Plot-文学原理教程课件

Fiction虚构，小说----Aprosenarrativethatistheproductoftheimagination.①Storiesatleastpartiallyimagined;②Anarrativetoldinprose.1ppt课件Fiction虚构，小说----AprosenarrNovel小说----Longfictionalprosenarrative;ShortStory----Ashortworkofnarrativeprosefiction.2ppt课件Novel小说2ppt课件Thedistinctionbetweentheshortstoryandnovelismainlyoneoflength.3ppt课件ThedistinctionbetweentheshElementsofFictionPlotCharacter&CharacterizationThemePointofviewToneStyleSymbol4ppt课件ElementsofFictionPlot4ppt课件Plot5ppt课件Plot5ppt课件Story----Anarrativeofeventsarrangedinatemporalsequence.Plot(AStoryLine)----Aparticulararrangementofeventsinanovelaimedatrevealingtheircausalrelationshipsoratconveyingthenovelist’sideas.6ppt课件Story----AnarrativeofeveEg:Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied.----AstoryThekingdiedandthenthequeendiedofgrief.----Aplot7ppt课件Eg:7ppt课件情节与故事故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述；而小说情节虽也是事件叙述，但着重因果关系，（当然可以由果求因，也可以由因及果）于是就会加强对矛盾、冲突的描写，而对结果提出合理的解释。8ppt课件情节与故事故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述；而小说情节虽所以面对故事，我们最常问的是『然后呢？』然而面对情节，我们要问的反而是『为什么？』，因为一本结构紧密的小说，其中必然是相关因果互击，当中千头万绪，繁杂错乱，读者必须运用记忆----掌握因果始终，同时加上智慧----对情节中的悬宕（suspension），加以推敲。如此阅读小说的目的反而不是快得到结局，而是过程中抽丝剥茧，步步为营的乐趣了。9ppt课件所以面对故事，我们最常问的是『然后呢？』然而面对情节，我们要Plot----Theelementoffictionthatsetsup,develops,andresolvesaconflict.10ppt课件Plot10ppt课件Conflict

冲突

Theessenceoffictioncreatingplot;----Thestruggleorencounterwithintheplotoftwoopposingforcesthatservestocreatereaderoraudienceinterestandsuspense.11ppt课件Conflict冲突

TheessenceofficKindsofConflictExternalConflict

外部冲突----Physical,moralorpsychologicalcontestbetweenantagonisticcharacters.ManversusMan

ManversusNatureManversusSociety

12ppt课件KindsofConflictExternalConfManvs.ManTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithothers,especiallytheantagonist.13ppt课件Manvs.ManTheprotagonistinManvs.NatureTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwiththeelementsofnature.

14ppt课件Manvs.NatureTheprotagonistManvs.SocietyTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithsocietyasawhole.

15ppt课件Manvs.SocietyTheprotagonistInternalConflict

内部冲突----Moral,psychological,orspiritualstrugglewithinthecharacteritself.

ManversusSelf

16ppt课件InternalConflict内部冲突16ppt课件Manvs.SelfTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithherorhisconscience.17ppt课件Manvs.SelfTheprotagonistinFiveStagesofPlot2134518ppt课件FiveStagesofPlot2134518pp1.Exposition开端InitiatingAction----Thepartofaworkthatprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.19ppt课件1.Exposition开端InitiatingActThisusuallyoccursatthebeginningofashortstory.Herethecharactersareintroduced.Wealsolearnaboutthesettingofthestory.Mostimportantly,weareintroducedtothemainconflict(mainproblem).20ppt课件Thisusuallyoccursatthebeg2.Complication发展RisingAction----Thepartoftheplotinwhichtheconflictisdevelopedandintensified.Abuildingofinterestorsuspenseoccurs.21ppt课件2.Complication发展RisingActio2.Complication22ppt课件2.Complication22ppt课件3.Crisis高潮Climax----Thatpointduringtheplotwhentheactionreachesitsturningpoint.23ppt课件3.Crisis高潮Climax23ppt课件Thisistheturningpointofthestory.Usuallythemaincharactercomesfacetofacewithaconflict.Themaincharacterwillchangeinsomeway.24ppt课件Thisistheturningpointoft4.FallingAction逆转----Themomentwhenthetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowardsitsresolution.25ppt课件4.FallingAction逆转25ppt课件4.FallingActionAlllooseendsoftheplotaretiedup.Theconflict(s)andclimaxaretakencareof.26ppt课件4.FallingActionAlllooseend5.Resolution结局----Thefinalsectionoftheplotinwhichthemajorconflict,issue,orproblemisresolved.27ppt课件5.Resolution结局27ppt课件5.ResolutionThestorycomestoareasonableending.28ppt课件5.ResolutionThestorycomestPuttingItAllTogether1.Exposition2.Complication3.Crisis4.FallingAction5.ResolutionBeginningofStoryMiddleofStoryEndofStory29ppt课件PuttingItAllTogether1.ExpoDifferentWays

ofArrangingEventsinPlot1.Arrangingtheeventschronologically/accordingtotheiroccurrenceintime;2.Rearrangingthechronologyandinvertingtheusualorderofbeginningandending.30ppt课件DifferentWays

ofArrangingESpecialTechniquesofPlot1.Flashback倒叙Retrospect----Theinterruptionofastory’snarrativeinordertopresentanearliersceneorepisode.AmethodofExposition31ppt课件SpecialTechniquesofPlot1.FEg:Shiftfrompresidentinovalofficetoascenefromhishighschoolexperience32ppt课件Eg:Shiftfrompresidentinov2.Foreshadowing铺垫，伏笔----Adevicebymeansofwhichtheauthorhintsatsth.tofollow.Eg:Violentstormsindicateviolencetocomeinplot.

33ppt课件2.Foreshadowing铺垫，伏笔33ppt课件3.Suspense悬念----Thepsychologicaltensionoranxietyresultingfromthereader’soraudience’suncertaintyofjusthowasituationorconflictislikelytoend.34ppt课件3.Suspense悬念34ppt课件4.Subplot次要情节

MinorPlot/Underplot----Asecondaryactionorcomplicationwithinafictionalordramaticworkthatoftenservestoreinforceorcontrastthemainplot.35ppt课件4.Subplot次要情节35ppt课件AnalyzingPlot1.Whataretheconflictsonwhichtheplotturns?Aretheyexternal,internal,orsomecombinationofthetwo?36ppt课件AnalyzingPlot1.Whatarethe2.Whatarethechiefepisodesorincidentsthatmakeuptheplot?Isitsdevelopmentstrictlychronological,oristhechronologyrearrangedinsomeway?37ppt课件2.Whatarethechiefepisodes3.Comparetheplot’sbeginningandend.Whatessentialchangeshavetakenplace?4.Describetheplotintermsofitsexposition,complication,crisis,fallingactionandresolution.38ppt课件3.Comparetheplot’sbeginnin5.Istheplotunified?Dotheindividualepisodeslogicallyrelatetooneanother?6.Istheendingappropriatetoandconsistentwiththerestoftheplot?7.Istheplotplausible?Whatrole,ifany,dochanceandcoincidenceplay?39ppt课件5.Istheplotunified?DotheTheStory

ofanHour

40ppt课件TheStory

ofanHour40ppt课件Episodes"TheStoryofanHour"isaverybriefshortstoryaboutonehourinthelifeofLouiseMallard.Asthestorybegins,thenarratorrevealsthatMrs.Mallardhas“hearttrouble.”41ppt课件Episodes"TheStoryofanHour"HersisterJosephineandherhusband’sfriendRichardshavecometoherafterhearingofarailroaddisasterthathasresultedinthedeathofMr.Mallard.42ppt课件HersisterJosephineandherhBothareconcernedthatthenewswillmakeMrs.MallardillandJosephinetakesgreatcaretotellherthenewsascautiouslyassheisable.43ppt课件BothareconcernedthattheneMrs.Mallardreactstothenewswith“sudden,wildabandonment”andlocksherselfinherbedroom.InthesolitudeofherroomMrs.Mallardunderstandsthefundamentalchangetakingplaceinherlife.44ppt课件Mrs.MallardreactstothenewShesitsinachair,nolongercrying,lookingoutthewindowatthe“newspringlife.”She“suspendsintelligentthought”andfearfullywaitsfora“subtleandelusive”ideato“possessher.”45ppt课件Shesitsinachair,nolongerShebeginstocomprehendthatsheisjoyfulthatherhusbandisdead,butsheattemptstosuppressthethought.46ppt课件ShebeginstocomprehendthatOnceMrs.Mallardacceptsthefeeling,eventhoughsheknowsthatherhusbandhadreallylovedher,sheisecstaticthatshewillneverhavetobendherwilltohisagain.Nowthatherhusbandisdead,shewillbefreetoassertherselfinwayssheneverbeforedreamedwhilehewasalive.47ppt课件OnceMrs.MallardacceptstheSherecognizesthatshehadlovedherhusbandsometimes,butthatnowshewouldbe“Free!Bodyandsoulfree!”Shebeginstolookforwardtotherestofherlifewhenjustthedaybeforesheshudderedatthethoughtofit.48ppt课件SherecognizesthatshehadloMrs.Mallardleavesherroomandrejoinshersisterwhohasbeenoutsidethedoorworrying.Shecarriesherself“likeagoddessofVictory”asshejoinshersistertoreturndownstairswhereRichardsstillwaits.49ppt课件Mrs.MallardleavesherroomaOntheirwaydownthestairs,theyhearthefrontdooropenandseeMr.Mallardwalkin.Hehadbeennowhereneartheaccidentscene.TheshortstoryendswiththeabruptdeathofMrs.Mallard,whoseheartgivesout.Herdoctorsexplainthatshedied“ofjoythatkills.”50ppt课件Ontheirwaydownthestairs,Conflict

TheconflictisthatMrs.Mallardishappythatherhusbanddiedbecausesheisfinallyfreefromtheunhappylifeshewaslivingbutsheshouldreallybesaddenedbythedeathofthemanshemarried.51ppt课件ConflictTheconflictisthatMrs.MallardInthebeginningofthestoryMrs.Mallardisknownsimplybyhermarriedname.Awifewhosuffersfrom“hearttrouble,”sheisdescribedas“young,withafair,calmface,whoselinesbespokerepressionandevenacertainstrength.”52ppt课件Mrs.MallardInthebeginningoWhenMrs.Mallardlearnsofherhusband’sdeath,shebecomes“Louise,”awomanawareofherowndesires,enjoyingtheprospectofbeingfreedfromtheconfinesofmarriage.Louisediesofa“joythatkills”whenherhusbandreappears.53ppt课件WhenMrs.MallardlearnsofheHercharacterrepresentsfeminineindividuality;sheisastrong-willed,independentwomanexcitedbytheprospectofbeginningherlifeagainafterthereporteddemiseofherhusband.54ppt课件HercharacterrepresentsfeminEndingAttheendofthisstory,LouiseMallarddropsdeadwhensheseesherhusbandenterthehouse.Thedoctorandothercharacterspresumethatshehasbeenovercomewith"joythatkills"sinceshehadbeentoldthatBrently,herhusband,waskilledinatrainaccident.55ppt课件EndingAttheendofthisstoryThisisaperfectexampleofDRAMATICIRONY,whichoccurswhentheaudienceknowswhatcharactersdonot.56ppt课件ThisisaperfectexampleofDWe,thereaders,knowthatLouisewas,afterherinitialshock,relievedthatherhusbandwasdead,notbecauseshehatedhim,butbecauseshefeltsuffocatedbyhermarriageandherlackofpersonalidentity.

57ppt课件We,thereaders,knowthatLouWeknowthisfromanumberofcluesinthestory--theopenwindowshelooksoutwiththecloudspartingcouldsymolizeshernewopenlife.Butthemostclearevidenceofherhappinessoverherhusband'sdeathisherrealizationthatsheis"free--bodyandsoulfree."58ppt课件WeknowthisfromanumberofSowhensheseesherhusbandatthedoor,sheisn'tsooverjoyedthatherheartfails,sheissodissappointedthatherheartfails.Herconflictisreallyinternal.Shehasstruggledallherlifewithnothavinganidentity.59ppt课件SowhensheseesherhusbandaWomenduringtheVictorianerawereseldomgiventheopportunitytomaketheirowndecisions.Firsttheywereconsideredthepropertyoftheirfathers,andthenoftheirhusbands.Notmarryingwassomewhatofadisgrace.60ppt课件WomenduringtheVictorianeraLouisehadjustgainedheridentity.Notethatshedidn'tbecomeLOUISEuntilherhusband'sdeath,butwasonlyMRS.MALLARD.WhenBrentlyreturns,sheiscrushed.61ppt课件LouisehadjustgainedherideFiction虚构，小说----Aprosenarrativethatistheproductoftheimagination.①Storiesatleastpartiallyimagined;②Anarrativetoldinprose.62ppt课件Fiction虚构，小说----AprosenarrNovel小说----Longfictionalprosenarrative;ShortStory----Ashortworkofnarrativeprosefiction.63ppt课件Novel小说2ppt课件Thedistinctionbetweentheshortstoryandnovelismainlyoneoflength.64ppt课件ThedistinctionbetweentheshElementsofFictionPlotCharacter&CharacterizationThemePointofviewToneStyleSymbol65ppt课件ElementsofFictionPlot4ppt课件Plot66ppt课件Plot5ppt课件Story----Anarrativeofeventsarrangedinatemporalsequence.Plot(AStoryLine)----Aparticulararrangementofeventsinanovelaimedatrevealingtheircausalrelationshipsoratconveyingthenovelist’sideas.67ppt课件Story----AnarrativeofeveEg:Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied.----AstoryThekingdiedandthenthequeendiedofgrief.----Aplot68ppt课件Eg:7ppt课件情节与故事故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述；而小说情节虽也是事件叙述，但着重因果关系，（当然可以由果求因，也可以由因及果）于是就会加强对矛盾、冲突的描写，而对结果提出合理的解释。69ppt课件情节与故事故事是按照时间顺序加以排列的事件叙述；而小说情节虽所以面对故事，我们最常问的是『然后呢？』然而面对情节，我们要问的反而是『为什么？』，因为一本结构紧密的小说，其中必然是相关因果互击，当中千头万绪，繁杂错乱，读者必须运用记忆----掌握因果始终，同时加上智慧----对情节中的悬宕（suspension），加以推敲。如此阅读小说的目的反而不是快得到结局，而是过程中抽丝剥茧，步步为营的乐趣了。70ppt课件所以面对故事，我们最常问的是『然后呢？』然而面对情节，我们要Plot----Theelementoffictionthatsetsup,develops,andresolvesaconflict.71ppt课件Plot10ppt课件Conflict

冲突

Theessenceoffictioncreatingplot;----Thestruggleorencounterwithintheplotoftwoopposingforcesthatservestocreatereaderoraudienceinterestandsuspense.72ppt课件Conflict冲突

TheessenceofficKindsofConflictExternalConflict

外部冲突----Physical,moralorpsychologicalcontestbetweenantagonisticcharacters.ManversusMan

ManversusNatureManversusSociety

73ppt课件KindsofConflictExternalConfManvs.ManTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithothers,especiallytheantagonist.74ppt课件Manvs.ManTheprotagonistinManvs.NatureTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwiththeelementsofnature.

75ppt课件Manvs.NatureTheprotagonistManvs.SocietyTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithsocietyasawhole.

76ppt课件Manvs.SocietyTheprotagonistInternalConflict

内部冲突----Moral,psychological,orspiritualstrugglewithinthecharacteritself.

ManversusSelf

77ppt课件InternalConflict内部冲突16ppt课件Manvs.SelfTheprotagonistinthestoryexperiencesconflictwithherorhisconscience.78ppt课件Manvs.SelfTheprotagonistinFiveStagesofPlot2134579ppt课件FiveStagesofPlot2134518pp1.Exposition开端InitiatingAction----Thepartofaworkthatprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformation.80ppt课件1.Exposition开端InitiatingActThisusuallyoccursatthebeginningofashortstory.Herethecharactersareintroduced.Wealsolearnaboutthesettingofthestory.Mostimportantly,weareintroducedtothemainconflict(mainproblem).81ppt课件Thisusuallyoccursatthebeg2.Complication发展RisingAction----Thepartoftheplotinwhichtheconflictisdevelopedandintensified.Abuildingofinterestorsuspenseoccurs.82ppt课件2.Complication发展RisingActio2.Complication83ppt课件2.Complication22ppt课件3.Crisis高潮Climax----Thatpointduringtheplotwhentheactionreachesitsturningpoint.84ppt课件3.Crisis高潮Climax23ppt课件Thisistheturningpointofthestory.Usuallythemaincharactercomesfacetofacewithaconflict.Themaincharacterwillchangeinsomeway.85ppt课件Thisistheturningpointoft4.FallingAction逆转----Themomentwhenthetensionsubsidesandtheplotmovestowardsitsresolution.86ppt课件4.FallingAction逆转25ppt课件4.FallingActionAlllooseendsoftheplotaretiedup.Theconflict(s)andclimaxaretakencareof.87ppt课件4.FallingActionAlllooseend5.Resolution结局----Thefinalsectionoftheplotinwhichthemajorconflict,issue,orproblemisresolved.88ppt课件5.Resolution结局27ppt课件5.ResolutionThestorycomestoareasonableending.89ppt课件5.ResolutionThestorycomestPuttingItAllTogether1.Exposition2.Complication3.Crisis4.FallingAction5.ResolutionBeginningofStoryMiddleofStoryEndofStory90ppt课件PuttingItAllTogether1.ExpoDifferentWays

ofArrangingEventsinPlot1.Arrangingtheeventschronologically/accordingtotheiroccurrenceintime;2.Rearrangingthechronologyandinvertingtheusualorderofbeginningandending.91ppt课件DifferentWays

ofArrangingESpecialTechniquesofPlot1.Flashback倒叙Retrospect----Theinterruptionofastory’snarrativeinordertopresentanearliersceneorepisode.AmethodofExposition92ppt课件SpecialTechniquesofPlot1.FEg:Shiftfrompresidentinovalofficetoascenefromhishighschoolexperience93ppt课件Eg:Shiftfrompresidentinov2.Foreshadowing铺垫，伏笔----Adevicebymeansofwhichtheauthorhintsatsth.tofollow.Eg:Violentstormsindicateviolencetocomeinplot.

94ppt课件2.Foreshadowing铺垫，伏笔33ppt课件3.Suspense悬念----Thepsychologicaltensionoranxietyresultingfromthereader’soraudience’suncertaintyofjusthowasituationorconflictislikelytoend.95ppt课件3.Suspense悬念34ppt课件4.Subplot次要情节

MinorPlot/Underplot----Asecondaryactionorcomplicationwithinafictionalordramaticworkthatoftenservestoreinforceorcontrastthemainplot.96ppt课件4.Subplot次要情节35ppt课件AnalyzingPlot1.Whataretheconflictsonwhichtheplotturns?Aretheyexternal,internal,orsomecombinationofthetwo?97ppt课件AnalyzingPlot1.Whatarethe2.Whatarethechiefepisodesorincidentsthatmakeuptheplot?Isitsdevelopmentstrictlychronological,oristhechronologyrearrangedinsomeway?98ppt课件2.Whatarethechiefepisodes3.Comparetheplot’sbeginningandend.Whatessentialchangeshavetakenplace?4.Describetheplotintermsofitsexposition,complication,crisis,fallingactionandresolution.99ppt课件3.Comparetheplot’sbeginnin5.Istheplotunified?Dotheindividualepisodeslogicallyrelatetooneanother?6.Istheendingappropriatetoandconsistentwiththerestoftheplot?7.Istheplotplausible?Whatrole,ifany,dochanceandcoincidenceplay?100ppt课件5.Istheplotunified?DotheTheStory

ofanHour

101ppt课件TheStory

ofanHour40ppt课件Episodes"TheStoryofanHour"isaverybriefshortstoryaboutonehourinthelifeofLouiseMallard.Asthestorybegins,thenarratorrevealsthatMrs.Mallardhas“hearttrouble.”102ppt课件Episodes"TheStoryofanHour"HersisterJosephineandherhusband’sfriendRichardshavecometoherafterhearingofarailroaddisasterthathasresultedinthedeathofMr.Mallard.103ppt课件HersisterJosephineandherhBothareconcernedthatthenewswillmakeMrs.MallardillandJosephinetakesgreatcaretotellherthenewsascautiouslyassheisable.104ppt课件BothareconcernedthattheneMrs.Mallardreactstothenewswith“sudden,wildabandonment”andlocksherselfinherbedroom.InthesolitudeofherroomMrs.Mallardunderstandsthefundamentalchangetakingplaceinherlife.105ppt课件Mrs.MallardreactstothenewShesitsinachair,nolongercrying,lookingoutthewindowatthe“newspringlife.”She“suspendsintelligentthought”andfearfullywaitsfora“subtleandelusive”ideato“possessher.”106ppt课件Shesitsinachair,nolongerShebeginstocomprehendthatsheisjoyfulthatherhusbandisdead,butsheattemptstosuppressthethought.107ppt课件ShebeginstocomprehendthatOnceMrs.Mallardacceptsthefeeling,eventhoughsheknowsthatherhusbandhadreallylovedher,sheisecstaticthatshewillneverhavetobendherwilltohisagain.Nowthatherhusbandisdead,shewillbefreetoassertherselfinwayssheneverbeforedreamedwhilehewasalive.108ppt课件OnceMrs.MallardacceptstheSherecognizesthatshehadlovedherhusbandsometimes,butthatnowshewouldbe“Free!Bodyandsoulfree!”Shebeginstolookforwardtotherestofherlifewhenjustthedaybeforesheshudderedatthethoughtofit.109ppt课件SherecognizesthatshehadloMrs.Mallardleavesherroomandrejoinshersisterwhohasbeenoutsidethedoorworrying.Shecarriesherself“likeagoddessofVictory”asshejoinshersistertoreturndownstairswhereRichardsstillwaits.110ppt课件Mrs.MallardleavesherroomaOntheirwaydownthestairs,theyhearthefrontdooropenandseeMr.Mallardwalkin.Hehadbeennowhereneartheaccidentscene.TheshortstoryendswiththeabruptdeathofMrs.Mallard,whoseheartgivesout.Herdoctorsexplainthatshedied“ofjoythatkills.”111ppt课件Ontheirwaydownthestairs,Conflict

TheconflictisthatMrs.Mallardishappythatherhusbanddiedbecausesheisfinallyfreefromtheunhappylifeshewaslivingbutsheshouldreallybesaddenedbythedeathofthemanshemarried.112ppt课件ConflictTheconflictisthatMrs.MallardInthebeginningofthestoryMrs.Mallardisknownsimplybyhermarriedname.Awifewhosuffersfrom“hearttrouble,”sheisdescribedas“young,withafair,calmface,whoselinesbespokere