专业信息交流英语教程教参电子文件 16 Literature Review TP

Chapter16LiteratureReviews文献综述Althoughyoumightthinkofnovelsandpoetrywhenyouheartheword"literature,“however,“theliterature^ofaliteratureviewismorespecificinmeaning.Itreferstoanycollectionofmaterialsonatopic.Aliteraturereviewisadiscussionofscholarlyarticles,booksandothersourcesrelevanttoaparticularissueorareaofresearch,providingadescription,summary,andcriticalevaluationofeachwork.文献综述是对某一特定研究问题或研究领域相关的学术文章、书籍以及其他资料的讨论，为每一个作品提供说明、总结和评论。Literaturereviewsofferanoverviewofsignificantliteraturepublishedonatopic.Theyareusefulreportsthatkeepprofessionalsuptodatewithwhatiscurrentinthefield.Thedepthandbreadthoftheliteraturereviewemphasizesthecredibilityofthewriterinhisorherfield.Theycanalsoprovideasolidbackgroundfortheinvestigationpresentedinaresearchpaper.I.DifferencesBetweenaLiteratureReviewandaResearchReportThemajordifferencebetweenaliteraturereviewandaresearchreportisthatthemainfocusofaresearchreportistosupporttheargumentoftheauthor,whereasthefocusofaliteraturereviewistodiscusstheargumentsandideasofothers.Researchreportsareempiricalarticlesthatmainlyfocusonmethodsandresultstodocumenthowaparticularhypothesiswastested.Theintroductionofaresearchreportusuallyincludesacondensedliteraturereviewthatprovidesthebackgroundtoandjustificationfortheresearchundertaken.研究报告是以观察或实验为依据的文章，其重点主要放在研究方法和研究结果上，以说明一个具体假设是怎样得到验证的。在研究报告的引言部分通常包括一个浓缩的文献综述，为所从事的研究提供研究背景和理由。Articlesofliteraturereviews,ontheotherhand,focusoninterpretation.Bysurveyingallofthekeystudiesdoneinacertainresearcharea,areviewarticleinterpretshoweachlineofresearchsupportsorfailstosupportatheory.Althoughtheyalsoevaluatemethodsandresults,theirmainemphasisisonorganizingtheoriesandresultsfromanumberofstudiestoprovideanoverviewofafieldofresearch.文献综述文章的重点则主要放在对文献的解释上。通过调研某一研究领域所有的主要研究，综述文章说明每一个研究方向是怎样支持或未能支持一个理论。尽管文献综述对研究方法和结果进行评论，但它们的重点在于对一些研究的理论和结果进行组合，以便为该研究领域提供一个概括的叙述。ILPreparationforWritingtheLiteratureReviewBeforeyouactuallybegintowritealiteraturereview,youshouldfirstmakethefollowingpreparations.1.SelectingaTopic选择题目Selectingatopicisthefirststepofwritingaliteraturereview.Lookforotherliteraturereviewsinyourareaofinterestandreadthemtogetasenseofthetypesofthemesyoumightwanttolookpursuefurtherresearchevenafterreadingthereview.Untilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles海岸侵蚀和由此而造成的海岸剖面.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.它们进行了大量的实验室试验和地形摄影观测来说明该领域尚未了解的情况。Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.Jachowski(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormatthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilizingtheseunits.Jachowski(1964)发展了一种模型实验研究，对连锁的预浇注的混凝土块海堤进行试验。在对猛烈风暴对美国海岸造成的损害进行调研并得出结果之后，研制出一种新的、具有特殊形状的混凝土块用于保护海岸。这种混凝土块设计用于护岸型海堤，既耐用、又经济，可以降低海浪爬高和漫顶，并降低对基础和突出部的冲刷。用这些混凝土块设计制造的海岸防护堤证明是有效的。Hom-MaandHorikawa(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.Hom-MaandHorikawa(1964)研究了作用于位于碎浪带内的海堤上的波浪力。根据对波浪力作用于垂直壁的测量结果，作者建立了一个分布于海堤面上的波浪压力的实验公式。通过上述公式所得到的计算结果与作用于垂直壁上的波浪压力的现场数据是相当匹配的。SelezovandZheleznyak(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharborseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingBoussinesquetypeequation.Itshowedthatthenumericalresultswereinreasonableagreementwithlaboratoryexperimentaldata.SelezovandZheleznyak(1965)以孤波与垂直壁相互作用的理论研究为基础，通过使用型Boussinesque方程式，进行了港口前海堤的海底冲刷实验。实验显示所得数据与实验室研究数据合理地一致。Source:AdaptedfromLanguageCenter,AsianInstituteofTechnology.(2008).WritingaLiterattireReview[On-line]Available:CombinethecontentsfromFigure16-1toFigure16-4tomakeacompletearticleofliteraturereview.Thenfindoutthetopicsentenceineachparagraphandwriteasummaryoftheliteraturereview.Withthegeneralgrowthoffeministworkinmanyacademicfields,therelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderhasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyears.Coatessuggeststhatresearchonlanguageandgendercanbedividedintostudiesthatfocusondominanceandthosethatfocusondifference.Muchoftheearlierworkemphasizeddominance.Somestudies,however,havetakenadifferentapproachbylookingnotsomuchatpowerinmixed-sexinteractionsasathowsame-sexgroupsproducecertaintypesofinteraction.AlthoughCoates'distinctionisclearlyausefulone,italsoseemsevidentthatthesetwoapproachesarebynomeansmutuallyexclusive.Whileitisimportantontheonehand,therefore,nottooperatewithasimplisticversionofpowerandtoconsiderlanguageandgenderonlyinmixed-groupdynamics,itisalsoimportantnottotreatwomen'slinguisticbehaviorasifitexistedoutsidesocialrelationsofpower.Clearly,thereisscopehereforagreatdealmoreresearchthatisbasedonempiricaldataofmen'sandwomen'sspeech;operateswithacomplexunderstandingofpowerandgenderrelationships;looksspecificallyatthecontextsoflanguageuse,ratherthanassumingbroadgendereddifferences;involvesmoreworkbymenonlanguageandgender,sinceattemptstounderstandmaleusesoflanguageintermsofdifferencehavebeenfew;aimsnotonlytodescribeandexplainbutalsotochangelanguageandsocialrelationships.Workingroupsandfindseveralliteraturereviewsorganizedindifferentwaysintechnicaljournals.Prepareanoralreportfortheclassontheorganizationofthereviews.Inadditiontodescribinghowthereviewsareorganized,discusswhythewritermighthavechosentheparticularformofdevelopment.讨论题,略。Prepareathree-to-fiveliteraturereviewonatopicofcurrentcontroversy.Ifyouareinanagriculturalfield,thetopicmightbethedebateovertheuseofpesticides,orthetopicmightbesomethingoutsideyourfieldthatinterestsyou,suchaswhethereuthanasiashouldbelegalized.Thereviewshouldnotbealistofsourcesinaparticulartopic,butrathershouldreflectyourpointofviewonthetopicafterreadinganumberofreviews.TheImpactoftheChat:AbriefLiteratureReviewbyVicky,ChauKaKiInternetcommunicationisgettingmoreandmorepopularamongthepublic.Apartfromusingtelephonesorautomobilesandsendingmails,peoplecannowcommunicatewitheachotherthroughthechattechnology.Thechat,infact,isakindofInternettechnologythatsupportshuman-to-humancommunication.ICQ,forinstance,isoneofthelatestchat.Overthepasttwoyears,withtheadvancedleveloftechnology,thereisanincreasingtrendofusingICQforcommunication.WithICQ,userscanchat,sendmessages,filesandURL'sorplaygameswithothersusersinrealtime.BecauseoftheproliferationofusingthechatlikeICQ,studieshavebeenfocusedmainlyonitsimpactonoursociety.Muchoftheworkstressesthegoodimpactofthechat.Hauben's(1997)writingsuggestedthatastheimpactorinfluenceoffirstimpressionsisremoved,usersarefreetocommunicatewithoutfears,limitsorapprehensionthroughthechat.Thisstatementactuallypointsoutthemainreasonfortheincreasinglyuseofthechat.Onlyoneadvantage,however,seemsinadequatetoattractsuchahugenumberofuserstousethechat,soitseemsthattheremaybeotherbenefit.Accordingly,Licklider(1997)claimedthatpeoplecancommunicateonlinewithotherswhohavesimilargoalsandinterests,thustheirlifewillbeenrichedandcommunicationwillbemoreproductiveandmoreenjoyablethen.AlthoughLickliderisactuallytheprophetoftheNet,itseemsthatthechatreallyhasthisbenefit.Somestudies,however,havetakenadifferentapproachbylookingnotsomuchontheadvantagesofthechat,butfocusingmoreonitsrelatedproblems.Randall(1997),forinstance,mentionsthatproblemshaveactuallybeenexisted.Firstofall,thereisnodoubtthatthechatuserswillnotusetheirrealidentitiesforcommunication.Theywillrathercreateanewcyberspaceidentitieswhichareverydifferentfromtheirrealones.Becauseofthis,Randallarguedthatsuchbehaviormakespeopledifficulttoswitchbackandforthbetweenthesetwoidentities.Tohim,thosewhohavedevelopedmultiplecyberspaceidentitiesforInternetcommunicationarethemostsophisticatedrhetoriciansontheInternet.Infact,Randallquestionswhetheritiscredibletocreateanewidentitywhencommunicatingthroughthechat.InRandalPsviewpoint,ontheotherhand,thepurposeofpeoplewhousethechatisfbrsocializing.Butheemphasizedthatsuchkindofsocializingisdifferentfromthatintherealworld,astheformeronlyinvolvestheexchangeofwordswithotherusersbutthelattermeanstointeractwithothersface-to-face.Whilethetrendofusingthechatisincreasing,Randallsuggestedthatchildrenandyouthswillbediscouragedfromthenormalsocialcontactbutwilladoptcyberspacecontactinstead.However,althoughthechancefortheoccurrenceofthisphenomenonisquitehigh,itseemsneitherrightnorwrongaccordingtoRandall.Whileeducatorsandstudentsareexpectingonlineeducationtooccur,Randallhasalreadyshownconcernontheconsequenceofusingsuchkindofeducation.Inhispointofview,thetraditionalteacherdominanceoftheclassroomwillbereduced,nomatterthiseducationisworkableornot,becauseofthepoorfinancialsituationofthegovernment.Itseemsthatunemploymentwillberesultedinthenearfuture.Tosumup,thechathasgoodimpactonthesocietybutproblemsexistatthesametime.However,theseproblemsarenotseriousinfact.Therefore,eveniftheseproblemsexistcontinuously,thechattechnologywillstillbecomecentraltoourlivesandithasalreadybegunactually.ReferencesRandall.N(1997).Chapter19:FutureCommunities:SocializingandEducatingintheInternet'sFuture,ThesouloftheInternet:netgods,netizensandthewiringoftheworld(pp.333-344).London:ComputerPress.Randall.N(1997).Epilogue:TheSouloftheInternet,Thesoulofinternet:netgods,netizensandthewiringoftheworld(pD.345・358).London:ComputerPress.Hauben.M(1997).Chapterl:TheNetandNetizens:TheEffecttheNetHasonPeople'sLives,Netizens(3-34).LosAlamitos:ComputerSocietyPress.Hauben.M(1997).Chapter2:TheEvolutionofUsenet:ThePoorMan'sARPANET,Netizens(35-47).LosAlamitos:ComputerSocietyPress.Hauben.M(1997).Chapter6:Cybernetics,Time-sharing,Human-ComputerSymbiosisandOnlineCommunities:CreatingaSupercommunityofOnlineCommunities,Netizens(76-95).LosAlamitos:ComputerSocietyPress.Source:AdaptedfromTheChoiceofMediumofInstructioninHkSecondarySchools:

ABriefCriticalReviewKamKwokFei,IrisThedebateoverthemediumofinstructionintheHongKongeducationaldomainhasalonghistory.Thesubjectisacrucialonebecauseitisdirectlylinkedtothequalitativeaspectofeducation.Ithasbeenamajorareaofconcernofmosteducationistsandresearchers.AsearlyasHongKongbecamethecolonyofBritaintherehavebeengovernmentreportsoverthelanguageissue.LiketheBrewinReportin1902,itgaveanundueemphasisonEnglishteachingwithanattempttogainimperialinterests(seeFong,1991).Itisacommonpracticeforacolonialgovernmenttocultivateherlanguagetobesuperior.EnglishasaninstructionalmediumwasquiteafirmlanguagepolicyofthegovernmentuntiltheeightieswhenreportsandresearchesfoundthattheeffectivenessofEnglishmediuminteachingwasundesirable.AccordingtoLo(1991),thepresentationofgovernmentpublicationstypicallyLlewellynReportandBurneyReportsuggestedthatthegovernmenttendedtochangeitsattitudefromsupportingtheEnglishmediumatitsearlypositiontoencouragetheuseoftheChinesemediumatalaterperiod.BecausethesepublicationsprimarilypinpointedtheineffectivenessofusingEnglishasthemediumofinstructioninsecondaryschools.TherearealsopapersandresearchesexaminingtheplaceofmothertongueandEnglishinthisbilingualsociety.AsstatedbyGibbons(1989),EnglishenjoyedanextraordinaryhighstatusinHongKongwhereover98percentofpeopleareofChineseextraction.Englishisinfluentialbothwithinandoutsidetheterritory.Englishisthemajorlanguageofofficialcommunicationwithinthecivilservice.ThereareonlyasmallnumberofpeoplewhoareabletospeakandwriteeffectiveEnglish.Theyareusuallyregardedaselitesandareexamplestomanyoftheordinarycitizens.Externally,Englishisthemaininternationallanguageofactivitieslikebankingandinternationalbusiness.AgoodcommandofEnglishisessentialtoattainpersonal,economicaswellassocialadvancements.Undersuchcircumstances,Fu(1987)described"Englishisthepassport,itistheprestige,itistheprofessionandparentswantstheirchildrentogetontheboatandtostaythere/(1987:29)Hiscommentexactlyreflectspeople'sattitudetowardsEnglish.Inaddition,Phillipson(1992)claimedthatEnglishperformedacrucialroleinperiphery-Englishcountries.HearguedthatEnglishboreasocialstratificationfunction.AgoodproficiencyinEnglishwasanecessityforupwardmobilityandprivilegedpositioninasociety.AstudydonebyChan(1986)hashighlightedthepresentstatusofChineseandEnglishlanguageinHongKong.Heconcludedthattheplaceofmothertonguedependedquiteheavilyonthebusiness,academicandprofessionalvaluespeopleheldofthatparticularlanguage.Healsodevelopedabehaviourdeterminantsmodelinwhichlanguagechoicewasmade.Themodelwasdividedintointernalandexternalfactors.Theinternalfactorswerethoselikethedecisionmakers'beliefsandvalueswhiletheexternalonestookintoaccountthelegalhistoricalaswellaspoliticalcontextsofasociety(seeChan,1991).Researchesthatwerementionedwerenotcomprehensive.TheyonlygaveageneralpictureoflanguageusepatterninHongKong.TherewerenologicalandconvincingexplanationsofwhyEnglishwassodominantthroughouttheterritory.ThestudybyTam(1987)wasinfluentialinthesensethatheexaminedtheinfluenceofvariousinstitutionsonindividuafslanguagechoice.AlthoughitcanbefoundfromtheEducationCommissionReportNumberOne(1984)thatindividualschoolauthorityhasthefreedomtodecidewhichmediumofinstructionistobeused,thedecisionisactuallyinfluencedbythedemandsinthesociety.TamclaimedthatitwasduetothestrongparentalpreferenceoverEnglishofitshighmarketvalue.ThisexplainedwhythenumberofAnglo-ChinesesecondaryschoolssignificantlyoutnumberedthatofChinesemiddleones.Mostimportantly,heputthewholelanguagechoiceissueintoaconflictperspectivewhichwassomehowpolitical.Hearguedthatindividualstendedtolearninalanguagethatwasusedbytherulingclassandcouldimprovetheirchancestopowerandprestige.ChineselanguagedoesnotenjoyahighstatusasEnglishdoesisprobablyduetotheinequalityofsocialandeconomicopportunitiesattachedtoit.Bythat,Tam'sstudyconcludedthatthelanguagepolicyandpracticesinthegovernmentbusinessandtertiaryinstituteshadenormouseffectsonindividuafschoiceofmediumofinstruction.Languagechoicethusisnotsolelymadeintheeducationaldomain.Rather,itistheresultoftheinterplayofthesocialeconomicandpoliticalforcesinthesociety.Thewholeissueisrelatedtothequestionofwhochoosesthelanguagetobeused.Thedecisionisclearlyinthehandsofthepower-holderinthesociety,thatisthestateorthegovernment.AccordingtoLandis(1992),thereisanunbalanceofpowerandauthorityineverygroupingsofpeople.Somelead,somefollow;somemakedecisions,otherstakeorders.Conflictsalwaysariseoverthesedifferencesinpowerrelationshipsandinterests.Chapman(1986)claimedthatallsocialinstitutionsinacapitalistsocietystrivetofulfilltheinterestsandneedsoftherulingclass.Schoolsintheeducationsystemthuswereprovidedbythestatenottogivechildequalopportunities,buttomeettheneedofcapitalistemployersforadisciplinedandskilledworkforce.Schoolswereseenasamechanismforsocialcontroltohelpmaintainpoliticalstability.AsacorollarytoChapman'ssaying,Meighan(1986)mentionedthatlanguageissuewasrelatedtothedistributionofpower,resourcesandopportunities.Englisheducationtherefore,modeledintricatesocialpatternsamongdifferentgroupsinthesociety.ApersonwithgoodEnglishisgoingtopossessfarmorepowerandenjoyahighstatusthanthosewhoknowlittleaboutthelanguage.ReferencesChan,J.(1986).nTheplaceofMothertongueinaBilingualSociety11,NewHorizons,No.27,pp.6-12.Chan,J.(1991).nChoiceofMediumofInstruction:AChallengefortheSchoolinthe9O'sn,NewHorizons,No.32,pp.11-17.Chapman,K.(1986).TheSociologyofSchools.London:Tavistock,pp.31-51.EducationDepartment(1965).EducationPolicy.HongKong:GovernmentPrinter,p.l13.Do.(1984).EducationCommissionReportNo.1.HongKong:GovtPrinter,p.40.Fong,Y.W.(1991).TheEducationSystemHongKong.HongKong:TheSocietyofEducators,pp.226-227.Fu,G.S.(T987).TheHongKongBilingual.InR.LordandN.L.Cheng(eds),LanguageEducationinHongKong.HK:ChineseUniversityPress,pp.27-49.Gibbons,J.(1989).TheIssueoftheLanguageofInstructionintheLowerFormsofHongKongSecondarySchools.InC.Kermedy(Ed.),LanguagePlanningandEnglishLanguageTeaching.HongKong:Prentice-Hall,pp.123-134.Landis,J.R.(1992).Sociology:ConceptsandCharacteristics.Belmont:Wadsworth,pp.14-15.Lo,L.F.(1991)."TheMediumofInstructionIssueRe-visited"，EducationalResearchJournal,Vol.6,pp.63-67.Meighan,R,(1986).ASociologyOfEducating.London:Holt,RinehartandWinston,pp.260-277.Phillipson,R.(1992).LinguisticImperialism.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,pp16-37.So,W.C.(1992).Language-basedBifurcationofSecondarySchoolsinHongKong:Past.Present&Future,in.K.K.Luke(Ed.),IntotheTwentyFirstCentury:IssuesofLanguageinEducationinHongKong.HK:LinguisticSocietyofHongKongpp.69-95.Tam,T.K.(1986).nTheImpactofGovernmentalandInstitutionalLanguagePolicyandPracticesontheIndividuafsChoiceoftheInstructionalMediuminSchoolsinHongKong”,EducationalResearchJournalNo.1,pp.35-40.Tollefson,J.W.(1990).PlanningLanguage,PlanningInequality.London:Longmanpp.201-212.Source:Adaptedfromforinyourownresearch对你所要探索的研究主题的类型有一个概念.Gotothelibraryorstartanonlineliteraturesearchwithageneraltopicinmind,andthenscanthearticlesthatyoufindwithinthatsubjectareatoidentifylinesofresearch研究系歹U.Alineofresearchisaseriesofstudiesbythesameindividualorlaboratory.Anareathatiswelldefinedandwellstudiedwillgiveyoumorelinesofresearchtochoosefrom.Basedonthelinesofresearch,chooseatopicyouarefamiliarwithandinterestedin.一个研究系列是指同一个人或实验室所做的一系列研究。一个经过明确界定和深入研究的领域可以提供多个可选择的研究系列。以研究系列为基础，选择一个你熟悉并且感兴趣的题目。NarrowingYourTopic缩小题目Therearehundredsoreventhousandsofarticlesandbooksonmostareasofstudy.Abroadtopicsuchasheartdiseasesoreconomiccrisismayhavethousandsofarticlesonit,andyouwon'tbeabletoadequatelycoversuchatopicinarelativelyshortpaper.Itisfarmoresatisfying,toboththewriterandthereader,torestrictyourtopicandcoveritindepth.Comparethetwotopicsbelowandfindthedifferences:TOOBroad：Languageproductioninchildhood儿童的语言表达CONCRETE：ProductionofpassiveconstructionsinEnglish-speakingchildrenat5-7yearsold5〜7岁英语族儿童对被动结构的表达Thefirsttopicistoobroad.Youhavetopresentthearticleonmanydifferentaspects,suchasmorphology,syntax,semantics,individualdifferencesandagedifferences,whichmakesyourcoverageofeachareatoosuperficial.Thesecondtopicnarrowsthediscussiontoonelanguagephenomenoninaspecificagegroup,andthusenablesyoutoexploreindepthrecentworkdoneinthisspecificarea.CollectingInformation收集信息Afterobtainingrelevantmaterialsforyourreviewarticle,youneedtoreadthemtocollectinformation.First,lookatjusttheabstracttogetanoverviewofthestudy,sothatyoucandeterminewhichpartofthearticleisimportanttoyou.Inreading,youshouldidentifytheresearchquestion,specifichypotheses,thefindings,theconclusionandrecommendations.Youshoulduseasummarysheettolistthesekeypointsforeacharticle.Afteryouhaveanideaofthemainideasineacharticle,identifytheprecisemethodsusedandthetheoriestested.Anin-depthunderstandingisnecessaryforcomparingtheworkofdifferentresearchers.Acarefulreadingwillrevealsubtledifferencesintheoreticaloutlook.在比较不同研究人员文章的时候需要深入的理解。认真的阅读将会发现理论观点的席位差别。III.OrganizationoftheLiteratureReviewJustlikemostacademicpapers,literaturereviewsgenerallycontainfivebasicelements:1)Title;2)Introductionorbackgroundinformation;3)Bodyofthereviewcontainingthediscussionofsources;4)Conclusionand/orrecommendations;5)References.TitleThetitleofaliteraturereviewisusuallydevelopedfromathesisstatement主题陈述，which,inturn,isdevelopedfromthefocusofyourorganization.Asyoureadwidelyandselectivelyinyourtopicarea,considerwhatthemesorissuesconnectyoursourcestogether考虑什么样的主题或问题能够把你的资料信息联系起来.Dotheypresentoneordifferentsolutions?Isthereanaspectofthefieldthatismissing?Howwelldotheypresentthematerial?Dotheyrevealatrendinthefield,oranargument?Pickoneofthesethemestofocustheorganizationofyourreview.Thenusethefocusyouhavefoundtoconstructathesisstatement.Yourthesisstatementwillnotnecessarilyargueforapositionoranopinion;ratheritwillargueforaparticularperspectiveonthematerial.你的主题陈述不必要去论述一个立场或者观点，而是对资料信息的某一个具体视角进行论述。Herearetwoexamplesofthesisstatementsforliteraturereviews:Thecurrenttrendintreatingcongestiveheartfailureistocombinesurgeryandmedicine.当今治疗充血性心力衰竭趋势是采用手术与药物结合疗法。Moreandmorecultural-studiesscholarsareacceptingpopularmediaasasubjectworthyofacademicconsideration.越来越多的文化研究学者接受大众传媒为一个值得进行学术研究的题目。Andfromthethesisstatement,titlesoftheliteraturereviewscanbedevelopedasfollows:CurrentTrendinTreatmentforCongestiveHeartFailurePopularMediaasaSubjectWorthyofAcademicConsiderationIntroduction.Theintroductiongivesaquickideaofthetopic,thecontentsandscopeoftheliteraturereview.Itmayincludeoneormoreofthefollowingaspectsofcontents.Thegeneraltopic,issue,orareaofconcern,providinganappropriatecontextforreviewingtheliterature.Overalltrendsinwhathasbeenpublishedaboutthetopic;orconflictsintheory,methodology,evidence,andconclusions;orgapsinresearchandscholarship;orasingleproblemornewperspectiveofimmediateinterest.Thewriter'sreasonforreviewingtheliterature;explanationofthecriteriatobeusedinanalyzingandcomparingliteratureandtheorganizationofthereview;orthereasonswhycertainliteratureisorisnotincluded(thescope).InFigure16-1isanintroductionofaLiteraturereview,onthesubjectofLanguage&Gender.ItwaswrittenbyAlastairPennycook(examples/litex3.htm),asanexampleforhisstudents.Figure16-1IntroductionofaLiteratureReview।Withthegeneralgrowthoffeministworkinmanyacademicfields,itishardlysurprisingthattherelationshipbetweenlanguageandgenderhasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyears.2Inanattempttogobeyond“folklinguistic“assumptionsabouthowmenandwomenuselanguage(theassumptionthatwomenare“talkative”,forexample),studieshavefocusedonanythingfromdifferentsyntactical,phonologicalorlexicalusesoflanguagetoaspectsofconversationanalysis,suchastopicnominationandcontrol,interruptionsandotherinteractionalfeatures.3Whilesomeresearchhasfocusedonlyonthedescriptionofdifferences,otherworkhassoughttoshowhowlinguisticdifferencesbothreflectandreproducesocialdifference.4Accordingly,Coates(1988)suggeststhatresearchonlanguageandgendercanbedividedintostudiesthatfocusondominanceandthosethatfocusondifference.在最近几年中，随着男女平等主义者的工作在许多学术领域中的普遍发展，语言与性别的关系引起了相当大的关注，这一事并不令人奇怪。在研究中人们试图走出男女如何使用语言的民间语言学的假设(如假设女人是爱讲话的)，致力于研究各种语言现象，从对语言不同的句法、语音或词汇应用到谈话分析的各个方面，如话题的提出和支配、打断、以及其他相互作用的特点。一些研究仅限于对差异的描述，而另一些研究试图显示语言差异是如何反映和再现社会差异的。因此，Coates(1988)提出，对语言与性别的研究可以分为以支配为重点的研究和以差异为重点的研究。Inthisparagraph,thefirstsentenceintroducesthepresentsituationandthetopic"languageandgender.^^Thesecondsentencegivesthegeneralcoverageofthestudy.Thethirdsentencedescribesthedevelopmentofthestudy.Andthefourthsentencepointsouttwodifferentfocusesonthestudy,whichwillbethemajordiscussion(thescope)ofthereview.3.Body正文Thebodyisthemajorpartoftheliteraturereview,asitcontainsyourdiscussionofsources.Comparisonsareessentialindiscussion,whichmayincluderesearchassumptions,researchtheories,researchdesigns,independentanddependentvariables,equipmentused,resultsobtained,interpretationofresults,andresearcherspeculationsaboutfuturestudies.在对研究资料的讨论中，进行比较是重要的，比较的内容包括研究假设、研究理论、研究设计、自变量和因变量、仪器设备、研究结果、对结果的解释以及研究者对将来研究的思考。Throughcomparison,youfindoutstrengthsand/orweaknessesofeachstudy,andwhatremainstobedone.Thebodyofaliteraturereviewisusuallyorganizedaroundideasbutnott