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Macroeconomics,6eChapter TheGoodsMarketinanOpen MultipleChoiceWhichofthefollowingrepresentsthedemandfordomesticC+I+C+I+G+C+I+G-C+I+G+X+C+I+G+X— Diff:1WhichofthefollowingrepresentsthedomesticdemandforC+I+C+I+G+C+I+G—C+I+G+X-C+I+G+X+ Diff:1Theexpression,IM,representsthevalueofimportsintermsforeigndomesticforeigndomestic Diff:2Thetyofimportswillincreasewhenthereareductionintherealexchangeanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Exportswilldecreasewhenthereanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingoccurswhenthegoodsmarketisindomesticoutput(Y)equalsthedemandfordomesticYequalsthedomesticdemandforYequalsthedomesticdemandfordomesticnetexportsequalsdemandfordomesticgoodsequalsthedomesticdemandforgoods. Diff:Inanopeneconomy,anincrease ernmentspendingwillareductionindomesticareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Inanopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingwillcauseanincreaseinthesizeoftheareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoareductionforeignanincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Supposethereisareductioninforeignoutput(Y*).ThisreductioninY*willcausewhichofthefollowinginthedomesticcountry?areductioninareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwillalwayscauseanincreaseinnetareductionindomesticanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseinernmentanincreaseinalloftheabove Diff:/宏观经济学 /第19A）C+I+G.B）C+I+G+C）C+I+G-D）C+I+G+X+εIME）C+I+G+X-IM/εA）C+I+G.B）C+I+G+C）C+I+G-IMD）C+I+G+X-E）C+I+G+X在开放经济中，支出的增加将导假设外国产量（Y*）Y*的减少会导致国内哪个国家？AssumetheMarshall-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwillcauseareductioninnetexports?areductioninernmentareductioninanincreaseinforeignanincreaseintherealexchangealloftheabove Diff:Anincreaseinernmentspendingwillhaveagreaterimpactonnetexportsthemarginalpropensitytosaveistheeconomyisthesensitivityofinvestment eisallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwilloccurinasmallcountrywithahighmarginalpropensitytochanges ernmentspendingwillcauselargechangesinchanges ernmentspendingwillcauselargechangesinthetradeadepreciationwillcauseonlysmallchangesinthetradethereisnocombinationofpoliciesthatcaneliminatethetradealloftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwouldmakethespendingmultiplierareductioninmarginalpropensitytoasmallinitialtradeareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoarealnoneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumetheMarshal-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwouldoccurasaresultofanincreaseintherealexchangerate?animprovementofthetradeareductioninthetyofanincreaseindomesticallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Supposethereisarealappreciation.ThisrealappreciationismorelikelytocauseareductioninnetexportswhendomesticoutputisrelativelyforeignoutputisrelativelytheMarshall-Lernerconditiondoesnotimportsarenotatallsensitivetopriceexportsandimportsarerelativelysensitivetopricechanges. Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheJ-curveeffectexists.Whichofthefollowingwilloccurafterarealappreciation?thetradedeficitwillimprovetemporarilybeforeitthetradedeficitwillworsentemporarilybeforeittherealexchangeratewillfalltemporarilybeforeittherealexchangeratewillrisetemporarilybeforeitnoneoftheabove Diff:TheMarshall-Lernerconditionislesslikelytoholdimportsandexportsareveryprice-thetradedeficitisthemarginalpropensitytoconsumeisverythemarginalpropensitytoconsumeifverynoneoftheabove Diff:Theevidencesuggeststhatinrichcountries,aimmediayimprovesthetradeeventuallyimprovesthetradeimproves,butthenworsensthetradebalance.hasnoeffectonthetradenoneoftheabove Diff:ArealdepreciationwillinitiallycauseareductioninoutputwhenwhichofthefollowingtheMarshall-LernertheJ-Curvenetexportsareinitiallynetexportsareinitiallynetexportsareinitiallypositive Diff:A）减少支出B）支出的变化将导致贸易平衡的巨大变化rhlrnrA）贸易逆差在之前会暂时改善。贸易逆差在改善之前会暂时。C）首先改善，但随后贸易平衡。D）净出口最初是的Supposethattherestoftheworldexperiencesaneconomicboomcausinganincreaseinforeignoutput(Y*).ThisincreaseinY*willNOTcausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?thedomesticcountry'soutputtothedomesticcountry'sconsumptiontothedomesticcountry'soutputtoincreaseanditstradebalancetoworsenasimportsallofthenoneofthe Diff:2Inanopeneconomy,netexportswillbeequaltowhichoftheX—T-ZS- Diff:1Whichofthefollowingwilloccurasaresultofataxprivatesavinginvestmentthetradebalancethetradebalancethebudgetdeficitincreases Diff:Anopeneconomywithalowsavingrate(privateandpublic)mustlowinvestmenthighinvestmentatradesurpluslowinvestmentoratradelowinvestmentoratradesurplus. Diff:Policycoordinationisdifficultbecauseeachpreferstobetheonetoincreasepreferstobetheonetoappreciateitsprefersthatothercountriesincreasetheirpreferstobetheonetoincreaseprefersthatothercountriesincreasetaxes. Diff:Whichofthefollowingconditionsmustbesatisfiedforthedemandfordomesticgoodstobeequaltothedomesticdemandforgoods?X=X=G-T=S=X= Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountryisexperiencingatradesurplus(NX>demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforabudgetsurplusexists Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountyisexperiencingatradedeficit(NX<demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforabudgetdeficitexists Diff:Whichofthefollowingistruewhenacountry'stradepositionisbalanced(i.e.,NX=demandfordomesticgoodsisequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsisgreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodsislessthanthedomesticdemandforneitherabudgetsurplusnordeficitexists(i.e.,G—T=0) Diff:Anincreaseinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillcauseareductioninthedemandfordomesticgoods? therealexchangeconsumer alloftheabove Diff:假设世界其他地区经历了经济繁荣，导致外国产出增加（Y*）。Y*的这种增加不随着进口增加，国内产量增加，贸易平衡A）X-IM/εB）T-E）S-我由于增加，会发生以下哪种情况D）贸易平衡E）更喜欢其他国家增加。A）X=εIMB）X=0C）G-T=0D）S=IE）XIMε当一个国家正在经历贸易顺差（NX0）时，以下哪项是正确的？存在盈余当一个县遇到贸易逆差（NX0）时，下列哪一项是正确的？D）存在赤29）当一个国家的贸易头寸平衡时（即NX0），下列哪一项是正确的？D）盈余和赤字都不存在（即G-T=0）AchangeinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillhaveNOdirecteffectonthelevelofdomesticdemand? therealexchangeernmenttheinterestratenoneoftheabove Diff:AchangeinwhichofthefollowingvariableswillhaveNOdirecteffectondomestic ernmenttheinterestratenoneoftheabove Diff:Assumeacountryisclosed.Giventhisinformation,whichofthefollowingmustdemandfordomesticgoodswillbelessthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbegreaterthanthedomesticdemandforS+T=I+abudgetsurplusS= Diff:2Assumeacountryisopen.Giventhisinformation,whichofthefollowingmustdemandfordomesticgoodswillbeequaltothedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbegreaterthanthedomesticdemandfordemandfordomesticgoodswillbelessthanthedomesticdemandforS+T=I+noneoftheabove Diff:Anincreaseindomesticdemandwillhavewhichofthefollowingeffectsinanopenasmallereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandapositiveeffectonthetradeasmallereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandanegativeeffectonthetradealargereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandapositiveeffectonthetradealargereffectonoutputthaninaclosedeconomyandanegativeeffectonthetradebalance Diff:AnincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoimportwilltheZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZline esteeperandagivenchange ernmentspending(G)tohavesmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:AreductioninthemarginalpropensitytoimportwilltheZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto eflatterandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.theZZlineto esteeperandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Anincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoimportwillthemultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Areductioninthemarginalpropensitytoimportwillthemultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertoincreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohavealargereffectondomesticoutput.themultipliertodecreaseandagivenchangein ernmentspending(G)tohaveasmallereffectondomesticoutput. Diff:2Inalargecountry,theeffectofagivenchangeinernmentonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceislarge. Diff:2C）S+T=I+存在盈E）S=D）S+T=I+A）对产出的影响小于封济，对贸易平衡产生积极影响B）对产出的影响小于封济，对贸易平衡产生影响C）对产出的影响大于封济，对贸易平衡产生积极影响D）对产出的影响大于封济，对贸易平衡产生影响A）ZZ线变得更加平坦，支出（G）的变化对国内产出产生更大的影响。B）ZZ线变得更加平坦，支出（G）的变化对国内产出的影响较小。C）ZZ线变得更加陡峭，支出（G）的变化对国内产出产生更大的影响。D）ZZ线变得更加陡峭，支出（G）的变化对国内产出的影响较小。A）ZZ线变得更加平坦，支出（G）的变化对国内产出产生更大的影响。B）ZZ线变得更加平坦，支出（G）的变化对国内产出的影响较小。C）ZZ线变得更加陡峭，支出（G）的变化对国内产出产生更大的影响。D）ZZ线变得更加陡峭，支出（G）的变化对国内产出的影响较小。A）增加的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出产生更大的影响。B）增加的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出的影响较小。C）减少的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出产生更大的影响。D）乘数减少和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出的影响较小。A）增加的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出产生更大的影响。B）增加的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出的影响较小。C）减少的乘数和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出产生更大的影响。D）乘数减少和支出的给定变化（G）对国内产出的影响较小。在一个大国，支出的特定变化的影响Inasmallcountry,theeffectofagivenchangeinernmentonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputislargeandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceisonoutputissmallandtheeffectonthetradebalanceislarge. Diff:Wewillgenerallyobservethatthemoreopenanthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition. Diff:2Wewillgenerallyobservethatthelessopenanthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthelargertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition.thesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonoutputandthesmallertheeffectoffiscalpolicyonthetradeposition. Diff:2Foranopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingexpressionsrepresentssavingI+T-G+I+T-G-I+G-T+G-T+NX-noneoftheabove Diff:Foranopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingexpressionsrepresentsnetexportsS+G-T-S+G-T+S+T-G+G-T+I—noneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethatequilibriumoutputisdeterminedintheZZ-Ydiagram.Furtherassumethatpolicymakers'goalsare(1)toachievebalancedtrade(i.e.,NX=0);and(2)toachievealevelofoutput,sayYT.Now,supposethattheinitiallevelofequilibriumoutputisequaltoYT(i.e.,Y=YT)andthatatradedeficitexistsatthisinitiallevelofoutput.Whichofthefollowingpolicyactionswouldmostlikelyenablethepolicymakerstoachievetheirtwogoalssimultaneously?areductioninernmentconvincethecountry'stradingpartnerstopursuepoliciesthatwillcauseanincreaseinforeigne(Y*)areductionintherealexchangeareductioninasimultaneousincrease ernmentspendingandreductionintherealexchangenoneoftheabove Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheMarshall-LernerconditiondoesNOThold.Anincreaseintherealexchangeratewilltendtocausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?areductioninNXandareductioninareductioninNXandanincreaseinanincreaseinNXandareductioninanincreaseinNXandanincreaseinY Diff:Forthisquestion,assumethattheMarshall-LernerconditiondoesNOThold.Areductionintherealexchangeratewilltendtocausewhichofthefollowingtooccur?areductioninNXandareductioninforeignoutputareductioninNXandanincreaseindomesticoutputanincreaseinNXandareductioninanincreaseinNXandanincreaseinnoneoftheabove Diff:TheJ-curveillustratestheeffectschangesinY*onchangesinYonchangesintherealexchangerateonchangesinYonimports. Diff:SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseYandincreaseNX.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?anincreaseinernmentarealareductionintaxesandanincreaseintherealexchangeanincreaseintherealexchangerate Diff:在一个小国家，支出的特定变化的影响）财政政策对产出的影响越小，财政政策对贸易地位的影响越小。答案：C通常会观察到经济不那么开放）财政政策对产出的影响越大，财政政策对贸易地位的影响越大。）财政政策对产出的影响越大，财政政策对贸易地位的影响越小。））财政政策对产出的影响越小，财政政策对贸易地位的影响越小。答案：BA）I+T-G+NXB）I+T-G-NXC）I+G-T+NXD）G-T+NX-A）S+G-T-I.B）S+G-T+I.C）S+T-G+I.D）G-T+I-S.实现平衡贸易（即NX=0）;（2）达到目标产出水平，比如YT。现在，假设平衡输出的初始水于YT（即Y=YT），并且在该初始输出水平存在贸易逆差。以下哪项政策行动A）减少支出B）说服该国的贸易伙伴采取将导致外国收入增加的政策（Y*）同时增加支出和降低实际汇A）NX减少和国外产量减少（Y*）A）NX上Y*的变化。SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseYandkeepNXconstant.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?anincreaseinernmentarealanincreaseinernmentspendingandareductionintherealexchangeareductionintherealexchangeencouragethecountry'stradingpartnerstoimplementpoliciesthatwillcauseanincreasein e(Y*) Diff:2SupposepolicymakerswanttoincreaseNXandkeepYconstant.Whichofthefollowingpolicieswouldmostlikelyachievethis?areductioninernmentarealareductioninernmentspendingandareductionintherealexchangeareductionintherealexchangerateandataxcut Diff:Supposetherestoftheworldexperiencesanexpansionthatcausesanincreaseinforeigne(Y*).Fromthedomesticeconomy's,thisincreaseinforeign ewillcausewhichofthefollowingasthedomesticeconomyadjuststotheriseinanincreasein anincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthebothAandC Diff:2Supposetherestoftheworldexperiencesarecessionthatcausesareductionine(Y*).Fromthedomesticeconomy's,thisreductioninforeign ewillcausewhichofthefollowingasthedomesticeconomyadjuststothedropinY*?areduction eandareductioninareductioninimportsandanincreaseinnettheNXlinetoshiftanambiguouseffectonnetexports Diff:Anincreaseinthebudgetdeficitcanbereflectedanincreaseinprivateareductioninareductioninnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Areductioninprivatesaving(S)canbereflectedanincreaseinthebudgetanincreaseinareductioninnetalloftheabove Diff:TheexistenceoftheJ-curvesuggeststhatarealdepreciationwillaninitialincreaseinnetaninitialincreaseineconomicafinalreductioninnetaninitialreductioninthedemandfordomesticgoods. Diff:Thetyofimportswilldecreasewhenthereanincreaseintherealexchangeareductionindomesticareductioninforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Exportswillincreasewhenthereareductionintherealexchangeareductionindomesticareductioninforeignallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Inanopeneconomy,areduction ernmentspendingwillanincreaseindomesticanincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:C）支出增加和实际汇率下E）鼓励该国的贸易伙伴实施将导致外国收入增加的政策（Y*）A）减少支出减少支出和降低实际汇假设世界其他地方经历了扩张，导致外国收入增加（Y*）。从国内经济的角度来看，随着国内经济适应Y*的上升，外国收入的增加会导致以下哪种情况？假设世界其他地区经历了经济，导致外国收入减少（Y*）。从国内经济的角度来看，随着国内经济适应Y*的下降，这种外国收入的减少将导致以下哪一项？）收入减少和进口减少））X线向上移动）对净出口的模糊影响答案：A在开放经济中，支出的减少将导Inanopeneconomy,whichofthefollowingwillcauseareductioninthesizeoftheanincreaseinthemarginalpropensitytoanincreaseonforeignareductioninthemarginalpropensitytoallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwillalwayscauseareductioninnetanincreaseindomesticareductionintherealexchangeareductioninernmentareductioninalloftheabove Diff:AssumetheMarshall-Lernerconditionholds.Whichofthefollowingwillcauseanincreaseinnetexports?anincreaseinernmentanincreaseinareductioninforeignareductionintherealexchangealloftheabove Diff:Whichofthefollowingwilloccurasaresultofataxprivatesavinginvestmentthetradebalancethetradebalancethebudgetdeficitdecreases Diff:Areductioninthebudgetdeficitcanbereflectedareductioninprivateanincreaseinanincreaseinnetallofthenoneoftheabove Diff:Anincreaseinprivatesaving(S)canbereflectedareductioninthebudgetareductioninanincreaseinnetalloftheabove Diff:InNovember2008,theleadersofthe metinanemergencymeetinginWashingtontocoordinatetheirresponsesintermsofbothmacroeconomicandfinancialpolicies.OECD Diff:1减少支出D）贸易平衡A）减少赤字。 的在举行紧急会议，在宏观经济和金融政策方面EssayExplainthedifferencebetween:(1)thedemandfordomesticgoods;and(2)thedomesticdemandforgoods. ThedemandfordomesticgoodsrepresentsthedemandforgoodsproducedINacountry.Thismeasurewilltakeintoaccountthosegoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad(exports)andthefactthatsomegoodspurchaseddomesticallywereproducedabroad(imports).Thedomesticdemandforgoodsrepresentsthedemandforgoodsbydomesticindividuals,firms, ernment:C+I+G.ThedifferencebetweenthetwoisNX.Explainthedeterminantsofexportsand Exportsareafunctionofforeignoutputandtherealexchangerate.Importsareafunctionofdomesticoutputandtheexchangerate.Explainwhythedemandfordomesticgoodscurve(ZZ)hasadifferentshapethanthedomesticdemandcurve(DD). Themarginalpropensitytoimportexplainsthis.AsYincreases,CandIwillincreasecausinganincreaseinDD.Someofthisincreaseindemandisforforeigngoods.ThismustbesubtractedfromDDtoobtainZZ.So,agivenincreaseinYwillhavealargereffectonDDthanitwillonZZ.UsingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectanincreaseintaxeswillhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. AnincreaseinTwillcauseareductioninCandcauseZZtoshiftdownasdemandfalls.YwillfallcausingareductioninCandS.AsYfalls,importswillfall.Giventhatexportsdonotchange,netexportswillincrease.UsingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectanincreaseinforeignoutput(Y*)willhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. Anincreaseinforeign e,Y*,willcauseanincreaseinexports(theNXcurveshiftsup)andanincreaseindemand.Asdemandrises,YwillincreasecausingariseinCandS.AsYincreases,importswillincreaseaswell.Asshowninthetext,theincreaseinimportswillbelessthantheriseinexports.So,NXwillbehigher.Explainwhythemultiplierinanopeneconomyisdifferentfromthemultiplierinaclosed Inaclosedeconomy,theeffectsofanychangeinYondemandallfallsondomesticgoods.Inanopeneconomy,someoftheincreasedspendingfallsonimports.So,thefinalchangeinYwillbesmallerinanopeneconomybecauseoftheexistenceofthemarginalpropensitytoimport.ExplainwhattheMarshall-Lernercondition TheMarshall-Lernerconditionistheconditionthatmustbesatisfiedforarealdepreciationtocauseanincreaseinnetexports.Thesumofthepercentagechangesinexportsandimportsmustexceedthepercentagechangeintherealexchangerate.Whenarealdepreciationoccurs,threeeffectsoccur:the tyofexportsincreases,thetyofimportsfalls,andtherealcostofimportsrise.The twoeffectsmustoffsetthelasteffectforNXtoAssumingtheMarshall-LernerconditionholdsandusingtheZZ/YandNXgraphs,illustrategraphicallyandexplainwhateffectarealdepreciationwillhaveonoutput,exports,imports,andnetexports.Clearlylabelallcurvesandclearlylabeltheinitialandfinalequilibria. ArealdepreciationwillcauseNXtorise. TheriseinNXwillcauseanincreasein Asdemandrises,YwillincreasecausingariseinCandS. AsYincreases,importswillincreaseaswell. Asshowninthetext,theincreaseinimportswillbelessthantherisein So,NXwillbehigher.Supposeacountryisexperiencingasituationwhereoutputisabovethefullemploymentlevelofoutputandatradedeficit.Furtherassumethatthepolicymakers'goalsaretoachievefullemploymentoutputandbalancedtrade.Giventhisinformation,whattypeofexchangerateand/orfiscalpolicycanbeusedtoachievesimultaneouslythesetwogoals?Explain. YmustfallandNXmustrise.Anappreciationwillnotwork.ItwouldcauseYtofallbutwillNXwilldecreaseevenmore.AfiscalcontractionwouldworkbecauseitwouldreduceYandalsoreduceimportswhichwillcauseNXtorise.19.2解释以下区别：（1）国内商品需求;（2）并在国外销售的货物（出口）以及国内的某些货物是在国外生产的（进口）。国内对商品的需求代表了国内个人，企业和对商品的需求：C+I+G.两者之间的差异是答：边际进口倾向解释了这一点。随着增加，和I将增加，导致D增加。其中一些需求增加的是外国商品。必须从中减去这个以获得ZZ。因此，的给定增加对将大于对ZZ的影响。使用ZZ/Y和NX图表，以图形方式说明并解释增加对产出，出口，进口和净出口答案：T的增加将导致C减少并导致ZZY将下降导致C和S减少。使用ZZY和NX图表，以图形方式说明并解释外国产量（Y*）增加对产出，出口，进答：外国收入增加Y*（NX曲线向上移动和需求增加。随着需求的增加，解释为什么开放经济中的乘数与封济中的乘数不同的支出落在进口上。因此，由于存在边际进口倾向，开放经济中Y假设Marshall-Lerner条件成立并使用ZZ/Y和NX图表，以图形方式说明并解释实际折答：实际贬值会导致NXNX的上升将导致需求增加。随着需求的增加，Y假设一个国家正处于产出高于全部就业水平和贸易逆差的情况。进一步假设决策者的/或财政政策同时实现这两个目标？说明。答：Y必须下降，NX必须上升。欣赏不会奏效。它会导致Y下降，但NX会下降。财Supposeacountry'soutputisbelowthepolicymakers'desiredlevelofoutputandisexperiencingatradesurplus.Assumethatthepolicymakers'goalsaretoachievethedesiredlevelofoutput(i.e.,fullemploymentoutput)andbalancedtrade.Giventhisinformation,whattypeofexchangerateand/orfiscalpolicycanbeusedtoachievesimultaneouslythesetwogoals? YmustriseandNXmustfall.AdepreciationwouldcauseYtorisebutNXwouldriseevenmore.Inthiscase,afiscalexpansionwouldwork.YwouldrisecausingimportstoincreaseandNXtofall.ExplainwhattheJ-curveisandwhyit TheJ-curveillustratesgraphicallythedynamicadjustmentofNXtoawhentheMarshall-Lernerconditiondoesnotholdinitiallybutdoesholdeventually.IfMLdoesnotholdinitially,adepreciationwillcauseNXtofall.Overtime,thetiesofexportsandimportswilladjustcausingNXtoriseandeventuallyincreaseaboveitsinitiallevel.TracingoutthepathofN