目的。ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.13ChoiceofContextualMeanings.Thesamewordhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse.Therefore,atranslatorshouldtrytofinditcontextualmeaninginTL.Forexample:Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismoustachewasthinandcoarse.Version1:他的眼睛热情，凶猛又明亮，胡子又稀又粗。Version2:他的眼睛热情，锐利，炯炯有神，胡子稀疏粗硬ChoiceofContextualMeanings14SpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaWord.1.Deduction（推演法）DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.e.g.challenge-toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.orsb.)对…..表示怀疑，质疑；对……提出异议

2.Transplant（移植法）ThisisliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.e.g.微型电脑minicomputer背包客backpacker超女supergirl3.Extension（引申法）Thiscanbeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.e.g.braindrain脑排干-人才外流-人才流失SpecialTechniquesEmployedin154.Substitution（替换法）Itistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithsynonymsoridiomsinthetargetlanguageaccordingtodifferentsituations.e.g.Itneverrainsbutitpours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。5.Explanation（释义法）Thistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingexpressioninthetargetlanguageandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.e.g.swansong绝唱，辞世之作，归天之作6.Combination（合并法）Thismeanstointegratemorethanonewordintooneexpression.e.g.lordandmaster主人；multicolored五颜六色4.Substitution（替换法）167.Pictographic（图形法）Bythistechniquewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirshapes.e.g.环形圈O-ring；交叉支撑X-brace8.Transliteration（音译法）e.g.Pentium奔腾；黑客hacker9.Zero-translation（零翻译法）e.g.KTV包房；BP机；CD唱盘；NBA；IQ10.Transliteration+Explanation（音义结合法）e.g.tank坦克;来复枪rifleballet芭蕾；sardine沙丁鱼

7.Pictographic（图形法）174.2RepetitionTeachingContents:RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionforClarificationRepetitionforEmphasisRepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValueRepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordsRepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginal.VariationorOmissionSubstitution4.2RepetitionTeachingContent18RepetitionGenerallywhatisrepeatedinChinesemayinmanycasesbesubstituted,variedoromittedinEnglish.4.2.1RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionis,tosomeextent,aspecialcaseofamplification.A.RepetitionforClarificationa.RepetitionofNouns.RepetitionoftheNounasObjectWhichHasMorethanOneModifiers.e.g.Letusreviseoursafetyandsanitaryregulations.我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。Wehavetoanalyzeandsolveproblems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。RepetitionoftheNounaftertheLinkVerb.Repetition19e.g.Hebecameanoilbaron-allbyhimself.他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasadmiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。RepetitionoftheOmittedNounBeforethePrepositionalPhrases.e.g.Theuseofatomicweaponsisaclearviolationofinternationallaw,inparticularoftheGenevaConvention.使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别是违反《日内瓦公约》Hebrokeallconnectionswithhispast,andwiththeoldsocietyineveryway.他和他的过去断绝了一切联系，和旧社会的各个方面也断绝了一切联系。RepetitionoftheNounasAntecedents.e.g.Allofthesearrangementwereapreludetotheball,thehostess’ultimateprize.所有的这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。Hemadethesoundofsympathywhichcomessoreadilyfromthosewhohaveanindependentincome.他发出了同情之声，这种同情是那些有独立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。e.g.Hebecameanoilbaron-al20b.RepetitionofVerbs.Whenaverbisfollowedbymorethanoneobjectorpredicative,it’scommontorepeatthisverbinChinese.e.g.Weshallovercomeallthedifficultiessolongaswe

studyhardandinagoodway.只要我们学习努力，而且学习得法，我们就能克服学习中的困难。Atmosphericpressuredecreaseswithincreaseinaltitudeandsodoesthedensityoftheatmosphere.大气压力随高度增加而降低，大气密度也随着高度增加而降低。Whenaverbisfollowedbyseveralobjects,beforewhichthere’sthesameprepositionorthereistheomissionofthesamepreposition.Insuchacase,it’snecessarytorepeattheverbinsteadofrepeatingthesamepreposition.e.g.Wetalkedofourselves,ofourprospects,ofthejourney.oftheweather,ofeachother—ofeverythingbutourhostandhostess.我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到教程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况——谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。Hesuppliedhisworksnotonlywithbiographies,butwithportraitsoftheirsupposedauthors.他不仅在他的作品上提供作者传记，而且还提供假想作者的画像。

b.RepetitionofVerbs.21c.RepetitionoftheNounsinChineseforthePronounsinEnglish.Englishpronounsarewidelyusedtoavoidtherepetitionofnouns.InChinese,however,preferstorepeatnounsinsteadofusingpronounsinmanycases.e.g.Eachcountryhasitsowncustoms.各国有各国的风俗。Somehaveenteredcollegeandothershavegonetothecountryside。上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（有的上大学了，有的下乡了。Happyfamiliesalsohadtheirowntroubles.幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。d.Anothercase:thereisnorepetitioninEnglish,inordertoachieveclarification,repetitionofcontentsinsteadofformsisoftenadoptedinChinese.e.g.Tohim,thebirdssang,thesquirrelchatteredandtheflowersbloomed.鸟儿向他歌唱，松鼠对他叽咕，花儿也为他开放。c.RepetitionoftheNounsin22B.Repetitionforemphasis.RepetitionoftheOriginalRepeatedWordsorAntithesisorParallelStructuresforRetainingtheSameEmphasisinChinese.e.g.Nealshaditallwrittenoutneatly纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。RepetitionoftheOriginalRepeatedWordsbyEmployingSynonymsforRetainingtheSameEmphasisinChinese.e.g.“Oh,pleasure,pleasure!Whatelseshouldbringoneanywhere?”“哦，寻欢作乐呀！一个人出门，还为了别的吗？”（余光中译）“Itwasthebestoftimes,anditwastheworstoftimes.Itwastheageofwisdom,anditwastheageoffoolishness.Itwastheepochofbelief,anditwastheepochofincredulity.Itwastheseasonoflight,anditwastheseasonofdarkness.Itwasthespringofhope,anditwasthewinterofdespair.Wehadeverythingbeforeus,andwehadnothingbeforeus.WewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,andwewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.”这是最好的时光,这也是最坏的时光;这是智慧的年代,这也是愚蠢的年代;这是信仰的时代，这也是怀疑的时代；这是光明的时节，这也是黑暗的时节；这是希望的春天；这也是绝望的冬天；我们面前万物皆有，我们面前也一无所有；我们都在直登天堂，我们也都在直下地狱。B.Repetitionforemphasis.23C.RepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValue.RepetitionbyChineseFour-characterPhrases.e.g.Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody.他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破烂烂，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。ThestreetsofNewYorkwerebrilliantwithmovingmen.纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。RepetitionbyChineseReduplicatedWordse.g.Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，（直言无隐），不藏不掖。Motherjawedandcried,butpapadidn’tsaymuch.妈妈唠叨着，哭着，但是爸爸没有说什么。RepetitionofSynonymousCharactersorWords.e.g.greatcontributions丰功伟绩gratitude感恩戴德ingratitude忘恩负义prosperity繁荣昌盛arrogance骄傲自大careless粗心大意inchaos乌烟瘴气streetgossip街谈巷议rumor流言蜚语C.RepetitionforMakingtheT24RepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordse.g.Onlyaveryslightandveryscatteringripplesofhalf-heartedhandclappinggreetedhim.欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的，零零落落的，半心半意的掌声。Theradiosqueaksmidnight.Thecafesmustbeclosing,thelastguestsgoinghome.Loversstandbeforehousedoorsunabletotakeleaveofeachother.收音机传来“嘟—嘟—嘟”的午夜报时讯号。咖啡馆正在打烊，最后一批顾客在离店回家，出了店门的情侣们仍然卿卿我我，难分难舍。4.2.2RepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginale.g.“事实就是事实。”“Factisfact.”寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将息。Iseekbutseekinvain,Isearchandsearchagain;Ifeelsosad,sodrear,Solonely,withoutcheer.(许渊冲译）RepetitionbyIntegratingChin25VariationorOmissione.g.科学是老老实实的学问，来不得半点虚假，需要付出艰巨的劳动。Sciencemeanshonest,solidknowledge,notallowinganiotaoffalsehood,anditinvolvesHerculeaneffortsandgruelingtoil.对待同志要满腔热忱，不能冷冷清清，漠不关心。Weshouldbewarmtowardsourcomrades,notinicecoldandindifferent.Substitutione.g.有条件要上，没有条件，创造条件也要上！Whenconditionsexist,goahead;whentheydon’t,createthemandgoahead!他们为国家做的事比我们所做的多得多。TheyhavedonemuchmorefortheStatethanwehave.VariationorOmission264.3AmplificationTeachingContents:AmplificationinE-CTranslationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsOmittedintheOriginalAmplificationbySupplyingNecessaryConnectivesAmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingPluralsAmplificationbySupplyingWordsofGeneralizationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingTenseAmplificationforPurposesofRhetoricorCoherenceAmplificationforlogicAmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginalAmplificationinC-ETranslationAmplificationbySupplyingPronounsorNounsAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryArticlesAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryConnectivesAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryPropositionsAmplificationbyAddingNecessaryBackgroundWordsorExplanatoryWordsAmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginal4.3AmplificationTeachingCont27AmplificationDefinitionofamplificationByamplificationwemeansupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworktomaketheversioncorrectandclear,tomakeitappearmorelikethelanguagetranslatedinto.AmplificationinE-CTranslationAmplificationbySupplyingWordsOmittedintheOriginale.g.Henolongerdreamedofstorms,norofgreatoccurrences,norcontestsofstrength.他不再梦见风涛，不再遇见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦见搏斗和角力。Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dust,orhumidity.不要在过冷，过热，灰尘过重，湿度过大的情况下使用电脑。AmplificationbySupplyingNecessaryConnectives.e.g.Heated，waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受热，就会汽化。Thebitterweatherhaddriveneveryoneindoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨，人人都已躲进了室内。Thesightofthegirlalwaysremindsmeofherparents.我一见到这个女孩，就想起她的父母。AmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingPluralse.g.Fruitaregrowninourprovince.我省种植各种水果。Thelionisthekingofanimals.狮子是百兽之王。

Amplification28AmplificationbySupplyingWordsofGeneralization（概括性增词）e.g.YouandI.你我两人。TheAmericansandJapaneseconductedacompletelysecretexchangeofmessage.美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。AmplificationbySupplyingWordsIndicatingTense.e.g.Ihadknowntwogreatsocialsystem.那时以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。HeisstayingindoorsbutistemptedtoleaveTokyo.他现在待在家里，但是很想离开东京。AmplificationforPurposesofRhetoricorCoherence.AmplificationbySupplyingNounstoMakeanAbstractConceptClear.Addnounsafternouns.e.g.Weshouldbynomeansneglecttheevaporationofwater.我们绝不能忽视水的蒸发作用。Therehadbeentoomuchviolenceinthatregion.那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。Addnounsafterverbs.e.g.Firstyouborrow,thenyoubeg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。Heateanddrink,forhewasexhausted.他吃点东西，喝点酒，因为他疲劳不堪了。AmplificationbySupplyingWor29Addnounsbeforeadjectives.e.g.Thistypewriterisindeedcheapandfine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。AmplificationbySupplyingWordstoAchieveExpressiveness.e.g.Ashesatdownandbegantalking,wordspouredout.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。Andwhenhefell,semi-conscious,andtheprowlerssawthattheirpreyhadvanished,theyeasedtheirfrustrationbykickinghimunconscious.他倒在地上，迷迷糊糊，但那两个歹徒一发现自己的猎物不见了，便把他踢得死去活来，不省人事，似乎这样做，他的失落感才减轻了些。Amplificationforlogice.g.Hisdiligence,earnestness,carefulnessandbrilliancemakehimpraisedbyall.他勤勉，踏实，细心，才华过人，凡此种种都使他受到众人的夸奖。Mywork,myfamily,myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime.我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，这些都占用了我的全部时间。AmplificationbySupplyingSomeNecessaryWordstoConveytheToneoftheOriginal.e.g.Don’ttakeitseriously.I’mjustmakingfunofyou.不要认真嘛，我不过开开玩笑罢了。Itisstrangethatheshouldbeabsenttoday.今天他居然缺席，真怪！Addnounsbeforeadjectives.30AmplificationinC-Etranslation.AmplificationbySupplyingPronounsorNouns.e.g.要提倡大局。Weshouldadvocatethespiritoftakingthewholesituationintoconsideration.年满18岁的公民都有选举和被选举权。Allcitizenswhohavereachedtheageof18havetherighttovoteandtostandforelection.勉励自学成才。Encouragepeopletobecomeeducated(proficient)byteachingthemselves(或：bystudyingontheirown).AmplificationbyAddingNecessaryArticlese.g.虎求百兽而食之，得狐。（《战国策楚策一》）Atigercaughtafoxwhilelookingforanybeastthatmightcometohiswayandfallpreytohim.AmplifyingbyAddingNecessaryConnectivese.g.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。Solongasgreenhillsremain,therewillneverbeashortageoffirewood.只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。Themagistratesarefreetoburndownhouses,whilethecommonpeopleareforbiddeneventolightlamps.

AmplificationinC-Etranslati31英汉互译简明教程英汉互译简明教程32TranslationTechniques

Generallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesthatmeritourattentionandaretobeappliedinEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishtranslationsinclude:1.Diction(遣词用字）2.Repetition（重译法）3.Amplification（增译法）4.Omission（减译法）5.Conversion（转换法）6.Inversion（词序调整法）7.Negation（正说反译，反说正译法）8.ChangeofVoices（语态变换法）9.Division（分译法）10.Combination（合译法）TranslationTechniques334.1DictionTeachingContents:

WordMeaningConceptualMeaningStylisticMeaningLinguisticMeaningPragmaticMeaningChoiceofWordMeaningsChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeechChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.ChoiceofContextualMeaningsSpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaword.Deduction（推演法）Transplant（移植法）Extension（引申法）Substitution（替换法）Explanation（释义法）Combination（合并法）Pictographic（图形法）Transliteration（音译法）Zero-Translation（零翻译法）Transliteration+Explanation（音义结合法）4.1DictionTeachingContents:34DefinitionofamplificationDictionisoneofthebasictranslationtechniquestoexpressmeaningbyusingtheproperchoiceofwordsandphrases.Itmustbebasedontheaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Speakingofwordmeanings,thereareconceptualmeaning,stylisticmeaning,linguisticmeaningandpragmaticmeaning.Definitionofamplification35WordMeaningsConceptualMeaning:isthebasicmeaningandthemaininformationcarriedbylinguisticsigns.e.g.Nosmoking（禁止吸烟）StylisticMeaning:iscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstanceoflanguageuse.WordMeanings36LinguisticMeaning:isbuiltontherelationshipsofthesignswitheachotherinthesamesystem.

e.g.千山鸟飞绝，Fromhilltohillnobirdinfight.万径人踪灭。Frompathtopathnomaninsight.PragmaticMeaning:isthestudyofthe“relationofsignstointerpreters”.e.g.大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗？”透着和气。Theygreetwitheachotherwitha“Hi”justtoshowtheirgoodneighbourlyfeelings.年夜饭familyreunionmealontheeveoftheSpringFestival.LinguisticMeaning:isbuilt37Therearedifferentviewsonclassificationoflevelsofformalityofwords,andMartinJoosclassifiesthisintofivecategoriesinhispaper“FiveClocks”asfollows:Frozen（拘谨）Formal（正式）Consultative（商议）Casual（随意）Intimate（亲密）Forexample:

LinguisticTermsSampleWordsFrozenQuaffFormalImbibeConsultativeDrinkCasualSwigIntimateGuzzleTherearedifferentviewsonc38Inpractice,wordsareactuallyclassifiedintothreecategoriesas:colloquial（口语）2)common（常用语）3)formal(书面语）.Take“wife”forinstance:Colloquial:woman,oldwoman,betterhalfCommon:wifeFormal:consort,spouse,helpmate.Inpractice,wordsareactuall39ChoiceofWordMeaningInthepracticeoftranslation,whatperplexesusmostfrequentlyishowtofindanequivalentinthelanguagetobetranslatedinto.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishintoChinese,astheirmeaningvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Bydiction,generallyspeaking,thefollowingaresomecommonly-usedwaysavailabletofindanequivalentintheTL.ChoiceofWordMeaning40ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoTheirPartsofSpeech.Awordmayhavevariousmeaningswithdifferentpartsofspeech.

Forexample:

他们省吃俭用，为的是替国家多积累资金。Theysavefoodandexpensestoaccumulatemorefundsforthecountry.(savefood:“把食物放起来”)改译：Theylivefrugallytoaccumulatemorefundsforthestate.Note:不要进行字对字的死译。要考虑中英文的真正含义。ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord41ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccordingtoDifferentCollocation.Thesamewordwiththesamepartofspeechmayhavedifferentmeaningsduetodifferentcollocations.Forexample:DelicateDelicateskin娇嫩的皮肤Delicateporcelain精致的瓷器Delicateupbringing娇生惯养Delicateliving奢侈的生活Delicatehealth虚弱的身体Delicatestomach容易吃坏的胃Delicatevase易碎的花瓶Delicatediplomaticquestion微妙的外交问题Delicatedifference讲不大清楚的差别Delicatesurgicaloperation难做的外科手术ChoiceofWordMeaningsAccord42ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetweentheAbstractandtheConcrete.Sometimesitisnecessarytoputthewordwithconcreteimageintoonewithabstractmeaningandviceversa.e.g.Ifyoudaretoplaythefoxwithme,I’llshootyouatonce

你要是敢和我耍滑头，我马上毙了你。

上海反映了中国的发展与现状。

ShanghaimirrorsthedevelopmentandcharactersofChina.ChoiceofMeaningShiftsBetwe43ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.e.g.Theenemy’sschemewentbankrupt.敌人的阴谋破产了。Thisisourschemefortheterm’swork.这是我们这学期的工作计划。Heisverymuchinterestedinpolitics.他对政治很有兴趣。Maryalwaysgetswhatshewantsbyplayingofficepolitics.玛丽总是靠耍手腕来达到她的目的。ChoiceofAffectiveMeanings.44ChoiceofContextualMeanings.Thesamewordhasdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontextsorfieldsofdiscourse.Therefore,atranslatorshouldtrytofinditcontextualmeaninginTL.Forexample:Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismoustachewasthinandcoarse.Version1:他的眼睛热情，凶猛又明亮，胡子又稀又粗。Version2:他的眼睛热情，锐利，炯炯有神，胡子稀疏粗硬ChoiceofContextualMeanings45SpecialTechniquesEmployedinTranslatingaWord.1.Deduction（推演法）DeductionistodeducetheoriginalmeaninginthelightoftheexplanationofanEnglishdictionary.e.g.challenge-toquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.orsb.)对…..表示怀疑，质疑；对……提出异议

2.Transplant（移植法）ThisisliteraltranslationofthepartsofagivenEnglishword.e.g.微型电脑minicomputer背包客backpacker超女supergirl3.Extension（引申法）Thiscanbeeitherfromspecifictogeneralorfromconcretetoabstract,andviceversa.e.g.braindrain脑排干-人才外流-人才流失SpecialTechniquesEmployedin464.Substitution（替换法）Itistoreplacethewordsoftheoriginalexpressionwithsynonymsoridiomsinthetargetlanguageaccordingtodifferentsituations.e.g.Itneverrainsbutitpours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。5.Explanation（释义法）Thistechniqueiscommonlyusedwhenthereisnocorrespondingexpressioninthetargetlanguageandalltheabove-mentionedtechniquesfailtomakesense.e.g.swansong绝唱，辞世之作，归天之作6.Combination（合并法）Thismeanstointegratemorethanonewordintooneexpression.e.g.lordandmaster主人；multicolored五颜六色4.Substitution（替换法）477.Pictographic（图形法）Bythistechniquewordsaretranslatedaccordingtotheirshapes.e.g.环形圈O-ring；交叉支撑X-brace8.Transliteration（音译法）e.g.Pentium奔腾；黑客hacker9.Zero-translation（零翻译法）e.g.KTV包房；BP机；CD唱盘；NBA；IQ10.Transliteration+Explanation（音义结合法）e.g.tank坦克;来复枪rifleballet芭蕾；sardine沙丁鱼

7.Pictographic（图形法）484.2RepetitionTeachingContents:RepetitioninE-CTranslationRepetitionforClarificationRepetitionforEmphasisRepetitionforMakingtheTranslationMoreVividorFullofAestheticValueRepetitionbyIntegratingChineseFour-characterPhrasesandReduplicatedWordsRepetitioninC-ETranslationRepetitionasaStylisticDeviceforEmphasisandConveyingtheSameForceContainedintheOriginal.VariationorOmissionSubstitution4.2RepetitionTeachingContent49RepetitionGenerallywhatisrepeatedinChinesemayinmanycasesbesubstituted,variedoromittedinEnglish.4.2.1