考研英语模拟279

［模拟］考研英语模拟279多项选择Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories_1_ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior_2_theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough_3_withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin_4_totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,_5_asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6_thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes_7_lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly_9_juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat_10_tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment_11_makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin_12_leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso_13_changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents；_14_,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome_15_wascommoninthetraditionalfamily_16_.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other_17_causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased_18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing_19_ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,_20_adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.第i题:actingrelyingC.centeringD.commenting参考答案：c答案解析：[答案]C本题考核的知识点是：平行句子结构+分词短语辨析。[A]acting(on)起作用[Blrelying(on)依靠，指望起作用[C]centering(on)以 为中心，围绕；集中于 [D]commenting(on)对……作出评论第2题:A.beforeB.unlessuntilbecause参考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。[A]before在……之前，表时间[B]unless如果不，除非，表条件[C]until直到 才,表时间[D]because因为，表因果第3题:interactionassimilationcooperationconsultation参考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本题考核的知识点是：名词短语辨析。[A]interaction(with)与 的互相作用，互相影响[B]assimilation(into)适应、同化、融入 [C]cooperation(with)与 的合作[D]consultation(with)和 的商议第4题:returnreplyreferenceresponse参考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。[A](in)return(for)作为对……的报答,交换[B](in)reply(to)作为对 的答复[C](in)reference(to)关于[D](in)response(to)作为对 的反应/答复第5题:orbutratherbutorelse参考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。[A]or或者，表并列[B]butrather(非固定搭配)[C]but而是，表转折[D]orelse否则，要不然第6题：A.consideringignoringC.highlightingD.discarding参考答案：B答案解析：[答案]B本题考核的知识点是：分词结构做状语+动词词义辨析。[A]considering考虑到，鉴于[B]ignoring忽视[C]highlighting突出[D]discarding丢弃，抛弃第7题：oninforwith参考答案：C答案解析：[答案]C本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系+介词用法辨析。[A]on涉及、关于[B]in以 方式[C]for因为[D]with表伴随第8题：immuneB.resistantC.sensitiveD.subject参考答案：D答窠解析：[答案]D本题考核的知识点是：形容词结构做表语。[A]immune(to)免疫的，不受影响的[B]resistant(to)有抵抗力的[C]sensitive(to)敏感的[D]subject(to)易受 影响的

第9题:A.affectB.reduceC.checkD.reflect参考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词词义辨析。［A］affect影响，感动，感染［B］reduce减少，缩小，还原［C］check检查，制止，核对［D］reflect反射，反映，表现第10题:A.pointleadcomeamount参考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动词短语辨析。［A］point(to)指向，指明，让人注意到［B］lead(to)通向，导致，引起，造成［C］come(to)谈及，到达，共计，恢复知觉［D］amount(to)总计，等于，等同，接近第11题：ingeneralB.onC.byB.onC.byaveragecontrastD.atlength参考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+固定短语。［A］ingeneral通常，一般说来［B］onaverage平均起来［C］bycontrast对比起来［D］atlength最后，终于；充分地，详细地第12题:A.caseshortturnessence参考答案：C答案解析：[答案]C本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+固定搭配。 [A](in)case假使,如果，万一[B](in)short简而言之，总而言之[C](in)turn轮流地，依次；又(对别人)做同样的事 [D](in)essence本质上第13题：A.survivedB.noticedC.undertakenD.experienced参考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+动宾搭配。[A]survived经历……后依然活着，幸免于[B]noticed注意到[C]undertaken承担，许诺[D]experienced经历,体验第14题：contrarilyconsequentlysimilarlysimultaneously参考答案：B答案解析：[答案]B本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。[A]contrarily相反地，表对比[B]consequently所以,因此,表因果[C]similarly同样地，类似于,表比较[D]simultaneously同时地，表比较第15题：thanthatwhichas参考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本题考核的知识点是：从句中的关系代词。[A]than兼有连词和代词的性质，引导比较成分[B]that关系代词，不能引导比较成分[Clwhich关系代词，不能引导比较成分[D]as关系代词，不能单独引导比较成分第16题：A.systemB.structureconceptheritage参考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词词义辨析。［A］system系统，体系，体制［B］structure结构，构造［C］concept观念，概念［D］heritage遗产，传统第17题：assessableidentifiablenegligibleincredible参考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本题考核的知识点是：形容词用法辨析。［A］assessable可估价的，容易接近、得到和使用的 ［B］identifiable可以确认的［C］negligible可以忽略的，不予重视的［D］incredible难以置信的，惊人的第18题：expenserestrictionallocationavailability参考答案：D答案解析：［答案］D本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词词义辨析。［A］expense费用，代价［B］restriction限制；约束［C］allocation分配，安置［D］availability可获得性，有效性，实用性第19题：incidenceawarenessC.exposureD.popularity参考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+名词词义辨析。［A］incidence(of)发生(率)［B］awareness(of)意识，知道［C］exposure(to)暴露，揭露［D］popularity普及,流行,出名第20题：A.providedsincealthoughD.supposing参考答案：C答案解析：[答案]c本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。[A]provided倘若,表条件[B]since因为，既然，表因果或让步[C]although虽然，尽管，表转折或让步[D]supposing万一，假使，表条件多项选择Outwiththenew,andinwiththeold.Europeisbreathtaking.Iheardtheanecdotes,seenthepicturesandwatchedthetravelshows,butnothingcouldhavepreparedmefortherawpowerof600millioncellphones.TheOldWorldisbiggerthanlife!OnceIlookedbeyondtheseaofcellphonesthough,IbegantoseeEuropeforwhatitis-amarvelousadventureintohistoryandavisualandartisticorgy.Sinceourculturesaresodifferentnow,it'seasytoforgetthatwewerefoundedbyEuropeans.Let*stakealookatsomecommonmythsaboutthemodernEuro-U.S.relationship.Mythttl:TheeurowillrivaltheAmericandollarwhileprovidingsecuritytoEurope.Maybe,maybenot.Butthereisnodisputingthemarketinggeniusofthenewcurrency.Billscomeindenominationsof500,200,100,50,20,10and5(no1's),whilecoinsareprintedas50一,20一,10—,5—,2—and1-centpieces.Withthelackofone-eurobillsandtheabsurd2-centpieces,bytheendofthedayyouarecrushedwithcoins.(WhereinaU.S.solutionpresentsitself:spendthecoins.)IftheU.S.eliminatedone-dollarbillsandaddeda2-centpiece,theGDPwouldincreaseexponentially.Myth#2:ThepaceoflifeisslowerinEurope.WhoeverthoughtofthisgemhasnevervisitedItaly,where,forexample,spotlightsaremere“suggestions“asLet，sGo:Europedescribes.I'veneverbeentoNewYorkCity,butIcan，timagineitbeingmorehecticthananyItaliancity.It'snotjustinItaly,either,Europeiseverybitasfast-pacedastheU.S.Myth#3:AmericanbusinessesareeverywhereinEurope.Thishasledtoanti-AmericanprotestsbyFrenchfarmers,EnglishfarmersandSpanishfarmers.Solution?Pullthemall,fromMcDonald，stoNiketoU.S.recordlevels.Afterashortspell,however,theEuropeanswillmisstheBigMacs,theirsneakersandtheirBrittanySpearsandwilllikelydoanythingtogetthemback.Sure,intheshortrun,aU.S.company，sprofitsmaydipfrom$190billionto$189.99billion,butinthelongrun,Europewillbeours.ThereisabafflingparadoxplaguingEuropeans.WhatbothersthemisnotsomuchtheirdislikeforAmericanproducts,rather,whatdrivesthemcrazyisthattheylikeAmericanproducts,especiallyitemsfromthevastcatalogueofAmericanpopculture.Myth#4:Europeismorebeautifulandartistic,andEuropeansarebetterthanAmericans.Maybe,maybenot.There，snowaytooverstate,however,thattheEuropeanwayisundeniablydifferentfromtheAmericanway.AsforthegloriousartandarchitecturesoubiquitousinEurope,there，snothingtheU.S.cando-we.areonly226yearsold.Buttheotherdifferencesarenotsoeasytodismiss:Europeanssmokeeverywhere；wepracticallyforbiditinourhomes.Theybringpetstorestaurants；welockourpetsincars.IfyougetlessthanfourweeksvacationinEuropeyou'regettingscrewed；ifyougetmorethantwoweeksintheU.S.,youareprobablyretired.Thebottomlineisthis:ifmakinglessmoneyisthetrade-offformoretimetolive,toseelife*sbeautifulmoments,toriseabovetherampantmaterialismintheUnitedStates,thenyes,Europeansarebetter.If,ontheotherhand,devisingnewwaystoproducecapital,compilingplanstoincreaseworkerproductivityandmaking,asmuchmoneyasyoucanislife'spinnacle,thenyes,Americansarebetter.Inotherwords,outwiththenewandinwithold.第21题:Inthethirdparagraph,bysaying,aIftheU.S.eliminatedone-dollarbillsandaddeda2-centpiece,theGDPwouldincreaseexponentiallyn,what'stheauthor，stone?A.serioussarcasticoptimistichumorous参考答案：D答案解析：文章大意：大西洋两岸的人们如何看待对方？作者以调侃幽默的语气，分析4个普遍观点，写出了欧美的不同及紧密的联系。【D】整篇文章的基调是调侃幽默的，如果美国取消一美元的纸币而增加2分的硬币，国内生产总值会成倍增长,作者用的是玩笑口吻。第22题:What，stheauthor，srealopinionaboutpaceoflifeinEuropeandAmerica?Italy，spaceoflifeishigherthanotherEuropeancountries，.Italy，spaceoflifeishigherthanthatofAmerica.ThepaceoflifeisindeedslowerinEuropethaninAmerica.ThepaceoflifeisthesameinEuropeasinAmerica.参考答案：C答案解析：【C】作者举意大利的例子实际上是说因交通系统效率不高而造成hectic(忙乱的)，而不是说意大利的生活节奏快。第23题：Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?EuropeanfarmersprotestAmericanbusinessinEurope.TheauthoradvisestopullbusinessbackfromEuropetopunishthefarmers.EuropeanpeoplelikeandneedAmericanproducts.IfAmericadrawbackit'sbusinessesfromEurope,itwon，tloseprofitsbutearnmore.参考答案：B答案解析：(B)参照原文，并没有惩罚农民的意思。第24题：Theitalicizedword“ubiquitous”inthesixthparagraphmeans?A.muchmanywidespreadunique参考答案：C答案解析：[C]ubiquitous的意思是普谊存在的，到处存在的。第25题:Fromthelastparagraphwecaninfertheauthor，sopinionisthat.bothAmericanandEuropeanwayoflifehavetheirowncharacteristicsandadvantagesEuropeanwayoflifeisbetterbecauseitdoesnotattachtoomuchimportanceonmaterials.Americanwayoflifeisbetterbecauseitcanhelppeopletogettheirlife，spinnacle.neitherofthetwowaysoflifeisgood.参考答案：A答案解析：[A]作者从不同的方面说明美国与欧洲的生活方式各有优点。[1]Thecomplexityofthecigarette，songoingdevastationtopublichealthinAmericasometimesappearsoverwhelmingbecauseofitsintermeshingofhumanfrailtieswiththeexistenceofadominantindustryandmanysub-industrieswhichseemcommittedtoservingtheneedsofthathumanfrailty,nomatterwhatthecost.However,thereareanumberofspecificcoursesthiscountrycouldtaketobegintocopewiththisnationalhealthdisaster.Firstandforemost,beforeweasacountrycanbeginaplanofactiontodealwiththecigarette,wemustfaceuptotheenormityoftheproblemthatcigarettesnowpose.[2]Wehavetocastasidethatsenseofresignationtocigarettesanddeathandrecognizecigarettesforwhattheyare-auniqueproblemthatmeritsauniquesolution.Onemightinitiallybetemptedtoarguethatcigarettesarenotanydifferentfromalcoholorevenfood；thatanythingcanbeoverusedtothepointofbecomingahealththreat.Actually,unlikeotherformsoflegalrecreationsuchasalcoholconsumption,thereis,forallpracticalpurposes,noknownsafelevelofuseforcigarettesoranyknownhealthbenefit.Whiletherearethosewhoabusealcohol,eitherbydrinkingtothepointitisphysicallydamagingorcombiningdrinkingwithdrivinganautomobile,themajorityofpeoplewhousealcoholconsumeitatlevelsthatareharmless.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofsmokers,however,smokeatlevelswhicharedefinitelydetrimentaltohealth.Duetotheiraddictivenature,itisforallpracticalpurposesnotpossibletosmokea^safe^numberofcigarettesperday.Indeed,alcoholmayoffersomehealthbenefits.Recently,numberofinvestigatorshaveshownthatmoderateconsumptionofalcohol“oneortwodrinksaday”mayoffersomeprotectionagainstcoronaryheartdiseasebycontributingtotheelevationofhighdensitylipoproteins.Letus,asacountry,makeapolicydecisiononewayoranotheroncigarettes.[3]GivenourexperienceswithProhibitioninthe1920's,agovernmentattempttodenyaccesstoacommoditythatpeoplewant,theoutlawingofcigarettesseemslikeanunrealisticoption.However,wecanremoveourheadsfromthesandandfacetheultimatequestion：Aretheeconomicbenefitsofcigarettesimportantenoughtothiscountrythattheyjustifytheprematuredeathsof400,000Americanseachyear?Smokingcoststhenationabout$11billionsindirectmedicalexpensesand$36billionsinlostproductivityduetoillnessandprematuredeatheachyear.Cigarettesmokerspayonly$7billionsannuallyinexcisetaxes,however,and,evenwiththetobaccoindustry，sdirectcontributionstotheeconomy(about$22billionsperyear),westillcomeupshort.(442words)intermesh［v.］迎合，适合frailty［n.］薄弱，虚弱，弱点［同义］weakness,feebleness,infirmitypose［n.］姿势，姿态merit［v.］应获得(某事物)，值得［同义］deserve,incurbeoverusedto… 被滥用于…第26题：Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatthepublicshowsgreatconcernovercigarettessmoking.Americaisinaratheruniquepositiontodealwiththecigarettedisaster.manypeoplereconcilethemselvestothedamagingeffectsofcigarettes.cigarettessmokingisdetrimentaltohealth.参考答案：c答案解析：参考译文 在美国，吸烟对公众健康的危害的复杂性有时候显得压倒一切，因为这个问题将人类的弱点和占主导地位的工业和许多致力于满足人类这种弱点、且不顾其代价的子工业联系在一起。然而在这个国家，还是有许多方法可以选择，以应付这个全国性的健康灾难。 首先，作为一个国家，在我们制定一项解决烟草问题的行动计划之前，我们必须正视香烟给我们带来的问题的严重性。我们必须抛开对香烟和死亡听之任之的观念，正确认识吸烟问题——这是一个独特的问题，需要用独特的方法来解决。 起初人们可能倾向于认为香烟跟酒、甚至跟食物没有什么区别，认为任何东西用多了都会危及健康。事实上，香烟与酒等消遣或休养方式是极为不同的。尽管人们怀着许多实用的目的使用香烟，但到目前为止它的使用没有已知的安全限度或益处。尽管有些人酗酒、因酒危及健康或酒后驾车，但大多数人饮酒不会达到危及健康的水平。然而多数吸烟者却会达到危及生命的程度。由于吸烟可以上瘾，所有每天只抽符合安全数量的烟以求实用的做法都是不可能的。事实上，酒却可以带来一些益处。调查表明，每天应用适量饮酒有助提高脂蛋白的浓度，从而可以预防冠心病。 作为一个国家，让我们以某种方式制定一些针对香烟的决议吧。如果效法20世纪20年代的禁酒令，政府试图剥夺人们想要的日用品，宣布香烟为非法商品似乎是不切实际的选择。然而我们能抛开表面问题，正视终极的问题：对这个国家来说，香烟带来的经济利益真的物有所值吗？它能抵得上每年400,000美国人的早逝吗？抽烟使国家每年花费约110亿美元的直接的医疗费，并因为疾病和早逝，每年造成的劳动力损失达360亿美元。虽然抽烟者每年缴纳约70亿美元的商品税，即使把烟草业对经济的直接纳税额（大约每年220亿美元）加起来，我们还是赔本。参见第二段第二句：Wehavetocastasidethatsenseofresignationtocigarettesanddeathandrecognizecigarttesforwhattheyare-auniqueproblemthatmeritsauniquesolution,resignation此处意为：theactofcalmlyacceptingasituationthatcannotbechangedthoughitisunpleasant(听任，听从)，与resignoneselfto近义。第27题：Unlikealcoholconsumption,smokingcigarettesseldomcausesautomobileaccidents.cigarettesoffernohealthbenefits.C.thesafelevelofuseforcigarettesismuchhigher.D.smokingisaddictive.参考答案：B答案解析：［答案］［B］最新研究发现，适量饮酒有益于健康，可以预防冠心病。与喝酒不同的是，吸烟对健康无任何益处。［A］没有根据；吸烟无明确的“安全水准”，否定选择项［C］；无论吸烟、喝酒都可能成瘾，所以选择项［D］不正确。第28题:Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor，sopinionaboutthecigarettes?A.Thebestoptiontosolvethisproblemistocompletelystoptobaccoindustrybymakingitillegal.B.It，snecessarytoconsidertheproblemoncigarettes,butitssignificanceisoverestimated.C・It'surgenttomakeapolicydecisiononcigarettes:economicbenefitsofcigarettesshouldbeoverlookedconsideringthedevastatingeffectsofsmoking.D.Smokingshouldbebannedinpublic.参考答案：c答案解析：［答案］［C］作者指出，吸烟带来的危害远高于烟草工业的经济利润，解决吸烟问题已成当务之急。第29题：Whatdoesuremoveourheadsfromthesand”(Line4,Paragraph4)mean?Donotavoidfacingsomedifficulty.Thinkseriouslyabout.Bepreparedto.Examineone，sownreaction.参考答案：A答案解析：removeourheadsfromthesand,此处意为：不自欺欺人，不逃避困难。第30题:Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?Cigarette,AlcoholandFood.CigaretteandCigaretteSmokers.Cigarette：NationalHealthDisaster.TheCigaretteIndustry：AMultibillionIndustry.参考答案：C答案解析：[答案][C]该题为全文主旨题，需要概括全文的中心思想。本文主要讲述了香烟给人们健康带来的危害，因此，[C]作题目最合适。AdisputeoverproposedcommercialdevelopmentatthefootofMountHopkinsinsouthernArizonathreatenstoendyearsofpeacefulcoexistencebetweenastronomersandlanddevelopersinthestate.Astronomershaveopposedtheproject,fearingthatlightpollutionwilldegradeviewingconditionsattheWhippleObservatory,theMultipleMirrorTelescope(MMT)andotherfacilitiesinthemountain.FairfieldHomes,adeveloperbasedinGreenValley,Arizona,wantstoexpandplansforlowdensityhousingtoincludecommercialdevelopment.Ithasthreatenedastronomerswithalawsuitiftheycontinuetospeakoutagainsttheproject.Fairfield'sapplicationforcommercialdevelopmentonthe5200-acreCanoaRanchsite20milessouthofTucsonwasscheduledtogobeforealocalboardofsupervisorsatapublichearingthisweek.InalettersenttwodaysbeforeChristmas,FrankCassidy,anattorneyforFairfield,accusedastronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinstitutionsoflobbyingagainsttheproject“undertheguiseofprovidingscientificinformation,,.Cassidyclaimedthat,becausetheSmithsonianInstitutionobservatoriesarepubliclyowned,interferingwithFairfield，s$900milliondevelopmentcouldamounttoagovernment“taking“ofprivateproperty,forwhichopponentsoftheprojectwouldbeliable.Cassidy，sletterthreatenedtheinstitutionsaswellasindividuals—includingRobertFirshneroftheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysicsandMMTobservatorydirectorCraigFoltz-withaappropriatelegalaction“unlesstheystoppedtheir“lobbying”againsttheCanoaRanoaRanchapplication.Hisestimateswereinsomecasessixtoseventimeshigherthanthedeveloper，s,basedondifferentassumptionsaboutthetypesandamountofcommerciallotsthatwouldproduce.FrankThomson,aplanningconsultanttoFairfield,sayshisclientissensitivetoastronomers，worries,andiscommittedtoproducingnomorelightpollutionthanwouldresultfromthealreadyapprovedplanfor1200homes.ButLuginbuhlandotherastronomerssayverbalpromisescountforlittle.［3］Theissuewillundoubtedlycomeuplaterthisyearwhenacommitteerepresentingbothastronomersanddevelopers,cochairedbyDonDavisoftheTucsonPlanetaryScienceInstitute,takesupthematterofrevisedlightingcodesfortheTucsonarea,whichalsohavebeenrevisedseveraltimessincebeingestablishedin1972.Thomsonsaysitis“unfortunate”thattensionshaveescalatedoverCanoaRanchaftermorethan10yearsofastronomersanddevelopersworkingouttheirdifferencesinafriendlierway.ButastronomerswererankledbywhatSmithsonianattorneyJamesWilsoncallsCassidy's"inappropriateattempttointimidatev,andwhataTucsonnewspapertermed“Fairfield's"crudethreat.(413words)coexistence［n.］共处，共存attorney ［n.］代理人，代理权［同义］agent,factor,proxy,deputylobby ［n.］游说议员的团体cochair ［v.］联合担任…的主席escalate ［v.］使某事物逐步增长、发展rankle ［v.］使痛苦不已，使悔恨不已［同义］beembittered,becomemorebitterastronomer ［n.］天文学家第31题：Forthepastdecade,astronomersandlanddevelopersinthestateworkedouttheirdifferencesinahostileway.usedtosharethesameinterests.triedtosettlecontrovesialproblemsinapeacefulway.werebothindifferenttotheenvironmentalproblems.参考答案：c答窠解析：参考译文 在亚利桑那南部的霍普金斯山脚下修建商业开发区的提议引发了一场争论。这威胁到了天文工作者和土地开发商数年来相安无事的生活。天文工作者反对这个项目，担心光污染会恶化山中惠普尔天文台、多镜面天文望远镜(MMT)和其他设施的观察环境。 总部位于亚利桑那绿谷中的一家开发商FairfieldHomes打算扩大低密度建房计划，以包含商业性开发区。他们威胁说，如果天文工作者继续反对这一计划，他们将面临法律诉讼。因为这家开发商在图森(Tucson)以南20英里处的面积为5200英亩的Canoa牧场进行商业性开发的申请已被列入由当地管理者组成的听审组本周的公众听审日程。 土地开发公司的律师FrankCassidy在圣诞节前两天发出的一封信里谴责惠普尔天文台和其他机构的天文学者“在以提供科学信息的伪装下”游说反对其公司的房地产开发工程。 这位律师称，由于Smithsonian天文台是公有机构，干扰其公司9亿美元的房地产开发等于政府“侵占”私人财产，此项工程的反对者应负有责任。 他的信不但威胁到了天文工作机构，而且威胁到了个人一一包括Harvard-Smithsonian天体物理学中心和MMT天文台主任CraigFoltz一一要对他们采取“适当的法律行动”，除非停止反对提议的游说活动。并且他的估算要比房产商的估算高出6到7倍，因为他的估计是以对该商业点可能生产的商品的种类及数量的不同的设想为依据的。 房产商的一名规划顾问FrankThompson称，他们的顾客对天文学家的顾虑非常关心，并承诺不会产生超过已被批准的建造1200个住宅工程所产生的光污染的数量大。然而Luginbuhl和其他天文学家说，口头允诺毫无用处。 毫无疑问，有关此项工程的问题将于今年晚些时候再次提出；到那时，一个由图森行星科学协会的DonDavid担任联合委员会的主席、代表天文学家和开发商两个方面利益的委员会，将着手处理有关重新修订后的图森地区照明标准事项，这些标准自1972年制定以来已经进行过多次修改。Thompson说，天文工作者和房产商们花了10年时间，试图以友好的方式消除对于Canoa牧场事件的分歧，“遗憾”的是紧张正在加剧。但天文学家们却被那位Smithsonian律师JamesWilson所说的Cassidy的“不正当恐吓企图”和一家图森报纸所说的“残忍的威胁”所激怒。根据文章第一段的内容可知，一项关于计划在亚利桑那州南部的Hopkins山脚下进行商业开发的提议所引发的争论预示着多年来在这个州天文学家和土地发展商和平共处的局面即将结束。第32题：InalettersenttwodaysbeforeChristmas,FrankCassidymadeitclearthatthestategovernmentwasattemptingtotakeFairfieldHomes，privateproperty.theopponentstotheirprojectwouldbepunishedbylaw.astronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinsititutionshadbeentakingimproperactionsagainsttheirdevelopmentprojects.astronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinstiutionshadthreatenedtotakeFairfieldHomes，privateproperty.参考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］参考本文第四、五段第33题:TheastronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryinsistedthatFairfieldchangetheplantoanoncommercialoneFairfield，sverbalpromisescouldnotguaranteehisfutureaction.C・Fairfield'sprojectwouldresultindevastatingairpollution.D.Fairfieldexpandhishousingplanstootherareas.参考答案：B答案解析：［答案］［B］参见文章倒数第二段：ButLuginbuhlandotherastronomerssayverbalpromisescountforlittle,可知，Luginbuhl等天文学家坚持认为口头允诺算不了什么。第34题:AstronomerswereannoyedbythebitterdisputeoverFairfield，sproposedcommercialdevelopment.thepossiblefeatureofpollutioninatthefootofMountHopkins.Fairfield*s^inappropriateattempttointimidate".thecommittee，sdecisionofrevisinglightingcodesfortheTucsonarea.参考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］参见文章最后一句话。第35题:Inwritingthistexttheauthor，stonemaymostprobablybeindifferent.surprised.objective.biased.参考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］该题为语气推断题。本文作者是在客观报道天文学家和土地开发商之间的争议，作者并没有发表对该争议的评论，属客观报道，不存在偏袒某一方的问题。FoodsareoverwhelminglythemostadvertisedgroupofallconsumerproductsintheUnitedStates.Foodproductsleadinexpendituresfornetworkandspottelevisionadvertisements,discountcoupons,tradingstamps,contests,andotherformsofpremiumadvertising.Inothermedia—newspapers,magazines,newspapersupplements,billboards,andradio—foodadvertisingexpendituresranknearthetop.Foodmanufacturersspendmoreonadvertisingthananyothermanufacturinggroup,andthenation，sgrocerystoresrankfirstamongallretailers.Throughthe1970,s,highlyprocessedfoodshaveaccountedforthebulkoftotaladvertising.Almostallcoupons,electronicadvertising,nationalprintedmediaadvertising,consumerpremiums(otherthantradingstamps)aswellasmostpushpromotioncomefromprocessedandpackagedfoodproducts.In1978,breakfastcereals,softdrinks,candyandotherdesserts,oilsandsaladdressings,coffee,andpreparedfoodsaccountedforonlyanestimated20percentoftheconsumerfooddollar.Yettheseitemsaccountedforaboutonehalfofallmediaadvertising.Bycontrast,highlyperishablefoodssuchasunprocessedmeats,poultry,fishandeggs,fruitsandvegetables,anddiaryproductsaccounted,foroverhalfoftheconsumerfood-at-homedollar.Yettheseproductsaccountedforlessthan8percentofnationalmediaadvertisingin1978,andvirtuallynodiscountcoupons.Theseproductstendtobemostheavilyadvertisedbytheretailsectorinlocalnewspaper,wheretheyaccountforanestimated40percentofretailgrocerynewspaperads.Whenmeasuredagainsttotalfood-at-homeexpenditures,totalmeasuredfoodadvertisingaccountsforbetween3and3.7centsoutofeverydollarspentonfoodinthenation，sgrocerystores.Alittlelessthanonecentoftheseamountsisaccountedforbyelectronicadvertising(mostlytelevision)whileincentivesaccountfor0.6cents.Theprintedmediaaccountsfor0.5centsandaboutone-thirdofonecentiscomprisedofdiscountcouponredemptions.Theestimateforthecostofpushpromotionrangedfrom0.7to1.4cents.Thisrangeisnecessarybecauseofthedifficultyinseparatingnon-promotionalaspectsofdirectselling—transportation,technical,andotherrelatedservices.Againstthisgrossconsumermustbeweighedthejointproductsorservicesprovidedbyadvertising.Inthecaseofelectronicadvertising,theconsumerwhoviewscommercialtelevisionreceivesentertainment,whilereadersofmagazinesandnewspapersreceivereducedpricesonthesepublications.Theconsumerpaysdirectlyforsomepremiums,butalsoreceivesnonfoodmerchandiseasanincentivetopurchasetheproduct.The“benefits"must,therefore,besubtractedformthegrosscosttotheconsumertofullyassessthenetcostofadvertising.Alsosignificantaretheimpactsofadvertisingonfooddemand,nutrition,andcompetitionamongfoodmanufactures.Thebulkofmanufacturers，advertisingisconcentratedonasmallportionofconsumerfoodproducts.Hasadvertisingchangedtheconsumptionofthesehighlyprocessedproductsrelativetomoreperishablefoodssuchasmeats,produce,anddairyproducts?HasthenutritionalcontentoftheU.S.foodconsumptionbeeninfluencedbyfoodadvertisings?Hascompetitionamongmanufacturersandretailersbeenenhanceorweakenedbyadvertising?Theseareimportantquestionsandwarrantcontinuedresearch.第36题：Theauthor1sattitudetowardadvertisingcanbecharacterizedasadmiringcondemninguncertaininquisitive参考答案：D答案解析：文章大意：美国食品行业是花广告费最多的一个行业，广告费在食品花费中占了一定比例，而广告对消费者又有有利影响。［D］理解全篇及最后一段连续几个问题，可以看出作者用的所一种探究的态度。第37题：Theterm“pushpromotion,,(L.3,P.2)means.couponredemptionretailadvertisingC.directsellingD.advertisingintradejournals参考答案：C答案解析：(C)由第四段最后一句话可知。第38题:Theauthorimpliesthatadvertisingcosts.shouldbediscountedbythebenefitsofadvertisingtotheconsumer.aregreaterforrestaurantsthanforathomefoodsaremuchhigherintheUnitedStatedthananywhereelseintheworldcausehighlyprocessedfoodstooutsellunprocessedoutsellfoods参考答案：A答案解析：［A］见难句解析2第39题:ThepurposeofthearticleistoA.warmaboutrisingfoodadvertisingcosts.B.describethecostsoffoodadvertisingandtheissuesyettobeunderstoodaboutitseffects.congratulatethefoodindustryonitseffectiveadvertising.calculatethefinalbalancesheetforfoodadvertising.参考答案：B答案解析：［B］参照文章大意第40题：Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaredefinitelyfalseEXCEPTA.morefoodisadvertisedinnewspapersthanontelevision.lessmoneyisspentadvertisingfoodthanautomobiles.moreofthefoodadvertisingbudgetisprobablyspentonpushpromotionthanontelevisionads.lessmoneyisspentonfoodstoreadvertisingthanonclothingstoreads.参考答案：C答案解析：【C】读清题目中definitelyfalse,A与文章中信息相反,B,D没有提到,C中onpushpromotion.花费0.7至（J1.4美分,而ontelevision贝！jlessthanonecent所以可能是也可能不是，符合题意。选择第41题：AtfirstBobwaspuzzledbyVirginia，swaving,butthenithismindthatshewastryingtotellhimsomething.A.crossedB.passedC.occurredD.opened参考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A.crossed［注释］crossone，smind想起：1）Asuddenthoughtcrossedmymind.2）Itnevercrossedmymindthathemightrefusetherequest.（我从来没有想到他可能会拒绝这个请求。）如用pass则应加through,例如：WhenJanedidnotcomehomebymidnight,manyterriblefearspassedthroughMother，smind.（二MotherthoughtofmanythingsthatmighthavehappenedtoJane.）occur的用法如下：1）Thatviewofthecasedidnotoccurtomebefore.（对这个案件的那种看法以前我没有想到过。）2）Itoccurredtoherthatshemightadoptaho