考研英语导学

Whetheranatheistoracreationist,themostresearchedargumentswillinclinetowardsthesameconclusion:peopleareinherentlyevil.1CreationistswhohingetheexistenceofmanonthestoryastoldbyMosesinthebookofGenesismustunderstandthat,asbackedbythesamebook,Godcreatedbothgoodandevil.Iftheaccountofcreationistobebelieved,thenthecreationofevilisalsotobebelievedasapremeditateddesignofthecreator.Evilcanthenbesaidascreatedtoexistwiththeothercreations.WhenAdamandEveoccupiedtheGardenofEden,theyonlyhadtochoosebetweenlivinginobedienceordisobedience.Inthisparticularcase,obediencecanbesaidtobegoodwhiledisobedienceisevil.IfGodknowseverything,thenhecouldbesaidtoknowthatAdamandEvewoulddisobey.Whythendidhenotremovetheevilpartsotheycouldliveinobedienceforever?Theanswerissimple:Man'sevilpartishisfreewill.Stoppingamanfrombeinginherentlyevilisthesameasimprisoningtheman.Thelevelofthisimprisonmentdoesvary.Mandidnotbecomeevilaftereatingtheforbiddenfruit.No,hewasevilrightfromthedust.Man'sfreewillishistendencytochooseevilwhenawareoftheexistenceandconsequencesofbothgoodandevil.Whatmakesamanchoosegoodaheadofevilisnothisfreewillbutthingsthataimtocheckhisfreewill.1Theseincludemorals,laws,religionetc.Fromthecreationistangle,allpeopleareinherentlyevil.Fromtheatheist'sangle,thewellresearchedconclusionremainsthesame.Inthefirstplace,nothingcanbemoreevilthanchanceandevolution.Inthiscase,survivaldependsontheeliminationoftheunfitforthefittosurvive.Inanevolutionarysocietythatisnotevil,boththefitandtheunfitwillhavethesamerightsandanequalchancetosurvive.Butthisisnotso.Everyinclinationoftheevolutionaryman,whetherconsciousorunconscious,isdesignedtobeathisfellowmaninthesurvivalgame.Whatcanbemoreevilthanthis?Isitrobbery,murder,war,genocideorrape?None.Theyarealltheunpalatablechildrenoftheevolutionarymama.Theneedtosurvivegivesbirthtothemall.Allpeopleareinherentlyevil.Ifiamnotevil,thenihaven'tfacedthechallengetosurviveinanevilway.Creationismholdsthat.evilexistsineverypersonasanaturalattributeman'sevilpartwaselaboratelydesignedbyGodhumanbeingswerecreatedtoexistbythecreatorgoodandevilwerecreatedsimultaneouslybyGodTheauthorchallengesthenotionthat.AdamandEvelivedintheGardenofEdenAdamandEvechosetoliveindisobediencemaleandfemaleweresimultaneouscreationeviloriginatedfromeatingtheforbiddenfruitTheauthorarguesthatgood.wasproducedtogetherwithevilbyGodresultsfromtheconstraintonfreechoiceacharacteristiceverypersonisbornwithiswhateveryhumanbeingpursuesinlifeTheauthorarguesfromtheatheist'sanglethat.theexistenceofGodisoutofthequestionourdestinydependsonchanceandevolutiontoeliminatetheunfitforthefitisundesirabletheinclinationtowinthesurvivalgameisevilTheauthorprimarilyintendstoshowthat.allmenarebornwithanevilqualitytheneedtosurvivebringsaboutevilallmenandwomenarecreatedequalbothchanceandevolutionareimmoralTheeffectsofmediaonAmericansocietygohand-in-handwiththeindividualAmerican'smoraldutytoinformthemselvesandresponsiblyconsumethemedia.1Onephilosopher,CarloFilice,arguesthatasAmericanswe,bydefinition,arelivinginprosperity.Duetoourprosperousstatesitisourmoralobligationtohelpthosenotasfortunateasourselves.Filicearguesfurtherthat,sinceitiseasytoturnablindeyetowhatwedonotknowabout,itisourmoralobligationtoremaininformedregardinginternationalnews,atrocities,anddevelopments.rFiliceassertsthatwehaveawealthofinformationliterallyatourfingertipsviatheInternet,television,newspapers,radioandnewsmagazines.Throughmystudyofcommunications,themassmediaanditseffectsItendtodifferwithFilice.IthinkthathistrustinthemediaismisplacedandIderivethatopinionfromstudyingtheagenda-settingtheory.:Theagenda-settingaspectofmassmediaisnotdifficulttorecognize.EvenbywatchingtheCBSandNBCEveningNewsprogramsonceforourassignmentinthisclasstheagendaofthemediawasobvious.IwouldliketohearamediaeffectsscholarchallengeFilice,especiallyconsideringthatheischarginghisreaderstoreorganizetheirlivesinordertoobtainthisknowledge.OrperhapsFiliceisright?Istheinformationpresentedbythemediacorrectenoughthatapersoncouldconfidentlysendaid(money,food,manpower)toacountryportrayedasinneed?MaybeI'mjustacynicandoverlypessimisticinregardtomediaoperations.Thatisapossibility,butIthinkit'smuchmorepossiblethattheagenda-settingtheoryisaliveandwellandisshapingthemindsofaudiencesasItypethis.IbetevenFiliceisimpacted.IthinkthatreadingFilice'sargumentmademerealizehowblindmostpeoplearetoagenda-setting.Hewassingingthepraisesoftheavailabilityofknowledgethatthepublicdoesn'ttakeadvantageof.Meanwhile,inthisclass,Iamlearningabouthowthemassmediaeasilyshapestheaudience'sprioritiestofittheircorporateagendas.IagreewithFiliceinthatmostAmericans(myselfincluded!)areshamefullyillinformed.Mydisagreementwithhim,however,wasjustthatitcouldbedifficulttoobtainunbiasedinformationaboutmuchofanything,muchlessinternationaleconomiesandgovernments.WeAmericansneedtobemoreinformedand(toagreewithFiliceagain)weneedtohelpthosewhoaresomuchlessfortunatethanourselvesinothercountries.Canwedothatwithinformationprovidedbythemassmedia?Asaresultofmyexposuretotheagenda-settingtheoryI'mnotsosure.CarloFilicearguesthatAmericansshould.makefulluseofvariousformsofmediabewellinformedaboutinternationalaffairsacquireinformationbymeansofmultimediahelplessfortunatepeopleconsumethemediaTheauthorsuggeststhat.theCBSandNBCprogramsarebeyondbeliefthemassmediahelpusbecomewellinformedtheinformationwegetfromthemediaisbiasedthemediaissomewhat