2020考研英语真题

2020年研究生入学一致考试一试题（英语二）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Beingagoodparentis,ofcourse,whateveryparentwouldliketobe.Butdefiningwhatitmeanstobeagoodparentisundoubtedlyvery__1__,particularlysincechildrenresponddifferentlytothesamestyleofparenting.Acalm,rule-followingchildmightrespondbettertoadifferentsortofparentingthan,__2__,ayoungersibling.__3__,there’sanothersortofparentthat’sabiteasierto__4__:apatientparent.Childrenofeveryagebenefitfrompatientparenting.Still,__5__everyparentwouldliketobepatient,thisisnoeasy__6__.Sometimesparentsgetexhaustedandfrustratedandareunabletomaintaina__7__andcomposedstylewiththeirkids.Iunderstandthis.You’reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan__8__youjustalittletoofar.Andthenthe__9__happens:Youloseyourpatienceandeitherscreamatyourkidsorsaysomethingthatwasabittoo__10__anddoesnobodyanygood.Youwishthatyoucould__11__theclockandstartover.We’veallbeenthere.__12__,eventhoughit’scommon,it’simportanttokeepinmindthatinasinglemomentoffatigue,youcansaysomethingtoyourchildthatyoumay__13__foralongtime.Thismaynotonlydodamagetoyourrelationshipwithyourchildbutalso__14__yourchild’sself-esteem.Ifyouconsistentlyloseyour__15__withyourkids,thenyouareinadvertentlymodelingalackofemotionalcontrolforyourkids.Weareallbecomingincreasinglyawareofthe__16__ofmodelingtoleranceandpatiencefortheyoungergeneration.Thisisaskillthatwillhelpthemallthroughoutlife.Infact,theabilitytoemotionallyregulateormaintainemotionalcontrolwhen__17__bystressisoneofthemostimportantofalllife’sskills.Certainly,it’sincredibly__18__tomaintainpatienceatalltimeswithyourchildren.Amorepracticalgoalistotry,tothebestofyourability,tobeastolerantandcomposedasyoucanwhenfacedwith__19__situationsinvolvingyourchildren.Icanpromiseyouthis:Asaresultofworkingtowardthisgoal,youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand__20__fromstressfulmomentsfeelingbetterphysicallyandemotionally.1.AtediousBpleasantCinstructiveDtricky2.AinadditionBforexampleCatonceDbyaccident3.AfortunatelyBoccasionallyCaccordinglyDeventually4.AamuseBassistCdescribeDtrain5.AwhileBbecauseCunlessDonce6.AanswerBtaskCchoiceDaccess7.AtolerantBformalCrigidDcritical8.AmoveBdragCpushDsend9.AmysteriousBillogicalCsuspiciousDinevitable10.AboringBnaiveCharshDvague11.AturnbackBtakeapartCsetasideDcoverup12.AoverallBinsteadChoweverDotherwise13.AlikeBmissCbelieveDregret14.AraiseBaffectCjustifyDreflect15.AtimeBbondCraceDcool16.AnatureBsecretCimportanceDcontext17.AcheatedBdefeatedCconfusedDconfronted18.AterribleBhardCstrangeDwrong19.AtryingBchangingCexcitingDsurprising20.AhideBemergeCwithdrawDescapeSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text1Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfromotherssothatcanidentifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.Tofindoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,LolehQuinnattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscandetectsocialsignalsformroboticrats.Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat-onesocialandoneasocial-for5ourdays.Therobotsratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputermousewithwheels-tomovearoundandcolorfulmarkings.Duringtheexperiment,thesocialrobotratfollowedthelivingratsaround,playedwiththesametoys,andopenedcageddoorstolettrappedratsescape.Meanwhile,theasocialrobotsimplymovedforwardsandbackwardsandsidetosideNext,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratstheopportunitytoreleasethembypressingalever.Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percentmorelikelyonaveragetosetthesocialrobotfreethantheasocialone.Thissuggeststhattheratsperceivedthesocialrobotasagenuinesocialbeing.Theymayhavebondedmorewiththesocialrobotbecauseitdisplayedbehaviourslikecommunalexploringandplaying.Thiscouldleadtotheratsbetterrememberinghavingfreeditearlier,andwantingtherobottoreturnthefavourwhentheygettrapped,saysQuinn.Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprisinggivenitsminimaldesign.Therobotwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembledasimpleplasticboxonwheels.“We'dassumedwe'dhavetogiveitamovingheadandtail,facialfeatures,andputasceneonittomakeitsmelllikearealrat,butthatwasn’tnecessary,”saysJanetWilesattheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsaretosocialcues,evenwhentheycomefrombasicrobots.Similarly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyarefellowbeings,evenwhentheydisplayonlysimplesocialsignals.“Wehumansseemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturnsoutotheranimalsaretoo,”saysWiles.Quinandhercolleaguesconductedatesttoseeifratscan________pickupsocialsignalsfromnon-livingratsdistinguishafriendlyratfromahostileoneattainsociabletraitsthroughspecialtrainingsendoutwarningmessagestotheirfellowWhatdidtheasocialrobotdoduringtheexperiment?Itfollowedthesocialrobot.[B]Itplayedwithsometoys.Itsetthetrappedratsfree.[D]Itmovedaroundalone.AccordingtoQuinn,theratsreleasedthesocialrobotbecausethey________triedtopracticeameansofescapeexpectedittodothesameinreturnwantedtodisplaytheirintelligence[D]consideredthataninterestinggameJamesWilesnotesthatrats________[A]canrememberotherrat'sfacialfeaturesdifferentiatesmellsbetterthansizesrespondmoretocationsthantolooks[D]canbescaredbyaplasticboxonwheelsItcanbelearnedfromthetextthatrats________[A]appeartobeadaptabletonewsurroundingsaremoresociallyactivethanotheranimalsC]behavedifferentlyfromchildreninsocializing[D]aremoresensitivetosocialcuesthanexpectedText2ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup-toponesmaymake300timesthepayoftypicalworkersonaverage,andsincethemid-1970sCEOpayforlargepubliclytradedAmericancorporationshas,byvaryingestimates,goneupbyabout500%ThetypicalCEOofatopAmericancorporationnowmakesaboutmillionayear.ThebestmodelforunderstandingthegrowthofCEOpayisthatoflimitedCEOtalentinaworldwherebusinessopportunitiesforthetopfirmsaregrowingrapidly.TheeffortsofAmerica'shighest-earning1%havebeenoneofthemoredynamicelementsoftheglobaleconomy.It'snotpopulartosay,butonereasontheirpayhasgoneupsomuchisthatCEOsreallyhaveuppedtheirgamerelativetomanyotherworkersinthe.economy.Today'sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymereskillsthansimplybeingableto“runthecompany"CEOsmusthaveagoodsenseoffinancialmarketsandmaybeevenhowthecompanyshouldtradeinthem.Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelationsskillsthantheirpredecessors,asthecostsofevenaminorslipupcanbesignificant.Thenthere'sthefactthatlargeAmericancompaniesaremuchmoreglobalizedthaneverbefore,withsupplychainsspreadacrossalargernumberofcountries.Toleadinthatsystemrequiresknowledgethatisfairlymind-bogglingplus,virtuallyallmajorAmericancompaniesarebeyondthismajorCEOsstillhavetodoalltheday-to-dayworktheyhavealwaysdone.ThecommonideathathighCEOpayismainlyaboutrippingpeopleoffdoesn'texplainhistoryverywell.Bymostmeasures,corporategovernancehasbecomealottighterandmorerigoroussincethe1970s.YetitisprincipallyduringthisperiodofstrongergovernancethatCEOpayhasbeenhighandrising.Thatsuggestsitisinthebroadercorporateinteresttorecruittopcandidatesforincreasinglytoughjobs.”Furthermore,thehighestCEOsalariesarepaidtooutsidecandidates,nottothecozyinsiderpicks,anothersignthathighCEOpayisnotsomekindofdepredationattheexpenseoftherestofthecompany.AndthestockmarketreactspositivelywhencompaniestieCEOpayto,say,stockprices,asignthatthosepracticesbuildupcorporatevaluenotjustfortheCEO.WhichofthefollowinghascontributedtoCEOpayrise?ThegrowthinthenumberofcorporationsThegeneralpayrisewithabettereconomyIncreasedbusinessopportunitiesfortopfirmsClosecooperationamongleadingeconomiesComparedwiththeirpredecessors,today'sCEOsarerequiredto______fosterastrongersenseofteamworkfinancemoreresearchanddevelopmentestablishclosertieswithtechcompaniesoperatemoreglobalizedcompaniesCEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970sdespite______continualinternaloppositionstrictcorporategovernanceconservativebusinessstrategiesRepeatedgovernmentwarningsHighCEOpaycanbejustifiedbythefactthatithelps______confirmthestatusofCEOsmotivateinsidecandidatesboosttheefficiencyofCEOsincreasecorporatevalueThemostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe______CEOsAreNotOverpaidCEOPay:PastandPresentCEOs'challengesofTodayCEOTraits:NotEasytoDefineText3MadridwashailedasapublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolledoutambitiousrestrictionsonthemostpollutingcars.Sevenmonthsandoneelectiondaylater,anewconservativecitycouncilsuspendedenforcementofthecleanairzone,afirststeptowarditspossibledemise.MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeidamadeoppositiontothezoneacentrepieceofhiselectioncampaign,despiteitssuccessinimprovingairquality.Ajudgehasnowoverruledthecity'sdecisiontostoplevyingfines,orderingthemreinstated.Butwithlegalbattlesahead,thezone'sfuturelooksuncertainatbest.Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenlefttotackledirtyairontheirownarepoliticallycontentious,andthereforevulnerable.Thatsbecausetheyinevitablyputthecostsofcleaningtheairontoindividualdrivers-whomustpayfeesorbuybettervehicles一ratherthanontothecarmanufacturerswhosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxicpollution.It'snothardtoimagineasimilarreversalhappeninginLondon.Thenewultra-lowemissionzone(Ulez)islikelytobeabigissueinnextyear'smayoralelection.AndifSadiqKhanwinsandextendsittotheNorthandSouthCircularroadsin2021asheintends,itissuretosparkintenseoppositionfromthefarlargernumberofmotoristswhowillthenbeaffected.It'snotthatmeasuressuchasLondon'sUlezareuseless.Farfromit.Localofficialsareusingtheleversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents'healthinthefaceofaseriousthreat.Thezonesdodeliversomeimprovementstoairquality,andthesciencetellsusthatmeansrealhealthbenefits-fewerheartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaandasthma.Feweruntimelydeaths.Butmayorsandcouncillorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblemthatisfarbiggerthananyonecityortown.Theyareactingbecausenationalgovernments-BritainsandothersacrossEurope-havefailedtodoso.Restrictionsthatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas-citycenters,schoolstreets",evenindividualroads-arearesponsetotheabsenceofalargerefforttoproperlyenforceexistingregulationsandrequireautocompaniestobringtheirvehiclesintocompliance.Waleshasintroducedspeciallowspeedlimitstominimisepollution.We’redoingeverythingbutinsistthatmanufacturerscleanuptheircars.31.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMadrid'scleanairzone?Itseffectsarequestionable[B]IthasbeenopposedbyajudgeItneedstougherenforcementItsfateisyettobedecidedWhichisconsideredaweaknessofthecity-levelmeasurestotackledirtyair?Theyarebiasedagainstcarmanufacturers.Theyproveimpracticalforcitycouncils.Theyaredeemedtoomildforpoliticians.TheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofLondon'sUlezwill.arousestrongresistance.ensureKhan'selectoralsuccess.improvethecitystraffic.discouragecarmanufacturing.Whodoestheauthorthinkshouldhaveaddressedtheproblem?Localresidents[B]Mayors.Councilors.Nationalgovernments.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatautocompanies.willraiselow-emissioncarproduction[B]shouldbeforcedtofollowregulationswillupgradethedesignoftheirvehiclesshouldbeputunderpublicsupervisionText4NowthatmembersofGenerationZaregraduatingcollegethisspringthemostcommonly-accepteddefinitionsaysthisgenerationwasbornafter1995,giveortakeayear-theattentionhasbeenrisingsteadilyinrecentweeks.GenZsareabouttohitthestreetslookingforworkinalabormarketthat'stighterthanit'sbeenindecades.Andemployersareplanningonhiringabout17percentmorenewgraduatesforjobsinthe.thisyearthanlast,accordingtoasurveyconductedbytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers.Everybodywantstoknowhowthepeoplewhowillsooninhabitthoseemptyofficecubicleswilldifferfromthosewhocamebeforethem.If"entitled"isthemostcommonadjective,fairlyornot,appliedtomillennials(thosebornbetween1981and1995),thecatchwordsforGenerationZarepracticalandcautious.Accordingtothecareercounselorsandexpertwhostudythem,GenerationZsareclear-eyed,economicpragmatists.Despitegraduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50years,GenZsknowwhataneconomictrainwrecklookslike.Theywereimpressionablekidsduringthecrashof2008,whenmanyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheirlifesavingsorboth.Theyaren'tinterestedintakinganychances.Theboomingeconomyseemstohavedonelittletoassuagethisunderlyinggenerationalsenseofanxiousurgency,especiallyforthosewhohavecollegedebt.Collegeloanbalancesinthe.nowstandatarecord$trillion,accordingtotheFederalReserve.OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniorsthisyearchosetheirmajorwithajobinmind.Ina2019surveyofUniversityofGeorgiastudents,meanwhile,thecareerofficefoundthemostdesirabletraitinafutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecureemployment(followedbyprofessionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).Jobsecurityorstabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-lifebalancewasnumberone),followedbyasenseofbeingdedicatedtoacauseortofeelgoodaboutservingthegreatgood.GenerationZsgraduatingcollegethisspring_____.arerecognizedfortheirabilitiesareinfavorofjoboffersareoptimisticaboutthelabormarketaredrawinggrowingpublicattentionGenerationZsarekeenlyaware_____.whatatougheconomicsituationislikewhattheirparentsexpectofthemhowtheydifferfrompastgenerationsIhowvaluableacounselorsadviceis38.Theword“assuage"(line9,para2)isclosetinmeaningto_____.[A]define[B]relieve[C]maintain[D]deepencanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatGenerationZs_____.carelittleabouttheirjobperformancegivetopprioritytoprofessionaltraining[C]thinkithardtoachievework-Lifebalance[D]haveaclearideaabouttheirfuturejob40Michelsenthinksthatcomparedwithmillennials,GenerationZsare_____.[A]lessrealisticB]lessadventurous[C]morediligent[D]moregenerousPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Givecompliments,justnottoomany.Putonagoodface,always.Tailoryourinteractions.Spendtimewitheveryone.Reveal,don'thide,information.Slowdownandlisten.Putyourselvesinothers'shoes.FiveWaystoWinOverEveryoneintheOfficeIsitpossibletolikeeveryoneinyouroffice?Thinkabouthowtoughitistogettogether15people,muchless50,whoallgetalongperfectly.Butunlikeinfriendships,youneedcoworkers.Youworkwiththemeverydayandyoudependonthemjustastheydependonyou.HerearesomewaysthatyoucangetthewholeofficeonyoursideIfyouhaveabonetopickwithsomeoneinyourworkplace,youmaytrystaytight-lippedthem.Butyouwon'tbehelpingeitheroneofyou.AHarvardBusinessSchoolstudyfoundthatobserversconsistentlyratedthosewhowerefrankaboutthemselvesmorehighly,whilehidlosttrustworthiness.Thelessonisnotthatyoushouldmakeyourpersonallifean

aroundthosewhoopenbook,butrather,whengiventheoptiontoofferupdetailsaboutyourselforpainstakinglyconcealthem,youshouldjustbehonest.Justasimportantasbeinghonestaboutyourselfisbeingreceptivetoothers.Weoftenfeeltheneedtotellothershowwefeel,whetherit'saconcernaboutaproject,astraythought,oracompliment.Thoseareallvalid,butyouneedtotaketimetohearoutyourcoworkers,too.Infact,rushingtogetyourownideasouttherecancausecolleaguestofeelyoudon'tvaluetheiropinions.Doyourbesttoengagecoworkersinagenuine,back-and-forthconversation,ratherthanprioritizingyourownthoughts.It'scommontohavea“cubiclemate"orspecialconfidantinaworksetting.Butinadditiontothosetrustedcoworkers,youshouldexpandyourhorizonsandfindoutaboutallthepeoplearoundyou.Useyourlunchandcoffeebreakstomeetupwithcolleaguesyoudon'talwayssee.Findoutabouttheirlivesandinterestsbeyondthejob.Itrequiresminimaleffortandgoesalongway.Thiswillhelptogrowyourinternalnetwork,inadditiontobeinganicebreakintheworkday.Positivefeedbackisimportantforanyonetohear.Andyoudon'thavetobesomeone'sbosstotellthemtheydidanexceptionaljobonaparticularproject.Thiswillhelpengendergoodwillinothers.Butdon'toverdoitorbefakeaboutit.Onestudyfoundthatpeoplerespondedbesttocommentsthatshiftedfromnegativetopositive,possiblybecauseitsuggestedtheyhadwonsomebodyover.Thisonemaybeabitmoredifficulttopulloff,butitcangoalongwaytoachievingresults.Rememberindealingw