大学英语四级课件：语法

大学英语四级-语法篇王颖大学英语四级-语法篇王颖1时态复习时态复习2时态

时态3大学英语四级课件：语法4时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去用 一般现在时表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成大学英语四级课件：语法5非谓语动词非谓语动词6非谓语动词-不定式

1)形式主动形式被动形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

进行式tobedoing

完成进行式tohavebeendoing

非谓语动词-不定式1)形式7a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).

(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.a)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓8

b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不9c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,10d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的112)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表123)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.3)不带to的不定式:13b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.

I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wou14c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

（一顿咒骂）I’veheardtellofhim.（听说、听到）c)在makedo,makebelieve,let15d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.

CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?

e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的16f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan17g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.

Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系184)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:

He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.4)不定式的其他用法19b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:

It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加20动名词具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语动名词具有动作性特征的名词21

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式：Idon'tlik22二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数23

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit;appre24另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法25

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。Iregrettoinformyouthat…我很遗憾地通知你…Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember,fo26tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try–ing试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday.

Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。tryto努力Youreallymusttry27

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。Iprefertowaithere.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）Ipreferwaitinghere.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）Ipreferswimmingtocycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）

prefer的用法：

我宁愿在这里等。28分词3.分词1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine分词3.分词29来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样302)句法作用a)作定语:distinguishedguest贵宾,unknownheroes无名英雄,armedforces武装部队,cannedfood罐头食品,boiledwater开水,steamedbread馒头,strickenarea灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间,clear-cutanswer明确的答复,highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业,heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造卫星2)句法作用31b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:

Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.b)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:

se32c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.

Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.c)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发33虚拟语气条件句11/17/2022虚拟语气条件句11/10/202234三种基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwouldlendittoyou.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)Ifhehadbeenhere,hewouldhavehelpedyou.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)IfIshould/weretodotheexperiment,Iwoulddoitsomeotherway.(从句用should/wereto,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)三种基本形式IfIhadabike,Iwould35if的省略1.Wereyouinmyposition,youwoulddothesame.2.Hadhecomeearlier,hewouldhaveseenher.3.Shouldtheyattackus,wewouldwipethemoutcompletely.if的省略1.Wereyouinmypositio36IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldlistentoreason.IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger.IFonlyhedidn’tdrivesofast.Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeone’sadvice.IfIcouldonlygototheconcert.IfIcouldonly/but/justexplain.IfonlyIfonlyyouwouldliste37IwishIwishIknewtheanswer.IwishIhadknowntheaddress.IwishIwereyoung.Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions.IwishedIknewhisaddress.(发生在过去=IwassorryIdidn’tknowhisaddress.)IwishedIwereyoung.(=IwassorryIwasnotyoung.)IwishIwishIknewtheanswer38WouldratherIwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth.I’dratheryoucametomorrow.I’drather(that)hepainteditblue.Iwould(just)assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome.WouldratherIwouldratheryou39Itis(high)timethat…...Itistimewe____(leave).Itistimewe____(go)tobed.It’shightimethatyouwereinbed.It’sabouttimeweleft.Itis(high)timethat…...40It’simportantthat…...Itisimportantthatwe____(speak)politely.Itisimperativethatwe____(practice)criticismandself-criticismstrange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriatecompulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willingIt’simportantthat…...41IinsistthatIinsistthatwe____(go)therebybus.Hesuggestedthatwe___(leave)early.Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner___(be)sentencedto30daysinjail.Iinsistthat42这些动词和名词后的从句为should+Vadvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,requireprefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desire(stipulation),,allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command 这些动词和名词后的从句为should+Vadvise(adv43Mysuggestion…...Mysuggestionisthatweshould

tellhim.Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible.requestcommand necessity importancemotion proposalresolution recommendationunderstandingMysuggestion…...Mysuggestion44butfor,otherwise,withoutThestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseI’dhavetakenmuchlonger.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyoutimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.butfor,otherwise,withoutThe45情态动词情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，oughtto，need，dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。情态动词情态动词（modelverb）用来表示能力、允许、461.情态动词的一般用法：

(1)

表示能力:can,could,beabletoHeisover80butstillcanreadwithoutglasses.Shecouldn'tcomeyesterday.Hecan’tcometomorrow.1.情态动词的一般用法：(1)

表示能力:can47

can/could与beableto用法比较1）beableto除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing形式等。ThisistheinformationI’vebeenabletogetsofar.Tobeabletorideabike,shepracticedalot.Justbeingabletodriveahorse,acartisn’tmuchhelptous.2)could表示过去总的、经常性的能力；was/wereableto表示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了某动作。HecouldspeakFrench,sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway.3)表示将来的能力常用willbeableto.Whenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown?

can/could与beableto用法比较48(2)

表示许可：can/could,may/might;can’t,maynot,mustn’t,mustnot1)征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could或may/might表示。May用于正式场合，can用于非正式场合，could用于客气的询问，might极少用。Youcangoatfouro’clock.CouldIborrowyourpen?Studentsmaytake3bookseach.MightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter?2)表示“不允许”用can’t,maynot,mustn’t；mustnot语气重。Youcan’tleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal.Putthatcigaretteout.Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump!3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其他表达方式。Wehadbeen/weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient.但在间接引语中表达过去“许可”，可用could，might。Thenursesaidthatwecould/mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes.(2)

表示许可：can/could,may/mig49(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;can’t

1）may,might用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。Whyisn’tJohninclass?Hemay/mightbesick.

maybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybeheissick.

2)在日常口语中常用can/could表示“可能”。Youcan/couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone.Canthenewsbetrue?No,itcan’tbetrue.3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用can’t表示“肯定不”、“必定不会”。Youmustbehungryafteralongwalk.Thephoneisringing,butthereisnoanswer.Shecan’tbeathome.(3)

表示可能性：may/might,can/co50（4）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,need

1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用needn’t“不必”。Youmustbehereatnineo’clock.Mustyougosoon?No,Ineedn’tgoyet.2)haveto表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。Ihavetobebackatschoolbyeight.Ihavealotofworktodotonight.Wedon’thavetowearuniformsinschool.l

口语中常用havegotto表示“必须”。Ihavegottoleavenow.Ihaveameetingintenminutes.（4）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,need513)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t。Needhegonow?Yes,hemust.Noheneedn’t.l

need常用作实义动词。Youneedtolearnthevalueoftime.Youdidn’tneedtotellhimthenews.Doessheneedtogo?

3)need表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或52（5）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter

1)

用should和oughtto表示责任和劝告，后者的语气重些Youshould/oughttodoasyouaretold.Suchthingsshouldn't/oughtnottobeallowed.2)

有时也用must表示责任和劝告。Youmustseethemovie.It’swonderful.3)

口语中也常用hadbetter表示劝告，意为“最好做/不做某事”。Youhadbettertakecareofyourself.You’dbetternotmakeamistakenexttime.Hadn’tyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor?（5）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,53（6）表示建议：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell

1)

“shallI/we…”表示征求对方对建议的看法。Shallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse?Let’sgo,shallwe?2)

may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案，建议另一种做法，意为“倒不如……”，“……不也一样吗？”。Wemayaswellstayheretonight.Youmightjustaswelltellthetruth.（6）表示建议：shall，may/mightaswel54(7)

表示许诺：shall

shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的许诺。Youshallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek.Ifhepassestheexam,heshallhaveaholiday.(7)

表示许诺：shall

shall用于第二、三55(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

1)

you/he/theyshall表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至威胁。Youshallpayforthis.TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo.l

在法律条文、规章制度中，shall表示“必须”。Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber.(8)

表示意愿：shall,will/would

562)

will/would表示动作者愿意。Iwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit.Iwon’tdoitagain.Ihavebeentryingtoopenthedoor,butthekeywon’tturn.l

“willyou/wouldyou…”在下列句中表示客气的建议、询问。Willyoupleasehaveadrink?Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt?Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow?Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?l

would还表示过去的习惯。等于usedtoOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing.

2)

will/would表示动作者愿意。57(9)表示勇敢：dare

dare表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。Hedarenottry.Howdareyouopentheletter?Ifyoudaresayaword,I’llstrikeyoudown.l

dare还常用作实义动词。Hedaretosurfinheavywaters.l

daresay或daresay，表示probably,Isuppose.Idaresayhewillcomehomelate.(9)表示勇敢：daredare表示“敢于”，用于否定句582.情态动词的特殊用法

（1）

情态动词+不定式完成时1）

can/could,may/might,must+have+动词的过去分词用于肯定句：表示对过去事件的主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已发生。Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary.IsawhimusingitlastSunday.Ican’tfindmysunglasses.Imay/mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday.Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight.Youmusthavehadaterribledream.用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。Shecouldn'thavefinishedherworksosoon.Shemaynothaveseenyou.Dadmustn'thavewashedthedisheslastnight.2.情态动词的特殊用法

（1）

情态动词+不定592)should/oughtto+have+动词的过去分词。用于肯定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作，意为“本应该”。Ididn'taskher.It’sapity.Youshouldhaveaskedher.Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone.用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了的动作，意为“本不应该”。IonlytoldMike.Youshouldn'thavetoldanyone.Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone.2)should/oughtto+have+动词603)needn’t+have+动词的过去分词对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”。Ineedn’thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty;mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans.Wewenttothemeeting,butithadbeencancelled.Oh,soyouneedn’thavegone.3)needn’t+have+动词的过去分词61(2)情态动词+不定式进行时

表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。Shemaybewashingherclothes.Hecan’tbeworkingnow.Hemustbestudyinginthelibrary.Theyshouldn'tbewatchingTVnow.Theyshouldbedoinghomework.(2)情态动词+不定式进行时表示推测或评论某动作现在62(3)情态动词+不定式完成进行时情态动词+havebeen+动词的现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning.Theyshouldn'thavebeenchattingwhileworking(3)情态动词+不定式完成进行时情态动词+have63一致关系一致关系64在Therebe句型中Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.Thereseemstobelittletimeleft.There,here结构中,如果主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致。TherewasaTVset,aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf.Hereareafewenvelops,apenandsomepaperinthedrawer.在Therebe句型中65在倒装结构中IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources.Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor.在倒装结构中IneveryprovinceofChi66.

‘aswellas,nottomention,alongwith+名词’句子中

Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes.

Taxes,nottomentionunemployment,influencevotes.

Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish.主语后若跟有accompaniedby,asmuchas,besides,except(but),inadditionto,including,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith＋名词，不影响其与谓语动词的关系。.

‘aswellas,nottomenti67下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远是单数Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool.Neither(one)issatisfactory.Iseitherofthesingersreadingnow?Everysilverknife,fork,andspoonhastobecounted.Eachofthestudentshasaschedule.下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词永远是单数68带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致Allofthefruitlooksripe.Hasanyofthisevidencebeenpresented?Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme?Mostofthebookwasinteresting.Someofthebooksareinteresting.Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt.Noneofourstudentswereinvolved.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致Allofthefrui69带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis40.Anumberofstudentswerelate.Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase.Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop.Themajoritywere/wasinfavoroftheproposal.Themajorityofboyslikefootball.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致Thenumberofs70andMaryandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize.BothJohnandAnnareready.Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedessert.Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen.Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman.但是形容词+and+形容词+名词指两类不同的人或物时,谓语动词用复数Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere.andMaryandJanecompetewith71or,either…or.Neither…nor,notonly,butalso,谓语动词取决最接近它的名词或代词的数 Neithercriticismnorpraiseaffectsthem.Patoryouweresupposedtocall.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.Doesn’theorIdeserveit?Don’tyouorhedeserveit?or,either…or.Neither…nor,72Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments.Janeisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright.Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake-upexam.Oneof…和theonlyoneof…Th73倒装倒装74倒装(全部倒装和部分倒装)1.全部倒装(FullInversion),又称主谓倒装(Subject-verbInversion)。例如:Herearesomelettersforyou.Downpouredtherain.Intothecoachscrambledthechildren.2.部分倒装(PartialInversion),又称主语与助动词/晴态动词倒装(Subject-operatorInversion)。例如：NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense.OnlytodaydidIlearnthedreadfulnews..倒装(全部倒装和部分倒装)1.全部倒装(FullIn75全部倒装句的具体用法1.用于由here,there,now,then等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。例如：Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar-reachingeffects.Onceuponatime,therelivedamanknownbythenameofJoeBeef.Nowcomesyourturn.全部倒装句的具体用法1.用于由here,there,no76全部倒装句的具体用法2.在带有助动词“be”的句子中，动词-ing和-ed形式可移至句首，主语移至“be”后面，形成全部倒装。例如：Runningacrossitisastream.Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage.Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwaterchestnuts.全部倒装句的具体用法2.在带有助动词“be”的句子中，动77全部倒装句的具体用法3.为了使描写的景象更生动,常把拟声词或away,in,out,up等状语放在句首,从而引起主谓全部倒装。例如：Downitfellfromtheappletree.Thedooropened.Inrushedthecrowd.全部倒装句的具体用法3.为了使描写的景象更生动,常把拟声词或78全部倒装句的具体用法4.当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状语放在句首，主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。例如：Faintgrowthesoundofthebell.Attheendofthekaleidoscopearetwoplates,onemadeoftheglassandtheotherofgroundglass.全部倒装句的具体用法4.当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状79全部倒装句的具体用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。例如：Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina!全部倒装句的具体用法5.用于表示祝愿的句型。80部分倒装句的具体用法1.句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。例如：Notasinglebookhereadthatmonth.Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty.常用于这一结构的词或短语有：atno/othertime,bynomeans,undernocircumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,innoway,invain,little,never,rarely,few,nosooner…than,hardly…when,nowhere,notuntil,notonly…butalso,notasingleword,notfrequently部分倒装句的具体用法1.句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，81部分倒装句的具体用法2.句首是only引导的状语时,需要部分倒装。例如：Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.常用短语还有：onlybychance,onlythen,onlywithdifficulty,onlyonarareoccasion等等。部分倒装句的具体用法2.句首是only引导的状语时,82部分倒装句的具体用法3.so…that结构中的so置于句首时，需要部分倒装。例如：Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim.句首是manyatime,tosuchadegree/extent,tosuchaextremes,tosuchalengths,tosuchapoint,witheveryjustification,withgoodreason等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。例如：Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.部分倒装句的具体用法83部分倒装句的具体用法4.用于以neither,nor开始的省略句，表示“也不”；用于以so开始的省略句，表示“也如此”。例如：Idon’tcareforsweet.NeitherdoI.I’mnotveryfondofcarrots.NoramI.Ienjoyedtheplayandsodidmysisters.部分倒装句的具体用法4.用于以neither,nor开84部分倒装句的具体用法5.在虚拟语气中，条件从句的if省略时，had,were,should,could需与主语倒装。例如：WereIyou,Iwouldn’tasksuchasillyquestion.HadIbeenthere,Ishouldhaveknownwhathadhappened.部分倒装句的具体用法5.在虚拟语气中，条件从句的if省略85部分倒装句的具体用法6.在比较和方式状语从句中，如果主语不是人称代词，常在主语前加助动词do/did代替前面已出现过的动词。例如：Ispendmorethandomyfriends.Shetraveledagreatdealasdidmostofherfriends.部分倒装句的具体用法6.在比较和方式状语从句中，如果主语不是86倒装句的特殊用法1.在全部倒装句中，主语是人称代词时，不能将谓语动词前移。例如：Awaytheygo.Hereitis.2.在以开始的省略句中，表示对别人所说的情况加以肯定时，不必用倒装句倒装句。例如：It’scoldtoday.Soitis.YouhaveacolorTVset.SoIhave.倒装句的特殊用法1.在全部倒装句中，主语是人称代词时，不能将87介词介词88由两个介词构成的双重介词：

tillafter,frombehind,exceptin…Westayedtheretillafterthesunset.Hepickedupthegunfrombehindthecounter.Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth.由两个介词构成的双重介词：

tillafter,from89beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（两物接触）”，underneath有时用于表示抽象含义。Theearthisbeneathourfeet.Underneaththatsternexteriorwasaheartofgold.beneath/underneath

表示“在……下面（90beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁边”，beyond表示“在……的那一边”Isatbesidethedriver.TheyliveinasmallvillagebeyondtheGreatWall.beside,beyondbeside表示“在……旁边”，91besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),but都表示“除了……”，但用法有区别BesidesJohn,allofuspassedtheexam.（John也及格了）AllofuspassedtheexamexceptJohn.（John不及格）Youcanallgo

exceptTom.Wehadaverygoodtimeexceptfortheweather.

在句首须用exceptfor.eg.ExceptforTom,youcanallgo.Except(that)表示“只是……”，后面连接从句。Iwouldwillinglygoexceptthatitistoofar.

besides,except,exceptfor,

92besides,except,exceptfor,

except(that),butBut用作介词时，常用于all,no,nobody,who,where等词后面；but不用于句首。Thereisnooneherebutme.Who

butTomwouldhavedonesuchathing?All

but/exceptthecaptainwererescued.besides,except,exceptfor,

93dueto/owingto

dueto用作表语，owingto用作状语，但现在也常见dueto用作状语Hisabsencewasduetothestorm.Hearrivedlateowingto/duetothestorm.dueto/owingto

dueto用作表语，o94With引导的独立结构with+名词/代词+不定式Heknewthatwithhimtohelpher,shecouldandwouldsucceed.with+名词/代词+动词-ing形式

Withhissatcheltrailingbehindhim,thesmallboyranpast.with+名词/代词+动词-ed形式

Withthequestionsettled,theywerehappyandrelaxed.

With引导的独立结构with+名词/代词+不95With引导的独立结构with+名词/代词+介词短语

Withchalkinonehandandatextbookintheother,theprofessorrestedagainsttheblackboard.with+名词/代词+形容词

Althoughtheysat

withdoorsandwindowsopen,theywereoverpoweredbyheat.with+名词/代词+副词

Hewentout

withnohaton.With引导的独