考研考博-英语-天津工程职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津工程职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Asthemanagerwasawayonabusinesstrip,Iwasaskedto（

）theweeklystaffmeeting.

问题1选项

A.preside

B.introduce

C.chair

D.dominate

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项preside“管理；主持（常与over搭配）”；B选项introduce“介绍；引进；提出”；C选项chair“担任主席；主持；使……入座”；D选项dominate“控制；支配；占优势”。句意：由于经理出差去了，我被邀请……每周员工会议。此处应表示“主持会议”，A选项preside应与over搭配才表示“主持”，只有C选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswritingabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheaters,musicalfestivals,andchildren'stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyquestionsremain:whoweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries?

Ananswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.Withregardstothislastquestion,wemightnoteinpassingthatThompson,whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexample,laboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhomebrewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhuge,heavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.

Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy,somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendrickfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The“middlingsort”boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?Ifso,consumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialism,butnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.

Finally,whatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuries?McKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheindividualrevolution.Butdoesit?What,forexample,doestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemills?Itisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.

Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessary,shouldnot,however,diminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforthefrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormentionsMcKendrickandPlumbmostprobablyinorderto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,Thompsonattributestolaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandwhichofthefollowingattitudestowardcapitalistconsumerism?

3.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,aVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionhasbeenusedto（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,eighteenthcenturyEnglandandthecontemporaryworldofthepassage’sreadersare（）.

问题1选项

A.giveexamplesofhistorianswhohavehelpedtoestablishthefactofgrowingconsumerismineighteenth-centuryEngland

B.indicatetheinadequacyofhistoriographicalapproachestoeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory

C.contrasttheirviewsonthesubjectofluxuryconsumerismineighteenth-centuryEngland

D.supportthecontentionthatkeyquestionsabouteighteenth-centuryconsumerismremaintobeanswered

问题2选项

A.Enthusiasm.

B.Hostility.

C.Ambivalence.

D.Curiosity

问题3选项

A.questioningtwoexplanationsandproposingapossiblealternativetothem

B.contrastingtwothesesandofferingacompromise

C.paraphrasingtheworkoftwohistoriansandquestioningtheirassumptions

D.examiningtwotheoriesandendorsingoneovertheother

问题4选项

A.investigatetheextentofthedemandforluxurygoodsamongsocialclassesineighteenth-centuryEngland

B.classifythekindsofluxurygoodsdesiredbyeighteenth-centuryconsumers

C.establishtheextenttowhichthetastesofrichconsumerswereshapedbytheMiddleclassesineighteenth-centuryEngland.

D.explainthemotivationofeighteenth-centuryconsumersweretobutluxurygoods.

问题5选项

A.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxuryconsumerismcouldbesaidtobewidespreadamongthesocialclasses

B.dissimilarintheirdefinitionsofluxurygoodsandservices

C.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxurygoodcouldbesaidtobeastimulantofindustrialdevelopment

D.dissimilarintheirstrongdemandforavarietyofgoodsandservices

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第一段中，作者提到了McKendrick和Plumb的目的是为了……”。文章第一段第一句提到“历史学家直到最近才开始注意到18世纪英格兰对奢侈品和服务需求的增长”（Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland），第二句话举了McKendrick和Plumb的例子，由此可知这就是注意到这个现象的历史学家中的两位，因此选项A“举例帮助确立了十八世纪英格兰日益增长消费事实的历史学家”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，汤普森把十八世纪英国劳动人民对资本主义消费的态度归结为以下哪一种？”文章第二段提到“在正确地将劳动人民恢复到18世纪英国历史的阶段的同时，可能夸大了他们对资本主义消费方式侵蚀的抵抗情绪”（whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral），句子中opposition这个词的意思是“抵抗”，由此可知十八世纪英国劳动人民对资本主义消费的态度是敌对的，因此选项B符合题意。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段，作者主要关注的是……”。文章第三段第一二句话提到一些历史学家指出，制造商能够在一个相对未经审查的媒体上做广告，然而这似乎并不是一个充分的答案（somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer），第五句话提到“再次，我们可以怀疑这个解释是否充分”（Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient），以及第六句话提到“难道人们不喜欢将买东西作为自我满足的一种形式吗”（Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?），由此可知选项A“质疑两种解释并且提出一种可能的假设”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，一个炫耀性消费的Veblen模型被用来……”。文章第三段第一句话提到“为了回答消费者为什么变得如此渴望去购买这个问题”（Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy）及后面举了Veblen的例子可知这个例子是为了解释消费者购买的动机，因此选项D符合题意。

5.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，18世纪的英国和当代读者……”。文章最后一段提到18世纪英国对那些实用和琐碎商品和服务的贪得无厌的需求预示着我们的世界（theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforthefrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld），由此可知选项D“他们对各种商品和服务的强烈需求是相似的”符合题意。

3.单选题

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull______.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项capacity“能力、容量、资格”；B项strength“力量、力气”；C项length“长度”；D项possibility“可能性”；句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇感觉家务活不能让她们完全施展自己的能力。worktoone’scapacity“充分发挥才能”；因此该题A项正确。

4.单选题

1Formillionsofyears,BritainwaspartoftheEuropeancontinent.Ahighridgeoflimestone—nowfamouslyexposedasthechalkycliffsofDover-extendedallthewaytowhatisnowFrance,allowingmammoths,hippopotamiandeventuallyhumanstopassfreelybackandforth.Butabout450,000yearsago,thisrockyroadwascutoffbyafloodofunimaginableproportions.Now,ateamofresearchershasdetailedevidenceofhowthistorrentofdestructionwasunleashed.“They’vemanagedtoidentify...howtheridgewasbreached,”saysgeologistPhilipGibbardoftheUniversityofCambridgeintheUnitedKingdom,whowasnotinvolvedinthecurrentstudy.“I'mquiteenthusiastic.”

2TheideathatenormousfloodsquicklycarvedpartsoftheEnglishChannelwasfirstproposedin1985.Atthetime,geologistAlecSmithofBedfordCollegeinLondonnoticedlarge,interweavingscourmarksonmapsoftheEnglishChannelseafloor.HerecognizedthatthepatternsoferosionresembledthoseoftheChanneledScablands,ahighlyerodedlandscape-stark,barrenandwithlittlesoil—ineasternWashingtonstateinthenorthwesternUS.Thelandscapewasformedbyfloodsfromglaciallakesthatbursttheiricydamsbetween15,000and18,000yearsago.

3SimilarglaciershaveexistedinEurope.Some450,000yearsago,amassiveicesheetspannedScandinavia,reachingdownintonorthernEuropeandmuchofwhataretodaytheBritishIsles.Hemmedinbytheicewasalargeglaciallake.Nooneknowsexactlyhowbigitwas,butitmayhavebeenseveralhundredkilometerswide,anditlikelyfilledthesouthernpartoftheNorthSea.Becausesomuchwaterwasstoredonlandasicesheets,sealevelsarethoughttohavebeenabout120meterslowerthantoday,exposingthebottomofwhatisnowtheEnglishChannel.

4Withthechalkridgeformingadamtothesouth,andtheRhineandotherriversflowingintotheglaciallake,thewaterwouldhavekeptrising.Smithproposedthatthelakewouldeventuallyhavecascadedoverthechalkcliffs.Asevidence,hepointedtolarge,deeppitsatthebaseoftheformerridge—“plungepools”thatwereformedbytheforceofthewaterfallsandlaterfilledinwithsediment.Thescourmarksonthechannelbottomwouldhavebeencarvedbyavastfloodrichindebris.Stillunknownwaswhatunleashedthedeluge.

5Thedramaticideawasthenforgottenformanyyears.“Idon'tthinkmanypeoplebelievedit,”saysSanjeevGupta,ageologistatImperialCollegeLondon.(Smith,whoretiredafewyearsafterfloatinghisidea,diedin2015.)“Ifsmith'shypothesisnowwinsgeneralacceptance,thenthedecadesofdelaywillbeoddlysimilartothedecadesittookfortheoriginoftheChanneledScablandstobeaccepted.WhenthegeologistsJTPardeeandHarlenBretzfirstarguedthatthe

Scablandsweretheproductofashortcatastrophicfloodofhugeproportions,ittookalmostfortyyearstowinovertheirfellowearthscientists.”

6NowGuptaandhiscolleagueshavebroughttheideaofacataclysmicbreakupbackintoseriousconsideration.WithdatafromBritish,BelgianandFrenchresearchvessels,theteamputtogetheraclearpictureofsevenplungepoolsonthechannelfloor(seemapbelow),eachnearlyakilometerwideandupto140metersdeep—evenlargerthanSmithhadestimated.“It'sclearthatthescaleisreallyfargreaterthanoriginallyimagined,”Gibbardsays,“Theplungepoolswereenormous.”

7Thewaterfallspouringfromthelakemighthavebeen50metershighortaller,Guptasays,althoughitisdifficulttoknow.Therelentlesspoundingofthecascadesmayhavespunlargeblocksofstoneinsidethepoolsatthebottom,drillingintothebedrock.Allthisdiggingmighthavefatallyweakenedtheridge,eventuallycausingittofail,GuptaandcolleaguesproposetodayinNatureCommunications.“Ithinkthey’veworkedoutanintelligentaccountofhowthismayhavehappened,”saysKimCohen,ageologistatUtrechtUniversityintheNetherlands,whowasnotinvolvedinthework.

8Itisnotyetpossibletoknowhowlongittookthewaterfallstoerodethechalkridge,Guptasays.Theonlywaytotellwouldbetocollectsamplesbydrillingintothesedimentsthatlaterfilledinthepools.Butthatisatrickyproposition,giventhebusytrafficoftheshippingchannelanditsstrongcurrents,"it’sadangerousareatodogeologicalresearchin,"saysGibbard,notingthatjustgettingthenewsubmarineimageswasanaccomplishment.

9Theimagesalsoclarifytheextentoferosionfromanotherroundofcatastrophicfloodingduringasubsequenticeage.Again,theevidenceissubmerged,becausesealevelismuchhighertoday.Butperhaps160,000yearsago—thetimingisuncertain—hugefloodsdugoutwhatisknownastheLobourgChannel,whichtheimagesrevealedtobeabout10kilometerswideand20metersdeep.Thiswasprobablythefinalbreachoftheremnantsofchalkridge,Guptasays.

10Thesetwindisastersmeanttroubleforancientcommuters.ThisisbecausetheyputtravelbetweenBritainandEuropeatthemercyofsealevel.Previously,whentheseasroseandcoveredthefloorofthechannel,thechalkridgewouldstillhavebeenpassable.Butwhenthefirstcatastrophicfloodtorethrough,Britainwascutoffforthefirsttime.(Ofcourse,whensealevelfellenough,theEnglishChannelwouldhavebeendryagainDespiteamajorriverflowingtothesouthwest,animalsandpeoplecouldpassbackandfortheasily.

11Britainmostrecentlybecameanislandabout9000yearsago.And—nowthattheUnited

KingdomhasofficiallyannounceditsintentiontosevertieswiththeEuropeanUnion--itwillbecomeevenmoreofone.

1.Accordingtotheauthorofthisarticle,Britainhasbeenmoreorlessthegeographicislandthatweknowitastodaysince（

）.

2.TheauthortellsusthatPhilipGibbardwasnotinvolvedinthestudybeingreportedonhere.Hemostprobablydoesthisinorderto（

）.

3.EarlierresearchontheoriginoftheChannelScablandsofeasternWashingtonwaspresumablyusefultoAlecSmithinthatit（

）.

4.Somethingseemstobemissingfromthetextofthisarticleasitisprintedhere.Themissingitemis（

）.

5.IsPhilipGribbardoptimisticaboutthelikelihoodthatwewillsoonknowhowlongittookwaterfallstoerodethechalkridgementionedinparagraphs7-10?

6.Thearticleindicatesthat,thankstothenewdataandimages,Guptaandhisfellowresearchershave（

）.

问题1选项

A.450,000yearsago.

B.160,000yearsago.

C.approximately13,000BC.

D.roughly7,000BC.

问题2选项

A.showthatGibbard’sopinionsshouldbeviewedwithcaution

B.lendgreaterweighttoGibbard'sopinionsandinput

C.distinguishGibbard’srolefromthatofSanjeevGupta

D.makeitclearthatmostgeologistsagreewithGuptaandhisteam

问题3选项

A.helpedhimtorecognizethescourmarksontheflooroftheEnglishChannel

B.indicatedthelandscapethatheshouldwatchforaroundtheglaciallakethatcoveredancientBritain

C.showedhowoldthescourmarksmightbe

D.suggestedwhatkindofeventmighthaveproducedthescourmarks

问题4选项

A.achart

B.amap

C.agraph.

D.atableofprehistoricsealeveldata

问题5选项

A.No,becausethemanyshipsandpowerfulcurrentsintheChannelmakeithazardoustodrillthere.

B.No,becausetheplungepoolscarvedoutbytheancientwaterfallsarenowburiedunderverythicklayersofsediment.

C.Yes,becausesubmarineimagesclarifywhicheventscausedhowmucherosionandwhere.

D.Yes,becausesubmarinescannowprovideextremelyvaluableassistanceinthedrillingoperationsthatwillbenecessary

问题6选项

A.provedthatgeologistswererighttodismisssmith'shypothesiswhenitwasproposed32yearsago

B.conclusivelydemonstratedthecorrectnessofsmith'shypothesis

C.shedafavorablenewlightonsmith'shypothesis,butwithsomanynovelfeatures(especiallythemuchgreaterscale)thatitisnowasmuchGupta’sideaassmith’s

D.revivedinterestinSmithshypothesisandmoveditclosertogeneralacceptance

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干问的是:不列颠大约什么时候开始变成我们今天所指的地理岛?第11段首指出:Britainmostrecentlybecameanislandabout9000yearsago(不列颠大约9000年前成为了一个岛屿)。据此推断,答案为D:大约公元前7000年。

2.作者意图题。根据题干定位至第一段:Now,ateamofresearchershasdetailed…study.“I’mquiteenthusiastic.”(一组研究人员详细地证明了这股毁灭的洪流是如何爆发的。英国剑桥大学的地质学家菲利普•吉布德（PhilipGibbard）说：“他们已经设法确定了……山脊是如何被破坏的。”他没有参与目前的研究。但他说:“我很热情。”)。这里的ateamofresearchers指的是下文中的Cupta和他的团队。这里说PhilipGibbard没有参与目前的研究,D但表明了他的观点。据此推断这么做是为了将他们区分开来。

3.推理判断题。第二段指出:1985年,首次提出了巨大的洪水快速雕刻出英吉利海峡的部分地区的观点。地质学家AlecSmith研究英吉利海峡海底大片交织的冲刷痕,这和华盛顿东部由冰川湖的洪水形成的ChanneledScablands地貌很相似，据此推测:英吉利海峡冲刷痕可能是同样的原因（洪水）形成的。

4.细节事实题。第六段括号处(seemapbelow）见下图。可知文章缺失一幅图。

5.细节事实题。Gibbard说：“在这里进行地质研究很危险”。他说，一项成就是获得新的潜艇图像。由此可知对于弄清楚瀑布用多长时间侵蚀着白垩山脊，Gibbard并不乐观，因为海峡里的许多船只和强大的水流使得在那里钻洞是危险的”。

6.推理判断题。第六段:NowGuptaandhiscolleagueshavebroughttheideaofacataclysmicbreakupbackintoseriousconsideration(现在，Gupta和他的同事们对（AlecSmith）灾难性的分裂的想法重新严肃考虑)。接下来说根据数据,研究小组对在英吉利海峡海底的7个水池进行了清晰的描述。由此可知，基于新的数据和图片，Gupta和他的同事们“为Smith的假设提供了一个有利的新线索。故选C:为史密斯的假设提供了一个很好的新线索，但由于有如此多的新特点（尤其是更大的规模），以至于Smith的假设现在成了Gupta的观点。

5.单选题

______beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.

问题1选项

A.Hadtheyarrived

B.Wouldtheyarrive

C.Weretheyarriving

D.Weretheytoarrive

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。根据时间状语thedayaftertomorrow，可知讲述的是将来，因此从句的谓语动词可以用动词过去式，或should+动词原形，或were+不定式。根据四个选项可知，此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，因此选项D符合题意。句意：如果他们后天在我们出发之前到达，我们将有一个愉快的晚宴。

6.单选题

Aslongasnationscannotthemselvesaccumulateenoughphysicalpowertodominateallothers,theymustdependon（）.

问题1选项

A.allies

B.resources

C.freedom

D.education

【答案】A

【解析】名词辨析。句意：只要国家本身不能积蓄足够的力量来支配其他的人，他们就必须依赖于（）。

allies同盟国；resources资源，物力；freedom自由，自主；education教育。选项A“同盟国”符合句意。

7.填空题

UnemploymentintheWest:Thequestforjobs

Itisnot（1）forpoliticianstoreducetheWest'sfrighteninglyhighunemploymentlevels.

ALITTLFgeographicalimaginationhelpstoconveythescaleofjoblessnessintheWest.Ifthe44mpeoplewhoare（2）inthemainlyrichmembersoftheOECDlivedinonecountry,itspopulationwouldbesimilarto（3）.InSpainitself,whichhastheWest'shighestjoblessrate(21%),thenumberofpeople（4）workmatchesthecombinedpopulationofMadridandBarcelona.InAmericathe14mpeopleofficiallyjoblesswould（5）thefifth-most-populousstateintheunion.Andinthe11m“underemployed”,whoareworkinglessthantheywouldlike,anditisthesizeofTexas.

Thelandscapeisnotuniformlybleak.Germany,forexample,nowhasa（6）joblessratethanbeforethefinancialcrisis.Butinmostoftherichworldthe（7）ofpeopleunemployed,thoughdownabitfromitspeakin2009,（8）stillalarminglyhigh,evenasfearsmountthatseveralcountriesmaybeslippingbackintorecession.Andthehumancostoftheeconomiccrisisispaidlargely（9）thosewhoareoutofwork,forjoblessnessincreasesdepression,divorce,substanceabuseandprettymucheverythingthatcango（10）inalife.

Worse,today'sjoblessnessisaparticularlydangeroussort.Adisproportionateshareofthoseoutofworkarcyoung,andyouthunemploymentleavesmorescars,intermsoflowerfuturewagesandgreaterlikelihoodoffutureunemployment.

【答案】1.impossible

2.unemployed

3.Spain’s

4.without

5.form

6.lower

7.number

8.is

9.by

10.wrong

【解析】1.词汇题。该处句型为:Itis...forsb.todosth.,因此应填入一个形容词。根据文章可推测,此处句意为:对于政客们来说，降低西方国家令人为之恐惧的高失业率并不是不可能。

2.词汇题。空格所在从句为定语从句,修饰先行词44mpeople,前句句意为:一张小的地理图片便能有助于映射出西方国家的失业情况。因此空格处应该指的是“失业人群”。

3.词汇题。根据空格后的“InSpainitself(就西班牙本身而言)”可知,前面涉及的应该是西班牙的现状。这里应该指:失业人口和西班牙人口相一致。

4.词汇题。此处句意为:没有工作的人数与马德里和巴塞罗那的人口总数相当。

5.词汇题。空格所在句意为:在美国，官方统计的失业人口为1400万，足以……该国的第五大州。因此此处填入form表示“组成”。

6.词汇题。根据前句句意“西方这景象也不全是这么惨淡”可推测此处表示:与金融危机之前扣比，德国如今的失业率却相对较低。

7.词汇题。该处表示“失业人群的数量”,因此填入number比较合适。

8.语法题。空格处应填入主句的谓语动词。主语是“proportion比例”,而且空格后是副词和形容词,所以此处填入系动词is。

9.固定搭配。Bepaidby由…承担，由…支付。

10.固定搭配。Gowrong误入歧途。

8.单选题

Thereisavirtuallimitonhowlongwecanhopetoremainalive,howeverluckyand（）weare.

问题1选项

A.vulnerable

B.rigorous

C.vicious

D.robust

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vulnerable“易受攻击的；易受伤害的”；B选项rigorous“严格的；严厉的”；C选项vicious“恶毒的；恶意的”；D选项robust“强健的；健康的”。句意：不论我们多么幸运、多么……，我们能存活多长时间是有限度的。根据前面的信息lucky“幸运的”，那么与之并列的形容词也应该为积极的词汇。由此可以排除A，B，C选项。而后面说到的是remainalive“活着”可以知道应该与描述身体的词汇有关。因此D选项符合题意。

9.单选题

Thepaintingwasavaluablefamilypossession,whichhadbeen（）fromgenerationtogeneration.

问题1选项

A.handedover

B.handedout

C.handeddown

D.handedacross

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项handover“交出，移交”；B选项handout“分发，施舍”；C选项handdown“宣传，流传下去”；D选项handacross无此搭配。句意：这幅画是一件珍贵的家财，一直代代相传。选项C符合语境。

10.单选题

He（）thetheory,thephilosophyandthepatternthatbecamethemodelforLi’sownmilitaryforceslater.

问题1选项

A.furnished

B.decorated

C.polished

D.meditated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项furnish“提供”；B选项decorate“修饰”；C选项polish“使完美，完善”；D选项meditate“冥想”。根据题干可知，可推测这里应当填入一个表示完成的动词，C选项符合题干内容。句意：他……的理论，哲学和模式，成为后来李自己的军队的模型。因此C选项正确。

11.单选题

Ican’tworkwithyou（）allthetime.Goaway.

问题1选项

A.steppingonmytoes

B.breathingdownmyneck

C.standinginthegap

D.comingintoyourown

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项steppingonmytoes的原型是steponone’stoes，意思是“触怒某人”；B选项breathingdownmyneck的原型是breathedownone’sneck，意思是“紧跟着，紧盯着”；C选项standinthegap“挺身阻挡；首当其冲”；D选项comingintoyourown的原型是comeintoone’sown，意思是“进入繁盛期；得到自己该得的东西”。句意：你一直，我不能工作。走开。根据句意可知，“我”想让对方走开，那么很有可能是因为对方一直在监视自己，所以B选项正确。

12.单选题

Toeverybody’ssurprise,therefereetooka______viewofthefoulanddidnotpunishtheplayeratall.

问题1选项

A.lenient

B.divergent

C.dim

D.cautious

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lenient“宽大的；仁慈的”；B选项divergent“相异的，分歧的；求异的，发散的；散开的”；C选项dim“暗淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，看不清的；悲观的，怀疑的”；D选项cautious“谨慎的；十分小心的”。句意：令大家吃惊的是，裁判对这次犯规很宽容，根本没有处罚球员。因此A选项正确。

13.单选题

Accordingtothenewschoolofscientiststechnologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.

Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.

Thecoreoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftenskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheearth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.

Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvsgeniusdispute.WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.

1.Whatleadstotheexpansionofscienceintermsofthenewschoolofscientists?

2.Whatisthenatureofscientificrevolutionaccordingtoaleaderofthenewschool?

3.Whydoesmodernschoolofscientistspayattentiontotheinventionandimprovementoftoolsandtechnology?

4.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Thecreativeideasofthegreatminds.

B.Thescientificknowledgeofthegeniuses.

C.Theimprovementofordinarytoolsandtechniques.

D.Theneglectedforceinscientificinnovations.

问题2选项

A.Ithelpstoinventaseriesofnewinstruments.

B.Itisactuallytheresultofthedevelopmentofaseriesofinstruments.

C.Itpushesthesciencetowardaparticulardirection.

D.Ithasimprovedthetechniquesininnumerabledirections.

问题3选项

A.Becausetheycanbeappliedinscientificexperiments.

B.Becausetheyaregreatlyadmiredbyscientistsandinventors.

C.Becausetheyareoverlookedbyhistoriansandphilosophers.

D.Becausetheycanbeservedasasourceofbasicinnovations.

问题4选项

A.Thegovernment'sdecisiononitsfinanceallocationisdeterminedbyitsopinionontheprioritybetweenscienceandtechnology.

B.Thegovernmenthasdevelopedpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnology.

C.Thegovernmenthasattachedmoreimportancetotechnologythanpurescience.

D.Thegovernmentwillnolongerincreasethefinancialsupporttopurescience.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第一段，“Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.”他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。A选项“伟大思想的创造性思想”，B选项“天才的科学知识”，C选项“普通工具和技术的改进”，D选项“科学创新中被忽视的力量”。因此，C选项符合题意。

2.细节事实题。根据题干定位到第一段的最后一句，“Inshort,aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementaninventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”简而言之，新学派的一位领袖认为，我们所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列仪器的改进、发明和使用，这些发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。A选项“它有助于发明一系列新仪器”，B选项“它实际上是一系列仪器发展的结果”，C选项“它把科学推向一个特定的方向”，D选项“它在无数方面改进了技术”。因此，B选项符合题意。

3.细节事实题。根据题干定位到原文的第二段，“Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.”多年来，工具和技术本身作为基础性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学哲学家们所忽视。A选项“因为他们可以应用于科学实验”，B选项“因为他们深受科学家和发明家的尊敬”，C选项“因为他们被历史学家和哲学家所忽视”,D选项“因为它们可以作为基本创新的源泉”。因此，D选项符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据题干定位到文章的最后一段，“WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.”政府是应该以牺牲技术为代价增加纯科学的融资，还是反过来增加纯科学的融资，往往取决于哪一方被视为驱动力的问题。A选项“政府对其资金配置的决定取决于其对科学与技术优先地位的看法”，B选项“政府以牺牲技术为代价发展了纯科学”，C选项“政府更重视技术而不是纯科学”，D选项“政府将不再增加对纯科学的资金支持”。因此，A选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Hisheart（）withexcitementashewaswaitingforthereceptionbytheleaders.

问题1选项

A.flapped

B.flourished

C.flushed

D.fluttered

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。flap“拍打,扔,飘动”;flourish“繁荣,活跃,夸耀”;flush“发红,使激动”;flutter“扑动,震颤”。句意:在等待领导接见时,他激动得心怦怦直跳。选项D符合句意。

15.单选题

Hisviolentbehaviorsometimesis_______hispersonalityofshynessandself-consciousness.

问题1选项

A.onconditionof

B.inlinewith

C.atoddswith

D.indisguiseof

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项onconditionof“只要”；B选项inlinewith“符合”；C选项atoddswith“与……不一致”；D选项indisguiseof“托辞，假扮成，打着……的幌子”。句意：他的暴力行为有时_______他的个性的害羞和自觉意识。根据语境，这里指他的暴力行为不会让人想到他会害羞，所以atoddswith“与……不一致”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

16.单选题

Theworldwillbeadvancingwithsuchgreatspeedthatour____willlookuponusandourtimewithasenseofsuperiority.

问题1选项

A.antecedents

B.descendants

C.predecessors

D.contemp