下午分部英语二小班课录音及课件-阅读补充2详解

TextOne“Natureisn’tclassical,dammit,andifyouwanttomakeasimulationofnatureyou’dbettermakeitquantummechanical,andbygolly,it’sawonderfulproblembecauseitdoesn’tlookeasy.”Withthosewords,in1981,RichardFeynman,anAmericanphysicist,introducedtheideathat,byharnessingquantummechanics,itmightbepossibletobuildanewkindofcomputer,capableoftacklingproblemsthatwouldcausearun-of-the-millmachinetochoke.Feynmanwasright:ithasnotbeeneasy.Overthepastfourdecadesquantumcomputershaveslowlyevolvedfromsquigglesontheoreticians’blackboardstosmallmachinesinuniversitylaboratoriestoresearchprojectsrunbysomeoftheworld’sbiggestcompanies.Nowoneofthosemachines,builtbyresearchersat,hasatlastshownwhatallthefussisabout.Itappearstohaveperformed,injustoverthreeminutes,ataskthat,theresearchersestimate,theworld’smostpowerfulclassical puterwouldtakearound10,000yearstocomplete.’smachineisaspecial-purposedevicethatwasdesignedtosolveacontrivedproblemwithfewpracticaluses.Butthisdisplayofso-called“quantumsupremacy”isnonethelessatone.Whatmightquantumcomputingactuallybeusedfor?Thatquestionisobscuredbythepilesofmoneyandhyperbolethatsurroundit.Alongwith5GandAI,itisoneofthetechnologiesthats,ofbothcountriesandcompanies,lovetocite.ChinaandAmericahavepledgedtoinvestbillionsofdollarsinit.Thereisexcitedtalkofarace,andoftherichesandpowerthatawaitthetoseizethe“HolyGrailofcomputing”.Despitethebreathlessness,quantumcomputersarenotmagical.Arichbodyoftheoreticalworkprovesthattheywillbepotent,butlimited.Forallthetalkofsupremacy,quantumcomputersarenotsuperiorineveryregardtotheirclassicalcousins.Indeedformanytaskstheywillofferlittleimprovement.Yetforsomeproblems—butonlysome—cleverprogrammersormathematicianscancreatealgorithmsthatexploitthemachines’quantumcapabilities.Inthosespecialcases,quantumcomputersofferhugegains,crunchingtasksthatwouldotherwisetakeyearsormillenniadowntominutesorseconds.Severalofthesealgorithmshavebeendeveloped.Theyofferaglimpseofwherequantumcomputersmightexcel.Inencryption,forexample,aquantummachinecouldquicklyuntanglethecomplexmathsthatunderliesmuchofthescramblingthatprotectsinformationonline.Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputers,inotherwords,isoneinwhichunravels.Techfirmsandernmentsareinvestigatingnewfoundationsforencryptionthatarenotknowntobesusceptibletoquantumcomputers.Butdeployingthemwillbetheworkofdecades.AsFeynmanpointedout,classicalcomputersstruggletosimulatethequantum-mechanicalprocessesthatunderpinphysicsandchemistry.Quantumcomputerscoulddosowithaplomb,ausefultrickfordeveloeverythingfrompharmaceuticalstopetrochemicals.Theirabilitytosolveoptimisationproblemscouldhelpfinancialfirmsimprovetheirtradingalgorithms.Artificial-inligenceresearchershopethatquantumcomputerscouldofferaboosttotheiralgorithms,too.Fornow,though,allthatliesinthefuture.’smachineisbestthoughtofasaSputnikmoment.Byitself,SputnikdidnothingbutorbitEarthwhilebee.Butitprovedaconcept,andgrabbedtheworld’sattention.’s plishmentisoneintheeyefor putingsceptics.Itstronglysuggeststhepromiseofquantumtechnologycanberealisedinpracticeaswellastheory.Anditwilldrawevenmoremoneyandattentiontoared-hotfield.Agreatdealofengineeringworkremainsbeforequantumcomputerscanbeusedforreal-worldtasks.Butthatdayhassuddenlygotcloser.■自然界并不像经典物理学描述的那样，真见鬼。要想模拟自然，最好用量子力学。天哪，这真是一道太的题，因为一看就不容易。1981年，物理学家理查德·费曼（ichrdFynman）量子力学，也许能打造出一种新型计算机，解决普通计算机可能无力应对的问40黑板上的潦草曲线发展到大学里的小机器，再演变成世界上一些最大公司的研究项目。张的所掩盖。与5G和人工智能一样，量子计算也被国家首脑和企业大佬 。界里，今天的大部分措施都会被攻破。科技公司和各国正在研Para1用RichardFeynmanPara2谷歌制造出了世界最强大的经典超级计算机（theworld’smostpowerfulclassicalsupercomputerbuiltbyresearchersat）Para3Para4Para56（如加密技术encryption;模拟物理和化学基础的量子力学Para7hype/haip/noun,hypesbup挤满;塞满bechokedwithfuss/noun,[U,ItwasallafussaboutStevekicksupafusseverytimeIevensuggestseeingtone/1·重要事件；重要阶段；转折点；里程碑2.·obscureRecentsuccesseshaveobscuredthefactthatthecompanyisstillintrouble.近来的成功遮蔽使朦胧使听不清Theviewwasobscuredbymist.alongwithsb/·inadditiontosb/sth;inthesamewayassb/Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,alongwithhundredsofcouplesthwithsth〔某物〕加上〔某物〕把...与...combinewithsth使)togetherwithsth包括…在内;加之；和；连同；同…pairupwithsb使（两人）结组工作teamupwithsb与..组队，与...协作alongsidesth与...一起，同时breathlessThelongclimbleftJanfeelingbreathless.攀爬了那么长时间使简感到喘不来[+withTheywaitedbreathlesswithanticipation.Hisnoveldrewbreathlesssuperlativesfromcritics.他的第一部小说赢得书评家的交atabreathlesspacespeedextremelyfastthebreathlessheatofamidsummernightinRome—breathlessly—breathlessnessnounexcel/verbexcelled,excelling精通，擅长远胜他人[+at/inRickhasalwaysexcelledatforeignlanguages.excelyourselfGrahamhasexcelledhimselfwiththenewexhibition.格雷厄姆这次新的展出办得特别成untangle/verbTheresearchattemptstountanglesomeoftheseissues.这项研究试图理清其中的一些问unravel/verbunravelled,理解解释，阐明Detectivesarestilltryingtounravelthemysterysurroundinghisdeath.们仍在试图解开他的之谜。〔系统、计划、组织等〕，Thecompanystartedtounravelwhentwoofthedirectorswerearrested.两位董事以susceptible(~to)易得病的易受影响的immunesusceptibleofsthunderpinned,underpinningAmerica'swealthisunderpinnedbyaglobalsystemwhichexploitstheworld'spoor.—underpinningnoun;theonebasicprinciplethatunderliesalloftheparty'spolicies贯穿该党各项政策的一个chokesthbackchokesth'off；制止；限制;打断；停止；终chokeout|chokeoutsth因感情激动而)哽咽着说，哽咽地说出某事makeasimulationof=simulate模拟harnessquantummechanicsquantumsupremacyrun-of-the-'millordinaryadjectivemakeafusskickupafussaboutsth)（因某事）大吵大闹;（因某事）大惊小怪makeafussofsb/sth对/某事物关爱备至fussoversb/sth对/某事物过于体贴（关心exploitthemachinesquantumcapabilitiesofferhugegainsget/offeraglimpseofmuchoftoday’scyber-security今天大部分的措Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputersgrabdrawtheworld’sattentionchokesth'off；制止；限制;打断；停止；终chokeout|chokeoutsth因感情激动而)哽咽着说，哽咽地说出某事makeasimulationof=simulate模拟harnessquantummechanicsquantumsupremacyrun-of-the-'millordinaryadjectivemakeafusskickupafussaboutsth)（因某事）大吵大闹;（因某事）大惊小怪makeafussofsb/sth对/某事物关爱备至fussoversb/sth对/某事物过于体贴（关心exploitthemachinesquantumcapabilitiesofferhugegainsget/offeraglimpseofmuchoftoday’scyber-security今天大部分的措Aworldwithpowerfulquantumcomputersgrab/drawtheworld’sattentionEveryfiveyearstheappointmentofanewteamattheEuropeanCommissionisachancetosteertheEuropeanUnion(EU)inafreshdirection.OnSeptember10thUrsulavonderLeyen,the ingboss,setoutherpriorities:managingthetransitionfromfossilfuels,extradollopsofAmericanbig-techbashingand“upgradingouruniquesocialmarket欧盟每五年一次的都是引导欧盟朝着新方向发展的机遇。9月10日，即将上任欧盟的乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩（UrsulavonderLeyen）提出了自己的工作重点：逐步淘Thetwoatleasthavethebenefitofbeingclear.Ontheeconomy,however,Europeneedsalotmorethanblather.Inthepastdecadethetrendofeconomicintegrationthatdefinedpost-warEuropehasgonebackwards.The“singlemarket”,oncebreathtakinginitsambitiontoeliminateallinternalEUbarriersforgoods,services,capitalandpeople,hasfailedtokeepupwiththeeconomiesitwastryingtoshape.IfEuropewantstocreateprosperityandworld-beatingfirms,itneedsnotjusttoreinvigoratethesinglemarket,butalsotorediscoverthatoriginalvisioninneglectedareasoftradesuchasservices.立了战后欧洲格局的经济趋势已经。“单一市场”想要消除欧盟对商品、服务、资本和的所有壁垒，这样的抱负一度震撼人心。但的进程未能跟上它试图Thesinglemarketstillmatters—lookatthemessBritainfindsitselfinasittriestoextricateitselffromtheEU.ButapolicyoriginallydevisedtobreakdowntradebarriersintheeraofcoalandsteelhasnotadaptedfastenoughtotheeraofbitsandlikesInthepastdecadeEurope’sbankshaveretrenchedtotheirhomemarketsanditsfirmshaveshiftedtheirenergiestoexpandingoutsidetheEU.Asaresult,Europestilllookslikeaseriesofmid-sizedeconomiespatchedtogethernotasinglerivaltoChinaandAmerica.煤炭和钢铁的时代打破贸易壁垒的政策没能迅速适应数字和社交的时代。过去十年中，看起来仍像是多个中型经济体拼凑在一起，而不是一个能与中国和竞争的单一经济体。Thatisonereasonwhy,evenascentralbankersadministeradrip-feedofmonetaryadrenalin,Europe’seconomyislosinggroundtoglobalrivals.Itrisks ingabusinessbackwater.Adecadeagotenoftheworld’s40largestlistedfirmsbymarketvaluewerebasedintheEU;nowonlytwoare—in32ndand36thplace.DesperayfewoftheworldsleadingstartupsareEuropean算，全球40家最大的上市公司中有10家总部位于欧盟，现在只有两家——分别位列第32和第36位。世界上领先的中来自欧洲的凤毛麟角。PolicymakerswhoacheattheabsenceofaEuropeantechsuccessonthescaleoforAmazonpaylipservicetotheimportanceofthesinglemarket.AndyetFranceandGermanyarguethattherealanswerisdirigisteindustrialpolicy.TheyhavecalledformergersofEuropeanfirmstocreateindustrial“champions”shieldedfromantitrustrulesandChinesecompetition.Theyshouldbeaimingtocompletethesinglemarketinstead.Afunctionalsinglemarkethelpsfirmsachieveeconomiesofscale.ItischeapertomakeaproductthathastomeetonesetofEUregulationsthantotrytofollow28differentnationalrulebooks.Stiffercompetitionfromfirmsacrossthecontinentmeansthatshoppersgetbetterandcheaperstuff.ImagineifthedozensofmobileoperatorsinEuropewerefreetopitchtheirdataplanstothosebeyondtheirnationalborders.Instead,consumershavetomakedowithhigher-charginglocaloligopolies.比起试图遵循28个国家的不同规定，按一套欧盟的要求来生产成本会更低。整个欧能忍受本地寡头的高额。Innovationspreadsfasterinaunifiedmarket,pepupproductivity.Aproperlyintegratedenergygridwouldboostthemostefficient(andgreenest)powerproducers.Bankswithloansoutacrossthecontinentavoidtroubleiftheirhomemarketfallsintorecession.Capitalmarketsonacontinentalscalecanhelpthemdistributerisksbeyondthebankingsector.Saferbanksanddeepermarketsmeancheapercapitalandfewerbail-outs.Forallthosereasons,reinvigoratingthesinglemarketoughttobeatthecentreofthedebateonhowtoboostEurope’seconomy.Itisnot.SinceherappointmenttwomonthsagoMrsvonderLeyenhasmentionedthesinglemarketonlyinpassing.Thecommissionerinchargeofthebrief,SylvieGoulardofFrance,iswellregarded,butwillhavetosplithertimebetweeninternal-marketduties,regulatingartificialinligence,andanewdefence-industryandspacebrief.鉴于以上原因，在如何促进欧洲经济的辩论中，重振单一市场应该成为议题。但实际委员西尔维·古拉德（SylvieGoulard）负责单一市场政策，她本人备受尊重，但必须在Thatmightbeunderstandableifthesinglemarketwerebeyondsaving.Infactitcanberevitalisedinthreeways.Theistoensurethatitsstatutesarefullyimplemented.Toooften,national ernmentsflouttheedictsofthesinglemarketsoastoprotectapoliticallyconnectedindustry.O age,eachEuropeancountryregulatestheworkingsofnearly200professions,makingitneedlesslytrickyforEuropeanstomovetowherethejobsare.Nowonderbitsofthecontinentstillhavedouble-digitunemployment.ThenewBrussel shouldstepupenforcementagainst thatfailtoapplytherules.求保护有政治关联的行业。平均而言，每个欧洲国家都会对近200种职业的从业进行，Thesecondwayistofocusontheeuro.Thesinglecurrencyisinsomewaysanextensionofthesinglemarket,eveniffewercountriesbelongtoit.Itwouldbemorestableifacentralfundinsuredbankdeposits.Amoresubstantialeuro-zonebudget,focusedonunemploymentinsurance,say,couldhelpintegrateeuro-zoneeconomies.Asanaddedbenefit,thiswouldalsodeepencross-borderlinks,notablybyhelbanks trulyEuropean.Here,MrsvonderLeyenhasahardertask.HernativeGermanywillseektokeepprogressglacial.成员国的数量。如果有一个基金确保银行存款的安全，市场会更稳定。例如，以失业处，就是加深联系，尤其是通过帮助银行成为真正的欧洲银行。在这方面冯德莱恩的Mostambitious（艰巨的）wouldbeafreshpushtoremovewhatstructuralbarriersremaintocrossborderEuropeantradeCollectingvalue-addedtaxinaneighbouringcountrywouldnotbesodauntingforsmallbusinessesifthelevywasstructuredinthesamewayacrossEurope,forexample.Bankswouldpitchtheirwaresmorebroadlyifbankruptcylawswereharmonised,andapropercapital-marketsunioncreated.Standardcontractsforbusinessservices(onprofessionalliability,say)wouldmakeiteasierforGermanaccountantstotoutforbusinessinItaly,orforSpanisharchitectstopitchtheirofferingsbeyondthePyrenees.最艰巨的任务将是提供新的推动力，以消除仍存在于欧洲贸易中的结构性。例如，如果欧洲各国的税率相同，那么在邻国收取就不会让小企业那么畏惧了。如果法协调一致，并建立适当的资本市场，那么银行将能更广泛地推销其产品。如Agrandbargain（谈判）ofpoliciesservinguptaxreformservicesliberalisationandamorerobusteurowouldrunintoplentyofnationalredlines.Buteachcountrywouldalsohavelotstogain.EuropeneedstoshielditselffromthefalloutaglobaltradewarmightbringItneedsavisionafterthedepartureofBritain,thesinglemarket’smostreliablechampioninBrussels—butalso,often,abrakeonambitiousprojects.Meanwhile,Britonstemptedtosaygoodriddancetothesinglemarket’sshouldreflectonhowmuchlosingaseatatthetablecouldcostthemJcqsDlors,aomrhdofheEropnomissinohmiondlosrintrion,rihlyointdotht“ooynlinoveihhelemkthreisnoinglhyotrokingbnkryrlsorxrims.BtEoe’srstconomicpjctishlfinihdbsins,yilingjsthlfhebnitsitcold.Eropehswshbvoslvesoplobostiscoomy.imeogonhisone.主张进一欧盟前雅克德洛（JcqsDlrs说得很，谁都没法爱单一市。重新订则或度没什么别夺人球的地。但欧洲非凡的；突出的；显着的[同义词 [同义词] [反义词]plural复兴信仰的奋兴引导，指导〔的行为〕steersbtowards/awayfrom/through掌管，控制;〔尤指在时期〕带领…度过:steersththrough/tosthblatherverb废话连篇—blathernounC,U激动人心的惊人的令人惊叹的—breathtakinglyadv.world-beating领先世界的;tohavegoodperfectpoorblurrednormalvision视力好/差模糊/想像；幻象drip-feed名词/1钱等)分作小量点滴给予，细水长流；gaingroundloseground秤尊敬敬佩inhighregardpayshowregard关于某事withinregardtosthflout/flaut;flaJt/verbTpitch竭力推销pitchforbusiness/contracts/customBooksellersarekeentopitchforschoolbusiness.[+toFormanycompanies,pitchingtoinvestorshas ealmostafull-timejob.对于许多公verb捍卫;Shechampionedthecauseofreligiousfreedom.她捍卫事业。yieldto放弃；缴出yieldsth/sbupto给(大的车辆)让路yieldtosb/sthtug/verb[+at/onsthJoewastuggingathersleeve.乔在拽袖子tugsthAlicewastuggingonasweater.tugatsb'sheart/heartstrings强烈触动的心/心tohavegoodperfectpoorblurrednormalvision视力好/极好/差/模糊/正常Nowonder[PHRASE短语表示找出某事的原因难怪，怪不得；YoucansayNowonder'whenyoufindoutthereasonforsomethingthathasbeenpuzzlingyouforsometime.[PHRthat]BradwasJane'sbrother!Nowonderheremindedmesomuchofreanimatesinglemarket=reinvigoratesinglemarketpatchsth↔together凑成leavethedisentangleBritainfromtheextricateitselffromtheextricatesb/yourselffromsth使摆脱;goodriddance(tosb)总算摆脱了（）〔表示庆幸走了的粗鲁说法gain.losegroundonalarge/small/grandetcscalepaylipservicetosb/sth对/某事空应，口惠而实不shieldsb/sthfromsb/sth免受pitchsthatsb/sthmakedowithpepsb/sth↔up使…更活跃（更有意思）Bewellregarded备受尊重remove/eliminatebarriers消除壁垒Breakdownbarriers打破壁垒theremovaloftradebarriersaabrakeonsth对某事物起抑制作用，遏制某事economicgrowth经济增长:Theprocessinwhichasteadylong-timegrowthinrealGDPandanimprovementinlivingstandardsareachieved.经济增长通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上，一个国家人均产出（或人均收入）economicsanction经济Discriminatoryrestrictionsorcompletebansoneconomicsexchange,designedtopunishthecountryorcountries.经济经济（economicsanctions），指一国或数国对破坏国际义务、条约和协定的国家在经济上采取的惩罚性措施。EconomicUnion经济；经济Onewhichextendsacommonmarketbyharmonizingthemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesofthemembernationsaswell.economiesofscale规模经济Thepercentreductioniagecostsachievedbyexpandingallinputsbyagivenpercentage.opportunitytodosth做某事的机会ideal/perfectopportunity理想的机会rare/uniqueopportunity难得的机会once-in-a-lifetimeopportunityampleopportunitygoldenopportunitywasted/lost/missedopportunitytake/seize/useanopportunity把握住/抓住/provide/present/openupanopportunityanopportunitycomes(along/up)机会来临anopportunityarises出现了机会takethe/thisopportunitytodosthatthe/earliestopportunity一有机会（就）atevery(possible)opportunity利用一切机会windowofopportunity难逢的机会everyfiveyearstheappointmentofanewteamsteersbinafreshdirection引导...朝着新方向setoutone’spriorities提出了...的工作重点ontheeconomy在经济方面thetrendofeconomicintegration经济趋gobackwardscreateprosperityandworld-beatingfirmsrediscoverthatoriginalvisioninareaoftheeraofbitsandlikes数字和社交的时expandoutsidetheEUadministeradrip-feedofmonetaryadrenalincompletethesinglemarketAfunctionalsinglemarketmakedowithhigher-charginglocaloligopolies忍受本地寡头的高pepupproductivityAproperlyintegratedenergygridfallintorecessiononacontinentalscaledistributerisksbeyondthebankingsectorbail-outsanewdefence-industry一个新的国防工业bitsofthecontinent欧洲大陆部分地区focusontheeuro聚焦欧元focuson‘着力于，以..重点paycloseattentionto关注givefullconsiderationto统筹o纳入makegreateffortstoensureanextensionofthesinglemarketbankdepositsacentralfund基integrateeuro-zoneeconomiesAmoresubstantialeuro-zonebudgetdeepencross-borderlinks加深联keepprogressglacial拖慢这一进程Beafreshpushto提供新的推动力toutforbusiness招徕生意TextThreeAlthoughitscradleisthesparselywoodedsavannah,humankindhaslonglookedtoforestsforfood,fuel,timberandsublimeinspiration.Stillalivelihoodfor1.5bnpeople,forestsmaintainlocalandregionalecosystemsand,fortheother6.2bn,providea—fragileandcreaking—bufferagainstclimatechange.Nowdroughts,wildfiresandotherhuman-inducedchangesarecompoundingthedamagefromchainsaws.Inthetropics,whichcontainhalfoftheworld’sforestbiomass,tree-coverlosshasacceleratedbytwo-thirdssince2015;ifitwereacountry,theshrinkagewouldmakethetropicalrainforesttheworld’sthird-biggestcarbon-dioxideemitter,afterChinaandAmerica.NowherearethestakeshigherthanintheAmazonbasin—andnotjustbecausecontains40%ofEarth’srainforestsandharbours10-15%oftheworld’sterrestrialspecies.SouthAmerica’snaturalwondermaybeperilouslyclosetothetip-pointbeyondwhichitsgradualtransformationintosomethingclosertosteppecannotbestoppedorreversed,evenifpeoplelaydowntheiraxes.Brazil’s,JairBolsonaro,ishasteningtheprocess—inthename,heclaims,ofdevelopment.Theecologicalcollapsehispoliciesmayprecipitatewouldbefeltmostacuywithinhiscountry’sborders,encircle80%ofthebasin—butwouldgofarbeyondthem,too.Itmustbeaverted.HumanshavebeenchipawayattheAmazonrainforestsincetheysettledtherewellovertenmillenniaago.Sincethe1970stheyhavedonesoonanindustrialscale.Inthepast50yearsBrazilhasrelinquished17%oftheforest’soriginalextent,morethantheareaofFrance,toroad-anddam-building,logging,mining,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranching.Afteraseven-yearernmentefforttoslowthedestruction,itpickedupin2013becauseofweakenedenforcementandanamnestyforpastdeforestation.Recessionandpoliticalcrisisfurtherparedbacktheernment’sabilitytoenforcetherules.NowMrBolsonarohasgleefullytakenabuzzsawtothem.AlthoughcongressandthecourtshaveblockedsomeofhiseffortstostrippartsoftheAmazonoftheirprotectedstatus,hehasmadeitclearthatrule-breakershavenothingtofear,despitethefactthathewaselectedtorestorelawandorder.Because70-80%ofloggingintheAmazonisillegal,thedestructionhassoaredtorecordlevels.SincehetookofficeinJanuary,treeshavebeendisappearingatarateofovertwoManhattansaweek.TheAmazonisunusualinthatitrecyclesmuchofitsownwater.Astheforestshrivels,lessrecyclingtakesplace. ertainthreshold,thatcausesmoreoftheforesttowithersothat,overamatterofdecades,theprocessfeedsonitself.Climatechangeisbringingthethresholdclosereveryyearastheforestheatsup.MrBolsonaroispushingittowardstheedge.Pessimistsfearthatthecycleofrunawaydegradationmaykickinwhenanother3-8%oftheforestvanishes—which,underMrBolsonaro,couldhappensoon.Therearehintsthepessimistsmaybecorrect.Inthepast15yearstheAmazonhassufferedthreeseveredroughts.Firesareontherise.Brazil’sdismissessuchfindings,ashedoessciencemorebroadly.Heaccusesoutsidersofhypocrisy—didrichcountriesnotfelltheirownforests?—and,sometimes,ofusingenvironmentaldogmaasapretexttokeepBrazilpoor.“TheAmazonisours,”thethunderedrecently.WhathappensintheBrazilianAmazon,hethinks,isBrazil’sbusiness.Exceptitisn’t.A“dieback”woulddirectlyhurtthesevenothercountrieswithwhichBrazilsharestheriverbasin.ItwouldreducethemoisturechannelledalongtheAndesasfarsouthasBuenosAires.IfBrazilweredammingarealriver,notchokingoffanaerialone,downstreamnationscouldconsideritanactofwar.AsthevastAmazonianstoreofcarbonburnedandrotted,theworldcouldheatupbyasmuchas0.1°Cby2100—notalot,youmaythink,butthepreferredoftheParisclimateagreementallowsfurtherwarmingofonly0.5°Corso.MrBolsonaro’sotherargumentsarealsoflawed.Yes,therichworldhasrazeditsforests.Brazilshouldnotcopyitsmistakes,butlearnfromtheminsteadas,say,Francehas,byreforestingwhileitstillcan.ParanoiaaboutWesternschemingisjustthat.Theknowledgeeconomyvaluesteticinformationsequesteredintheforestmorehighlythanlandordeadtrees.Evenifitdidnot,deforestationisnotanecessarypriceofdevelopment.Brazil’soutputofsoyabeansandbeefrosebetween2004and2012,whenforest-clearingslowedby80%.Infact,asidefromtheAmazonitself,Brazilianagriculturemaybedeforestation’sbiggestvictim.Thedroughtof2015causedmaizefarmersinthecentralBrazilianstateofMatoGrossotoloseathirdoftheirharvest.Forallthesereasons,theworldoughttomakecleartoMrBolsonarothatitwillnottoleratehisvandalism.Foodcompanies,pressedbyconsumers,shouldspurnsoyabeansandbeefproducedonillegallyloggedAmazonianland,astheydidinthemid-2000s.Brazil’stradingpartnersshouldmakedealscontingentonitsgoodbehaviour.agreementreachedinJunebytheEUandMercosur,aSouthAmericantradingblocwhichBrazilisthebiggestmember,alreadyincludesprovisionstoprotecttherainforest.Itisoverwhelminglyintheparties’interesttoenforcethem.SotooforChina,whichisanxiousaboutglobalwarmingandneedsBrazilianagriculturetofeeditslivestock.RichsignatoriesoftheParisagreement,whopledgedtopaydeveloonestoplantcarbon-consumingtrees,oughttodoso.Deforestationaccountsfor8%ofglobalgreenhouse-gasemissionsbutattractsonly3%oftheaidearmarkedforcombatingclimatechange.ThewoodandtheIfthereisagreenshootinMrBolsonaro’sscorched-earthtacticstowardstherainforest,itisthattheyhavemadetheAmazon’splighthardertoignore—andnotjustforoutsiders.Brazil’sagricultureministerurgedMrBolsonarotostayintheParisagreement.UncheckeddeforestationcouldenduphurtingBrazilianfarmersifitleadstoforeignboycottsofBrazilianfarmgoods.OrdinaryBraziliansshouldpresstheirtoreversecourse.Theyhavebeenblessedwithauniqueplanetarypatrimony,whosevalueisintrinsicandlife-sustainingasmuchasitiscommercial.Lettingitperishwouldbeaneedlesscatastrophe.■尽管人类源起稀树草原，但长期以来一直依仗森林获得食物、、木材和15622015于中国和的世界第三大排放国。亚马孙流域的热带雨林的风险最高——不仅是因为它占到地球雨林面积的40%，而且是世界上10%至15%的陆地物种的家园。亚马孙雨林可能已濒临临界称这是为了发展。他的政策可能的生态将在他自己国家的境内造成最80%都在巴西境内。但受影响的地区将远不止早在一万多年前人类在亚马孙以来，就一直在蚕食着当地的雨林。上世705017%（超过法国面积）用于修道路和水坝、伐木、采矿、种大豆和畜牧。政府曾花费七年时间来减缓这种破坏，但因力度减弱和对过去毁林行为的赦免，到2013年破坏又重新加速。经济和政治进一步削弱了的能力。现在博索纳罗兴高采烈地向雨林举起了圆锯。虽然国会和已经了他取消亚马孙流域部分保护区的一些尝试，但他已经明确表示者不必担的，造成的破坏已飙升至创水平。自博索纳罗1月上任以来，每周消自循环的规模也变小了，到了某个阈值会导致森林枯萎，所以几十年后萎再3%至8%，失控的循环可能就会启动——而在博索纳罗当权之下这可15于穷困。“亚马孙是的。”这位总统近期大吼道。他认为如何处置巴西境但事实并非如此。在巴西之外，“森林”还将直接亚马孙流域的其他河道，下游国家可能视之为宣战。随着大量着碳的亚马孙雨林被和腐烂，到2100年全球可能会升温0.1°C。你可能会觉得这并不是很多，但《巴0.5°C不应重蹈，而应该吸取它们的经验教训，比如说法国就已经在亡羊补牢，重新造林。猜疑西方腹黑仅仅是妄想症而已。知识经济中，在森林里的遗代价。2004201280%，而其大豆和牛肉产量却受害者。2015（MatoGrosso）种植玉米忍。在消费者施压之下，食品公司应该像在2005年前后那样，弃用在采伐其开展交易。欧盟和以巴西为最大成员国的南方共同市场（Mercosur）6定》的富裕签约国承诺向发展中国家来种植树木吸碳，它们也应履行承诺。森林砍伐占全球温室气体排放的8%，但对此的仅占全球气候变化的3%续履行《巴黎协定》。如果导致其他国家因巴西不加控制地砍伐森林而其农产品，最终可能会巴西农民。巴西民众应该敦促他们的总统改变方向。内在的价值以及维系生命的价值。任其衰朽将带来一场不必要的。Para1发源地，食物、、木材和灵感。（cradle,food,fuel,timberandsublinme缓冲地带，抵御气候变化（bufferagainstclimatechange）tree-coverloss(shrinkage)droughts旱灾；wildfires森林大火；otherhuman-inducedchanges人为带来的变化Para2-4亚马逊雨林的问Para2亚马逊雨林的问thetip-point临界点砍伐(deforestation);巴西政策（Brazil’s’sPara3人类对亚马逊雨林大规模的蚕食（HumanshavebeenchipawayattheAmazonrainforestsincetheysettledtherewellovertenmillenniaago）Inthepast50yearsAfteraseven-yearin2013Para4Astheforestshrivels（萎缩）lessrecyclingtakesplacePara5巴西总统对雨林砍伐等的态度（dismiss）Para6-7Para6“森林”还将直接亚马孙流域的其他七个国家（A“dieback”wouldhurtthesevenothercountriesPara7巴西总统博索纳罗的其他论点也经不起推敲（MrBolsonaro’sotherargumentsalsoPara8对世界各方对巴西总统做法建议（theworldoughttomakecleartoMrBolsonarothatitwillnottoleratehisvandalism）贸易伙伴：有条件与巴西进行交易（makedealscontingentonitsgoodbehaviour）中国Para9结论-----其衰朽将带来一场不必要的compound加剧，basinsublimeinspiration崇高的灵感regionalecosystems地区生态系统human-inducedchanges人为变化compoundthedamage加重造成的损害forestbiomass森林生物量atstake有风险，处于关gotothestakeforsth为...theworld’sterrestrialspeciebeperilouslyclosetothetip-point濒临临界precipitatesbintosthchipawaytheAmazonbasinpickupparesthdown/back〔逐步〕削减，减少takeabuzz兴高采烈roadanddam-building,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranchingtakeabuzzroadanddam-building,soyabeanfarmingandcattleranchingfeedintosthKickinpushsbtowardstheedgerunawaydegradation失控accusesoutsidersofhypocrisychokeoffsth制止，;压制thepreferred首选目allsb’sargumentsareflawed...shouldnotcopyone’smistake不应重蹈earmarksbsthforassbsth)指定…的用途combatclimatechange应对环境变化afragilegreenshootscorched-earthpolicytacticsauniqueplanetarypatrimonyLettingitperishwouldbeaneedlesscatastrophe.任其衰朽将带来场不必要的NowherearethestakeshigherthanintheAmazonbasin—andnotjustbecauseitcontains40%ofEarth’srainforestsandharbours10-15%oftheworld’sterrestrialspecies.亚马孙流域的热带雨林的风险最高——不仅是因为它占到地球雨林面积的40%，而且10%15%的陆地物种的家园。IfthereisagreenshootinMrBolsonaro’sscorched-earthtacticstowardstherainforest,itisthattheyhavemadetheAmazon’splighthardertoignore—andnotjustforoutsiders.TextFour分HeapsofplasticbottlesandcontainersfillbinsreachingtowardstheceilinginawarehouseonMoscow’ssouthernoutskirts.AtweekendshundredsofpeoplelineuptooffloadcarefullysortedrubbishatSobirator,anon-profitcentre,oneofahandfulofrecyclingsitesintheRussiancapital.“Formorethan20years,trashdidn’tworryanyone,”saysValeriaKoroseva,Sobirator’shead.“Wehavealotofterritory,soeverythingwentstraighttothedump.”Thatmaybeabouttochange.LastweekMoscowcityauthoritiesannouncedaplantointroducerecyclingbinsincourtyardsacrossthecitybyoftheyear.ForRussiathiswouldamounttoaminorrevolution:whileEUmemberstatesrecovera ageof60%oftheirwaste,Russiarecycles