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Classifying

SpeechActsLICHEN1Abriefintroductiontomylecture1.Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts2.Theapplicationofspeechactsinliterature2Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts

1.Representatives/Assertives(阐述类)2.Expressives(表达类)3.Directives(指令类)4.Commissives(承诺类)5.Declarations(宣告类)

3Representatives(Assertives)Definition:thosekindsofspeechactsthatstatesthatthespeakeriscommittedinvariouswaystothetruthofastatement.Stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizingareamongthemosttypicaloftherepresentatives.e.g.Ithinkthefilmismoving.I’mcertainIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.…4BRBRIDEWARS56-Narrator:IthinkIwouldhaveseenthesignsifI'dbeenthere.我想如果当初我要在场,早就看出苗头了。It'sallrightthere.LookatEmma'seyes.Likeahunter's.一清二楚,看看Emma的眼神,猎人般凌厉。AndLiv'shand.Howwouldyoulikethatclaspedaroundyourthroat?看看Liv的手,你想让这样的手扣住你的喉咙吗?Notthateitherofthemcanimaginehurtingeachotheratthispoint.那时候她们根本无法想象会伤害对方。Whyshouldthey?They'vebeeninseparablefor20years.71.Aninterestingproblemmayarisewhen,inafirst-personnarrative,therepresentativespeechactsofthenarratorsuggestaworldviewatoddswithourown.Sheinterpretseventsinawaywhichwemightnot.2.Wewillseethatafirst-personnarratorcannotsaythingsthatshowinnerknowledgeofacharacter’smind.

8HeartofDarkness,whosays:Buthissoulwasmad.Beingaloneinthewilderness,ithadlookedwithinitself,and,byheavens!Itellyou,ithadgonemad.Ihad–formysins,Isuppose–togothroughtheordealoflookingintoitmyself(1902/1983:108).ThemorbidityofthesyntactictoshowthatKurtz’spsychologicalstateismorbid.9ExpressivesDefinition:thoseutterancesstatingthatthespeakerexpressesanattitudeaboutthesituation.Thisspeechexpressaninnerstateofthespeaker;theexpressionisessentiallysubjectiveandtellsusnotingabouttheworld.Theyexpresspsychologicalstatesandcanbestatementofpleasure,pain,likes,dislikes,joy,orsorrow.e.g.Congratulations!I’msorryforbeinglate.Iapologizeforthesufferingsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople.

…1011Onemayfindmoreoftheminthediscourseofcharacterswithinfictionthaninthenarratorialvoice,≠expressivesdon’tappearinthenarratives.Eg.Ellis’TheOtherSideoftheFire:

she

fellinlovewithherhusband’sson.Bloodyhell!(1983/1985:7).Whosentoutthemessage?Thenarratororthecharacter?Theanswerisblurredsometimes.MixtureofsimplepastandpresenttenseBecausefictionsareoftentoldbyanarratorwhorelateseventsasthoughtheyarepast.—presentedbyYANGShi-yan12PrideandPrejudice

IwishIcouldsay,forthesakeofherfamily,thattheaccomplishmentofherearnestdesireintheestablishmentofsomanyofherchildren,producedsohappyaneffectastomakeherasensible,amiable,well-informedwomanfortherestofherlife;thoughperhapsitwasluckyforherhusband,whomightnothaverelisheddomesticfelicityinsounusualaform,thatshewasstilloccasionallynervousandinvariablysilly.(Austen1813/1972:393)13DirectivesDefinition:thesespeechactsembodyaneffortonthepartthespeakertogetthehearertodosomething,to“direct”himorhertowardssomegoal(ofthespeaker’s,mostly)Theyexpresswhatthespeakerwants.Theyareinviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening,andordering.e.g.Iorderyoutoleaverightnow.Openthewindow,please.Yourmoneyoryourlife!…

14Directivesaddressedtothereaderoccurrarelyinthenarrator’svoice,fortheobviousreasonthatreadersexistoutsidethecommunicativeframeworkofthefiction.Directives≈Imperative

byYANGShi-yanRegularlyaddresshis(fictional)readers,whobecomequasi-charactersinthemselves.

Thereaderisdrawnintothediscoursesituation,andthiscreatesempatheticinvolvement.

Howtoinvolvethereader?Byaskingquestions.15Howcouldyou,Madam,besoinattentiveinreadingthelastchapter.Itoldyouinit,thatmymotherwasnotapapist...Idoinsistuponit,thatyouimmediatelyturnback,thatis,assoonasyougettothenextfullstop,andreadthewholechapteroveragain.(TristramShandy,1760/1980,I:20)Markedbyashiftfromthepasttothesimplepresentintense.Effect:alterthescopeofauthority,forgeaninterpersonalbondwithreaders,inviteattention.

Here:therealreadershares‘Madam’s’puzzlement

16CommissivesDefinition:thosekindsofspeechactsthatthespeakerusestocommithimselftosomefutureaction.Theyexpresswhatthespeakerintends.Theyarepromises,threats,refusals,andpledgesetc.e.g.Ipromisetocome.Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.…

17Itisrelatedtoourknowledgeofgenre,thebeginningandendingofstory-telling,salutatory,openingorclosingspeech,etcwithsomefixedorsimilarpattern.includingtheimpliedpromiseofaparticulartypeofstory.

Eg.Onceuponatime

ThestoryIshalltellbeginslikethis:Theprincelivedhappilywiththeprincessintheend.It’sagreatpleasuretohaveyouherewithus.Welcome18DeclarationsDefinition:thoseutterancesthatthespeakerusestochangeasituation,bringingaboutanimmediatechangeinthee

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