大学专业英语三年级的课件

新编英语教程教案第五册CONTENTSTOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"UnitOne HittheNailontheHead 1\o"CurrentDocument"UnitTwo BewaretheDirtySeas 13UnitThree MyFriend,AlbertEinstein 20UnitFour TheInvisibleDoor 27UnitFiveThePlug-inDrug:TVandtheAmericanFamily,PartI 32UnitSix PreparingforCollege 40UnitSeven GroupingtheGifted:Pro 35\o"CurrentDocument"UnitEight WhyNothingWorks 51UnitNine WhereIstheNewsLeadingUs? 59\o"CurrentDocument"UnitTen Things:TheThrow-AwaySociety 67\o"CurrentDocument"UnitElevenCultivatingaHobby 74\o"CurrentDocument"UnitTwelveTheScienceofCustom 81UnitOneHittheNailontheHeadAlanWarnerObjectiveWarner'sessayiswrittentohelpstudentsbecomeawareoftheimportanceoflearningtochooseexactwordstobestexpresstheirideas.Toteachthistext,wemusthelpstudentsbecomefamiliarwithsomerelatedbackgroundknowledgeandmasterthelistedlanguagepoints.Apartfromthat,studentswilllearntoanalyzetheauthor'swritingstyle,analogy,employedinthetext.TeachingStepsStepOne:GetstudentstolookupthewordsandphraseslistedinDictionaryWorkinanEnglish-Englishdictionaryandfindthedefinitionsthatfitthecontextofthetext.AlsogetthemtofindsomeinformationabouttheitemsgiveninLibraryWorkinencyclopedias,otherreferencebooks,oronthewebsites.StepTwo:AsktwostudentstogiveanoralreportontheirDictionaryWorkandLibraryWorkinfrontoftheclassrespectively.StepThree:Haveaclassdiscussiononthetitleandtheauthor.StepFour:Explainthetexttostudents,focusingonthefollowinglanguagepointsaswellastheorganizationanddevelopmentofthetext.StepFive:GetstudentstodotherelatedexercisesinWorkBook.BackgroundKnowledgeAlanWarner(author)(Seep.4ofSB)GustaveFlaubert(L10)1821-1880;Frenchnovelistandshort-storywriter;consideredasaforerunnerofnaturalism;MadameBovary(1857),hisfirstpublishednovel.Uganda(L42)alandlockedcountryinEastAfrica;gainedindependencefromGreatBritainin1962;capital,Kampala;population,24,699,073(est.2002);languages,English(officialnationallanguage),Swahili,andotherlanguages.Mrs.Malaprop(L47)Mrs.Malaprop,acharacterinRichardBrinsleySheridan'splayTheRivals(1775),isfamousforherludicrousmisuseofwords.Sheconstantlyconfuseswordsthatsoundsimilar.Forexample,“She'sasheadstrongasanallegoryonthebanksoftheNile,"whenshemeansalligator,"He'stheverypineappleofpoliteness,"whenshemeanspinnacle.Shehassuchanamesimplybecausesheconsistentlyuseslanguagemalapropos,thatis,inappropriately.Etymology:namedafterMrs.MalapropMeaning:ludicrousmisuseofawordinplaceofasimilar-soundingoneExample:uWehavejustendedourphysicalyeaf'insteadof“Wehavejustendedourfiscalyear/*ProfessorRaleigh(L61)(Seep.6ofSB)Hindi(L105)theliteraryandofficiallanguageofnorthernIndia;anIndianlanguagederivedfromSanskrit.Swahili(L106)aBantulanguagewidelyusedasalinguafrancainEastAfrica;Bantu—agroupofpeoplesincentralandsouthernAfrica.OrganizationandDevelopment:IntroductionParagraph1:Theauthorbeginshisarticlewithananalogybetweenthehammeringofnailsandtheuseoflanguagetoexpressoneself.Amanwithapoorcommandofalanguage,whoisnotsurewhatwordstousetoexpresshimself,isjustlikeamanclumsywithahammer,whoisnotsuccessfulinhisefforttostrikeanailrightintoabox.However,amanwithagoodcommandofalanguage,justlikeaskillfulcarpenterwhoeasilydriveshomethenailwithafewfirm,deftblows,willdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactlywiththerightwordsandexpressions.(TBp.4)"Askillfulcarpenter,ontheotherhand,willdrivehomethenailwithafewfirm,deftblows,hittingiteachtimesquarelyonthehead.”"Sowithlanguage;thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly/*:Body(SBp.7)Paragraphs2-3:Theauthordiscussesthesignificanceoffindingtherightwords.Paragraphs4-7:Theauthordiscussesthesemanticdifferencesbetweenwordshavingthesameroot.humanandhumane;anxietyandeagerness;singularityandsinglenessParagraph8:Theauthordiscussesthewrongchoiceofwordscausedbyfailuretorecognizetheirconnotations.Paragraph9:Theauthordiscussesthestylisticdifferencesbetweensynonyms.Paragraph10:TheauthordiscussestheabundanceofspecificwordsinEnglishforgeneralnotions.ee:ConclusionParagraph11:Theauthorendsthearticlebyreferringtotheanalogy,re-emphasizingtheimportanceofchoosingtherightwordstobestexpressoneself.UAgoodcarpenterisnotdistinguishedbythenumberofhistools,butbythecraftsmanshipwithwhichheusesthem.”“Soagoodwriterisnotmeasuredbytheextentofhisvocabulary,butbyhisskillinfindingthe*motjuste*,thewordthatwillhitthenailcleanlyonthehead.**LanguagePointshitthenailonthehead(Title)AnidiomMeaning:saytherightword,suggestagoodideaExample:Yourcommenthitthenailonthehead.Youspokethetruth.clumsy(L1)Meaning:awkward,unskillfulExample:Tveneverseensuchaterriblyclumsyfellow.Derivative:clumsily(adv.)clumsiness(n.)AphrasalverbMeaning:knocksomebodyorsomethingover-strikesomebodyorsomethingdown,knocksomebodyorsomethingdownExamples:(1)Anoldwomanwasknockedoverbyacarwhenshewascrossingthestreet.(2)You'veknockedovermymilk!drivesomethinghome(L3)AphraseMeaning:makesomethingclearlyandfullyunderstoodExample:MybossdrovehometomethatImustbetherebyeight.deft(L4)Meaning:skillfulandquick;adroitExamples:(1)Withonedeftmovement,mymotherflippedthepancakeover.(2)AsBillwasadeftpoliticaloperator,hewaselectedchairman.Derivative:deftly(adv.)deftness(n.)squarely(L4)Meaning:directlyandfirmlyExamples:(1)Theboxerhithisopponentsquarelyonthejaw.(TB)Hemustfacetheawkwardsituationsquarely.craftsman(L5)Meaning:amanwhomakesthingsskillfullywithhishands;here,ask川edwriteroralanguagemasterdrivehomeapoint(L5)AphraseMeaning:makeone*spointcompletelyclearExample:Itriedtodrivehomethepointthatweneedextrapeoplefortheresearchwork,butthebossdidnllistentomeatall.moreorless(L6)AphraseMeaning:almost;approximatelyExamples:(1)Themeetingismoreorlessover.We'reexpecting100peopleattheparty,moreorless.loose(L6)Meaning:notexact;vagueExample:Thisisaloosetranslationoftheoriginalpaper.cleanEnglish(L7)Meaning:Englishwhichispreciseandclear(TB)apt(L9)Meanings:(1)exactlysuitable;appropriatehavinganaturaltendencytodosomething;inclined;likelyquicktolearnorunderstandExamples:(1)Hegaveusanaptdescriptionofhisnature.SomeofthestudentsareapttobelateforclassonMondays.Heprovedanaptstudent.Derivative:aptly(adv.)aptness(n.)Iemotjuste(L9)Meaning:Frenchforuthecorrectorexactword"(TB)scrupulous(L10)Meaning:thorough,exact,andcarefulaboutdetails;meticulous一丝不苟的Example:Theresearchhasbeencarriedoutwithscrupulousattentiontodetail.Derivative:scrupulously(adv.);scrupulousness(n.)unscrupulous(antonym)subtle(L11)Meaning:noteasytonoticeorunderstand难以察觉的，细微的Example:Thepicturesaresimilar,buttherearesubtledifferencesbetweenthem.Derivative:subtly(adv.)delicate(L12)Meaning:verysubtleindifferenceordistinctionExample:Iwasverymuchimpressedwithyourdelicatehandlingofthesituation.Derivative:delicately(adv.)shadesofmeaning(L12)Meaning:slightdifferencesinmeaningExample:Ifindithardtolearnawordwithmanyshadesofmeaning.realization(L15)Meaning:becomingawareofwhatonethinksandfeels(TB)chap(L22)Meaning:(informal)amanoraboy;afellowthatconstituteshislimitation(L23)Meaning:thatmakesup/formshisshortcomingorinabilityincertainaspects(TB)Examples:(1)ThefiftystatesconstitutetheUSA.Twelvemonthsconstituteayear.conceptionof(L24)Meaning:ageneralnotionorideaaboutsomethingExamples:(1)Shehasgotaverystrangeconceptionoflove.YouhavenoconceptionofwhatImean.sharper(L25)Meaning:moredistinct;clearerExamples:(1)asharp(thin-edged)knife(2)sharp(keen)eyesasharp(shrill)voice(4)sharp(harsh)wordsasharp(severe)pain(TB)human(L27)Meaning:relatingtoorconcerninghumankindorpeople(origin—humain)Examples:(1)thehumanbody(2)thehumanbehaviorhumane(L27)Meaning:havingorshowingkindness,mercy,orcompassion(origin—humain)Examples:(1)Hewasathoughtfulandhumanejudge.Therearemanyregulationsensuringthehumanetreatmentofanimals.ahumanekiller(L30)Meaning:aninstrumentforthepainlessslaughterofanimalsfarafield(L31)Meaning:farawayfromone'shome;atadistanceExamples:(1)Don'tgotoofarafieldoryou'llgetlost.Someofthosecriminalscamefromfarafield.thePress(L36)newspapersandmagazinesExamples:TodaytheAmericanpressisfullofarticlesonthewarinIraq.rife(L38)Meaning:verycommon;widespread(especiallysomethingbadorunpleasant)Examples:(1)Violentcrimewasrifeinthiscitybefore.Thestreetswererifewithrumorandfear,(fullof)Derivative:rifeness(n.)singularity(L39)Meanings:(1)atraitmarkingoneasdistinctfromothers;apeculiaritysomethinguncommonorunusual;strangenessExample:singularity0fm思想奇特singleness(L41)Meaning:stateofhavingonlyoneaim,purpose,etc.Example:singlenessofmind-思想专一,一心一意，专心致志singleout(L43)AphrasalverbMeaning:singlesomeoneorsomethingout-choosesomeoneorsomethingfromagroupforspecialattentionortreatmentExamples:(1)Onenewspaperwassingledoutforcriticism.Hisbosshassingledhimoutforaspecialmention.leader(L45)Meaning:(chieflyBritish)aleadingarticleinanewspaper;editorialimprisoned(L47):限制，束缚(TB)contained(L49):包含(TB)summedup(L49):总结(TB)epitomized(L49):概括(TB)distilled(L51):提炼(TB)distilltheessenceof...(L54):提取 的精华(TB)coercion(L48)Meaning:theuseofthreatsororderstomakesomeonedosomethingtheydonotwanttodoExample:Jamessaidthathehadbeenundercoercionwhenheconfessed.againstone*swill(L48)AnidiomMeaning:notaccordingtoone'swishes;notwhatonewantsExample:Idon'twantyoutostayagainstyourwill.epitomize(L49)Meanings:(1)beaperfectexampleof;(2)giveasummaryof(awrittenwork)Example:ThecompanyepitomizedtheproblemsfacedbyAmericanindustry.hiton(L50)(orhitupon)AphrasalverbMeaning:discoverorthinkofsomethingbychance;stumbleonExamples:(1)Afterworkingonthepaperforawholeday,shefinallyhitonagoodtitleforit.Hehitonanovelideaforfund-raising.essenceof(L54)Meaning:thebasicandmostimportantqualityofsomethingExample:Conflictistheessenceofdrama.flexible(L56)Meaning:easilychangedtosuitnewconditionsandcircumstances;adaptableExample:Wecanbeflexibleaboutyourworkinghours.Derivative:flexibly(adv.)flexibility(n.)tobealivetosomething(L58)AnidiomMeaning:tobeawareof,tobesensitivetoExamples:(1)Asaleader,youneedtobealwaysalivetonewideas.Wemustbealivetoeveryopportunity.disprove(L63)Meaning:toprovetobefalse,invalid,orinerror;refuteExample:Ittookthemtwomonthstodisprovetheallegation.Derivative:disprovable(adj.)disproval(n.)ashade(L68)AphraseMeaning:alittleExamples:(1)Shewasjustashadetoohonestaboutherfeelings.Ifsashadecoldertoday.expire(L74)Meaning:cometoanendorisnolongervalid;die(aliteraryuse)(aformalword)Examples:(1)Myvisaexpiresnextweek.Hisdrivinglicenseexpired.indigent(L74)Meaning:verypoor(aformalword)Derivative:indigence(n.)fascinating(L81)Meaning:veryinterestingandattractive;captivatingExample:SanyaisthemostfascinatingplaceI'veeverbeento.Derivative:fascinatingly(adv.)march(L83)—walkwithfirm,regularstepslikeasoldier齐步前进，行进，行军pace(L83)—walkwithslow,steadysteps,usuallybackandforth踱步patrol(L83)—goaroundanareaorbuildingatregulartimestomakesurethatthereisnotroublethere巡逻stalk(L84)—walkinastiff,proud,orangryway,withlongsteps高视阔步地走stride(L84)—walkwithquick,longsteps大踏步地走tread(on)(L84)—putyourfootonsomethingwhenyouarewalking;stepon踩踏tramp(L84)—walkwithfirmheavysteps;trudge用沉重的脚步走stepout(L84)—(AmE)gooutsideforashorttime;walkmorequickly(美口)暂时离开，走开；健步走，快走prance(L84)—walkinaspiritedmanner快活地走，欢跃地走strut(L84)—walkinaproudwaywithyourheadhighandyourchestpushedforwards,asifyouareveryimportant趾高气扬地走prowl(L84)—movearoundanareaquietlyandcautiously,asinsearchofprey徘徊,潜行plod(L85)—walkslowlyandheavily;trudge沉重缓慢地走stroll(L85)—walkinaslow,relaxedway;wander散步，闲逛shuffle(L85)—walkbydraggingyourfeetalongorwithoutliftingthemproperlyofftheground拖着脚走stagger(L85)—walkunsteadily,asifabouttofall *良跄，摇晃sidle(L85)—walkuncertainlyorcautiously,asifyoudon'twanttobenoticed侧身而行trudge(L85)—walkslowlyandwithheavysteps,especiallybecauseyouaretired;plod步履艰难地走，跋涉toddle(L85)—walkwithshort,unsteadystepswhilelearningtowalk(小孩学步时的)蹒跚行走ramble(L85)—goonawalkforpleasure漫步，闲逛roam(L86)—travelaroundanareawithoutpurpose;wander漫步，漫游saunter(L86)—walkinaslow,relaxedway,withouthurry;stroll;lounge闲逛meander(L86)—moveaimlesslyandidlywithoutfixeddirection;wander：曼步，散步lounge(L86)—moveinalazy,relaxedway;saunter闲荡loiter(L86)—moveslowly,withmanystops边走边停，走走停停creep(L86)—movequietly,slowly,andcautiously,especiallytoavoidbeingheardornoticed蹑手蹑脚地走dismay(L87)Meaning:(aformaluse)makesomeonefeelworried,disappointed,orsad;upsetExamples:(1)Theyweredismayedbywhattheyhadbeentold.Iwasdismayedtofindthatherhandswereshaking.takecourage(L89)AnidiomMeaning:makeanefforttobebraveenoughtodosomethingExamples:(1)Ittookhimaboutseveralmonthstotakecouragetodriveagainafterhisaccident.(2)Ishallhavetotakecouragetotellherthetruth.UnitTwoBewaretheDirtySeasObjectivesThroughGeoffreyLean'sarticleaboutthepollutionoftheMediterranean,studentswilllearnhowtoorganizeinformationsystematicallyintoacauseandeffectessay.Specifically,studentswilllearnhowtousefacts,examples,andstatisticalinformationincludinggeographicanddemographicfigurestoestablishtherelationship.Inaddition,studentswilllearnmanyusefulwordsandpatternsindealingwiththesubjectofpollution.TeachingStepsStepOne:GetstudentstolookupthewordsandphraseslistedinDictionaryWorkinanEnglish-Englishdictionaryandfindthedefinitionsthatfitthecontextofthetext.AlsogetthemtofindsomeinformationabouttheitemsgiveninLibraryWorkinencyclopedias,otherreferencebooks,oronthewebsites.StepTwo:AsktwostudentstogiveanoralreportontheirDictionaryWorkandLibraryWorkinfrontoftheclassreceptively.StepThree:Haveaclassdiscussiononthetitleandtheauthor.StepFour:Explainthetexttostudents,focusingonthefollowinglanguagepointsaswellastheOrganizationandDevelopmentofthetext.StepFive:GetstudentstodotherelatedexercisesintheWorkBook.BackgroundKnowledgetheMediterraneanItisaninlandseaseparatingEuropefromNAfrica,withAsiatotheE;extremelength3,700km;area2,966,000sq.km.ItislinkedtotheAtlanticOcean(attheStraitofGibraltar),RedSea,andIndianOcean(bytheSuezCanal),BlackSea(attheDardanellesandSeaofMarmara),TheMainsubdivisionsaretheAdriatic,Aegean,Ionian,andTyrrhenianseas.Itishighlypolluted.TheMediterraneanisseverelyendangeredbyhumanandindustrialwastepollution;100millionpeoplelivealongthecoast,85%ofsewagenearthecoastisdischargeddirectlyintothewater,anditisregularlycrossedbyoiltankers.TheBarcelonaConvention1976tocleanuptheMediterraneanwassignedby17countriesandledtoabanondumpingofmercury,cadmium,persistentplastics,DDT,crudeoil,andhydrocarbons.CannesResortinAlpes-Maritimesdepartement,SFrance;population(1990)69,400.Aprestigiousfilmfestivalisheldhereannually.TelAvivOfficiallyTelAviv-Jaffa.CityinIsrael,ontheMediterraneancoast.BarcelonaCapital,industrialcityandportofCatalonis,NESpain,population(1991)1,653,200.In1992thecityhostedthesummerOlympics.AhistoriccityinNWItaly,capitalofLiguria;population(1989)706,700.ItisItaly'slargestport;industriesincludeoilrefining,chemicals,engineering,andtextiles.theRoyalFreeHospitalAnundergraduateteachinganddistrictgeneralholpitalforalltypesofillnessinLondon.(SB)theItalianLigurianrivieraRiveraisaresortareaalongtheMediterraneanSeacoast,extendingfromMarse川esinsoutheasternFrancetoLaSpeziainnorthwesternItaly.TheItalianLigurianrvieraisthepartoftherivieraalongtheLiguriancoast,notedforitsbeautyandclimate.(SB)theTyrrhenianSeaArmoftheMediterraneanSeasurroundedbymainlandItaly,Sicily,Sardinia,Corsica,andtheLigurianSea.ItisconnectedtotheIonianSeathroughtheStraitsofMessina.SardiniaMountainousisland,specialautonomousregionofItaly,area24,100sq.km.Population(1990)1,664,400.ItscapitalisCagliari,anditexportscorkandpetrochemicals.SicilyThelargestMediterraneanisland,anautonomousregionofItaly,area25,700sqkm,population(1990)5,196,800.ItexportsMarsalawine,olives,citrus,refinedoilandpetrochemicals,pharmaceuticals,potash,asphalt,andmarble.thelagoonofVeniceAninletoftheGulfofVenice.VeniceisaseaportinnortheasternItalywhichisbuiltonnumeroussmallislandsintheLagoonofVenice.(SB)thePoLongestriverinItaly,flowingfromtheCottianAlpstotheAdriaticSea,length668km.Itsvalleyisfertileandcontainsnaturalpas.Theriverisheavilypollutedwithnitrates,phosphates,andarsenic.theRhoneRiverofSEurope,length810km.ItrisesinSwitzerlandandflowsthroughLakeGenevatoLyoninFrance.RiverinNESpain,whichrisesintheCantabrianMountainsandflowssome800kmSEtOmeettheMediterraneanSeaSWofBarcelona.theLlobregatAriverinSpain.(SB)theAdigeSecondlongestriver(afterthePo)inItaly,410km.ItcrossestheLombardyPlainandenterstheAdriaticjustNofthePodelta.theTiberAriverincentralItaly,flowingthroughRomeintotheMediterranean.(SB)theNileAriverinAfrica,theworld'slongest,6,695km.TheBlueNilerisesinLakeTana,Ethiopia,theWhiteNileatLakeVictoria;theyjoinatKhartoum,Sudan.TheriverenterstheMediterraneanSeaatavastdeltakinNEgypt.theStraitofGibraltarAstraitbetweenEuropeandAficaattheAtlanticentrancetotheMediterranean.(SB)theBosphorusAlsoBosporus.Strait27kmlong,joiningtheBlackSeawiththeSeaofMarmaraandformingpartofthewaterdivisionbetweenEuropeandAsia.OrganizationandDevelopment:Paras.1-4Thesisstatement:TheMediterraneanisthemostpollutedseaintheworld.Thewritersetstheseverityofthepollutionagainsttwocontrasts,whichimpressthereaderagreatdeal.Thefirstisthefactthattheseaisonlyonepercentoftheworld'sseasurfacebutitreceivesonethirdofthetouristtradeeveryyear.Thesecondisthecontrastthatthisonepercentoftheworld'sseasurfacecarriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewatersintheworld.Astheresultofthisterriblepollution,diseasesareendemicinthisarea.Thisisthegeneralsituationofthesea,andfromthispointofdeparturethewriterisgoingtoexaminetheproblemthoroughlytofindthecauses.:Paras.5-10ImpropertreatmentofsewagebymanyMediterraneancountries.Consequences:Contaminationofseawaterandfish.Greaterlikelihoodofdisease.ee:Paras.11-13Secondmaincause——theindustries.Untreatedwateremittedfromfactoriesalongthecoastandfromfactorieslocatedfarinland.r:Paras14-15Othercausesofthepollution:pesticides,detergents,fertilizers,oil,etc.e:Paras:16-20Factorsthatleadtotheseverityofthecase:NarrowandshallowoutletoftheStraitofGibraltar,Weakcoastalcurrentsandfeebletides,Long-standingpracticeofdumpingwastesintothesea,Multiplicationofpopulationandincreasingnumberoftourists.:21-22Conclusion.Effortsbeingmadetosolvetheproblem.LanguagePointsbeware(of)(inthetitle)Usedinacommandorimperative,"ofcanbeomitted.Meaning:becautiousoforcarefulaboutExamples:Beware(of)thefakeproductsthatfloodthemarket.(TB)Bewareofpickpockets.Bewareofthedog.Bewarehiswit.waters(L5)PluralnounMeaning:Acountry'swatersrefertotheareaofseathatisneartoitandbelongstoit.Examples:St.Lucia(圣卢西亚，加勒比海东部一岛国)dependsoncleancoastalWatersbecausefishingandtourismprovidemuchofitsincome.IntheshallowwatersoftheGulfofMexico,oilrigsattractshoalsoffish,andfishermentoo.sluice(L6)Meaning:Ifwatersluicesoutfromsomewhereitflowsinlargeamounts.Examples:vi.Watersluicesoutfromthepipes.vt.Sluiceapavementwithahose.nurture:(L8)Meaning:promotethedevelopmentofsomethingbyprovidingfavorableconditions.Examples:Thegroupwantstonurturedemocracyinthiscountry.fallvictimto(L9)AphraseMeaning:Ifyoufallvictimtosomeoneorsomething,youarehurt,damaged,killedorsufferbecauseofthem.Examples:In1948,GandhifellvictimtoamemberofaHindugang.Thecompanyhasfallenvictimtoincreasedcompetition.endemic(L13)Meaning:adj.(Ofdiseaseofacondition)regularlyfoundandverycommonamongaparticulargrouporinaparticulararea,sothatitispartofthegeneralsituationExamples:Malariaisendemicinmanyofthehotterregionsoftheworld.ThediseaseisendemicamongBritishsheep/tomanyBritishflocks.Hesaidthatcorruptionwasendemicinpartsofthepoliceforce.mournful(14)Meaning:adj.Sad,grief-stricken,grieving,heart-broken,heart-breakingExamples:Whatareyousomournfulabout?Shelookedathimwithmournfuleyes.Themusicsoundsrathermournful.Derivatives:mourn(v.)mournfully(adv.)mournfulness(n.)litany(L14)Meaning:n.Alitanyisalonglistofunpleasantthings,particularlythingsthatarerepeated.Examples:Themanufacturersarereportedtohavereceivedalitanyofcomplaintsfromdissatisfiedcustomers.There'salitanyofmedicalproblemsfacingtheprisonpopulation.rareindeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhich...(L17)InvertedsentenceMeaning:Thissentenceisintheinvertedordernotonlytoproduceanemphaticeffectbutalsotoavoidanawkwardstructureastheattributiveclauseintroducedbywhichisquitelong.(TB)halfamileoffshore(L17)Anexpression.Meaning:halfamileawayfromtheshore.awash(L25)Adj.afterv.Meaning:Coveredwithaliquid,esp.water,or(fig.)havinganamountofsomethingwhichisverylargeorlargerthannecessaryordesirable.Examples:Thefloorwasawashafterthebathoverflowed.Parliamentisawashwithrumors/reportsthattheChancellorisabouttoresign.Thisisacompanywhichisawashwithcash.atrisk(L29)Aphrase.Meaning:inadangeroussituationExamples:Ayoungwomanoutaloneatnightisatrisk.Attheriskofseemingrude,TmafraidIhavetoleavenow.Ifyoutakemycar,it,satyourownrisk.shallows(L25)Pluralnoun.Meaning:ashallowareainabodyofwater.(TB)aoneinsevenchanceof...(LL27-8)Anexpression.Meaning:thepossibilityordegreeofgettingsomesortofdiseaseonceoutofsevenvisitstotheMediterranean.(TB)lurk(L30)Meaning:v.Towaitormoveinasecretwaysothatyoucannotbeseen,esp.becauseyouareabouttoattacksomeoneordosomethingwrong.Examples:AsIwalkeddownthedarkstreet,IthoughtIsawsomeonelurkingintheshadows.Theywonderedwhatelselurkedbehindhisofficialstatement.ThememoryoftheWallStreetcrashstilllurksinthemindsofbankers.primecarriers(L31)PhraseMeaning:chiefcarriers.Example:Honestyisamatterofprimeimportance.(TB)pesticide(L44)a.Meaning:N.Achemicalsubstanceusedtokillpests,suchasfliesandmosquitoes.Amoregeneraltermisinsecticide,achemicalsubstanceusedtokillinsects.detergentsfrommillionsofsinks(L44)PhraseMeaning:soaplesssubstancesusedforcleaningdishes,etc.,drainedfromnumerouslargeopencontainersinkitchens.(TB)slime(L46)Meaning:U.Astickyliquidsubstancewhichisunpleasanttotouch,suchastheliquidproducedbyfish.Eamples:Theceilingwasmouldyandtherewasarevoltingslimeinbetweenthebathroomtiles.virtuallyunabletocleanseitself(L51)Meaning:practically/ineffectunabletomakeitselffreefromwastematerials.Examples:Themanagerbeingoutoftown,Sallyisvirtuallyinchargeofthework.(TB)cleanse/klenz/(L51)Meaning:vt.Tomakecompletelycleanor(morally)pure.Examples:Youshouldalwaysmakesureacutorwoundisthoroughlycleansedbeforeyoubandageit.Derivatives:kitchencleansersCleansingcreamsandcleansinglotionsareusedforcleansingesp.theskin.tocopewiththeremorselessrushofpollution(LL52-3)AphraseMeaning:todealsuccessfullywiththesewage,effluents,etc.,whichpourintotheseathreateninglyandwhichcannotbestopped.(TB)UnitThreeMyFriend,AlbertEinsteinObjectivesHelptodevelopstudents5abilitytodecodemessagesbydrawingonsyntacticandlexicalclues.Helptodevelopstudents,readingstrategiessuchasexpectation,guessingmeaningfromcontextandeffectiveuseofdictionaries.Helpstudentstoanalyzehowanessayofdescriptionisdevelopedandorganized.TeachingStepsStepOne:Warm-up:Discussion:WhatdoyouknowaboutEinstein?Abriefintroductionoftheauthor(SeeNotesonp.33)StepTwo:Checkcomprehensionofthemainideaandfactualdetails(p.35)StepThree:GooverTextI:ExplainlanguagepointsDiscussthemeaningDiscusstheorganizationanddevelopmentofthetextStepFour:Doexercisesintheworkbook.BackgroundKnowledgeMozart(L68)(SeeTB:p.15)Beethoven(L69)(SeeTB:p.15)TheNobelPrize(L89)(SeeTB:p.15)TheNazis(L99)(SeeTB:p,15)MoreaboutEinsteinOnestoryEinsteinlikedtotellabouthischildhoodwasofa“wonder“hesawwhenhewasfourorfiveyearsold:amagneticcompass.Theneedle'sinvariablenorthwardswing,guidedbyaninvisibleforce,profoundlyimpressedthechild.Thec