考研考博-英语-山西师范大学现代文理学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西师范大学现代文理学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Plasticbagsareusefulforholdingmanykindsoffood（）theircleanness,toughnessandlowcost.

问题1选项

A.byvirtueof

B.bymeansof

C.atsightof

D.bywayof

【答案】A

【解析】介词词义辨析。byvirtueof"由于,凭借";bymeansof"用,依靠";atsightof"一看见";bywayof"经由,当作"。句意：塑料袋可用来装各种食品,因为它清洁、耐用又价廉。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

Don’tlethiscriticism（）you;hebelongstothekindofpeoplewhoalwaystakegreatdelightinfindingfaultwithother’sbehavior.

问题1选项

A.persuade

B.concern

C.dismiss

D.discourage

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项persuade“说服”；B选项concern“影响，牵扯”；C选项dismiss“解散，解雇”；D选项discourage“阻止，使气馁”。句意：不要因为他的批评而（）；他是那种喜欢对别人的行为吹毛求疵的人。本句表达的意思“不要因为他的批评而气馁”，因此D选项符合题意。

3.单选题

AtplanningmeetingswiththeseniormanagementIoftenhadtoendurepredictablelittlejokesaboutme,butItookthem______.

问题1选项

A.withaviolentlaugh

B.onmyconscience

C.withagoodgrace

D.inthebesthumor

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。A项withaviolentlaugh“狂笑”，B项onmyconscience“在意”，C项withagoodgrace“情愿地，欣然地”，D项inthebesthumor“以最幽默的方式”。由前面句子的句意“在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些不出所料关于我的小笑话”，结合后面的but转折可知，“以最幽默的方式”符合语境。句意：在策划与高级管理人员的会议时，我经常不得不忍受那些可以预见的关于我的小笑话，但我以最幽默的方式接受了它们。因此，该题选择D项正确。

4.单选题

Sincethelate1970’s，inthefaceofaseverelossofmarketshareindozensofindustries,manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeentryingtoimproveproductivity—andthereforeenhancetheirinternationalcompetitivenessthroughcost-cuttingprograms.(Cost-cuttinghereisdefinedasraisinglaboroutputwhileholdingtheamountoflaborconstant.)However,from1978through1982,productivity——thevalueofgoodsmanufactureddividedbytheamountoflaborinput——didnotimprove;andwhiletheresultwerebetterinthebusinessupturnofthethreeyearsfollowing,theyran25percentlowerthanproductivityimprovementsduringearlier,post-1945upturns.Atthesametime,itbecameclearthatthehardermanufacturesworkedtoimplementcost-cuttingthemoretheylosttheircompetitiveedge.

Withthisparadoxinmind,Irecentlyvisited25companies.Itbecamecleartomethatthecost-cuttingapproachtoincreasingproductivityisfundamentallyflawed.Manufacturingregularlyobservesa“40,40,20”rule.Roughly40percentofanymanufacturing-basedcompetitiveadvantagederivesfromlong-termchangesinmanufacturingstructure(decisionsaboutthemember,size,location,andcapacityoffacilities)andinapproachestomaterials.Another40percentcomesfrommajorchangesinequipmentandprocesstechnology.Thefinal20percentrestsonimplementingconventionalcost-cutting.Thisruledoesnotimplythatcost-cuttingshouldnotbetried.Thewell-knowntoolsofthisapproachincludingsimplifyingjobsandretrainingemployeestoworksmarter,notharder——doproduceresults.Butthetoolsquicklyreachthelimitsofwhattheycancontribute.

Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovationanddiscouragescreativepeople.AsAbernathy’sstudyofautomobilemanufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofitsowninvestmentsincost-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilitytodevelopnewproducts.

EverycompanyIknowthathasfreeditselffromtheparadoxhasdoneso,inpart,bydevelopingandimplementingamanufacturingstrategy.Suchastrategyfocusesonthemanufactureandonequipmentandprocesstechnology.Inonecompanyamanufacturingstrategythatalloweddifferentareasofthefactorytospecializeindifferentmarketsreplacedtheconventionalcost-cuttingapproach,withinthreeyearsthecompanyregaineditscompetitiveadvantage.Togetherwithsuchstrategies,successfulcompaniesarealsoencouragingmanagerstofocusonawidersetofobjectivesbesidescuttingcost.Thereishopeformanufacturing,butitclearlyrestsonadifferentwayofmanaging.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanufacturersmentionedinPara1expectedthatthemeasurestheyimplementedwould（

）.

3.TheprimaryfunctionoftheFirstParagraphisto（

）.

4.TheauthorreferstoAbernathy’sstudymostprobablyinorderto（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecultureinmostfactoriesisbestdescribedas（

）.

问题1选项

A.summarizingathesis

B.recommendingadifferentapproach

C.comparingpointsofview

D.makingaseriesofpredictions

问题2选项

A.encourageinnovation

B.keeplaboroutputconstant

C.increasetheircompetitiveadvantage

D.causemanagerstofocusonawidersetofobjectives

问题3选项

A.outlineinbrieftheauthor’sargument

B.anticipatechallengestotheprescriptionsthatfollow

C.clarifysomedisputeddefinitionsofeconomicterms

D.presentahistoricalcontextfortheauthor’sobservations

问题4选项

A.qualifyanobservationaboutonemethodrulegoverningmanufacturing

B.supportanearlierassertionaboutonemethodofincreasingproductivity

C.suggestthecentralityintheUnitedStateseconomyofaparticularmanufacturingindustry

D.giveanexampleofresearchthathasquestionedthewisdomofrevisingamanufacturingstrategy

问题5选项

A.Critical

B.Disinterested

C.Respectful

D.Adulatory

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干询问‘这篇文章的作者主要关心的是…’文章一开始作者提出随着市场份额丢失，很多企业开始采用削减成本的策略；随后从几个方面指出这种策略的缺陷处；最后，作者提出了一种新的策略并证明它是行之有效的；根据这样的文章结构确定B选项“推荐一种不同的方法”正确。A选项“总结一个论点”，C选项“对不同的观点进行比较”和D选项“做出一系列的预测”都不能准确表达作者写作意图。

2.推理判断题。题干询问‘从文章中可以推断，第1段中提到的制造商期望他们所采取的措施将会…’从文章推断第一段中提到的生产商期望他们实施的策略能够怎样？根据文章第一段第一句“manufacturersintheUnitedStateshavebeentryingtoimproveproductivity——andthereforeenhancetheirinternationalcompetitiveness——throughcost-cuttingprograms.美国的制造商一直试图通过削减成本来提高生产率，从而增强其国际竞争力。”确定C选项“增加他们的竞争优势”正确可知生产商们是想要增强竞争力的，故答案选项为C。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘第一段的主要作用是…’文章第一段主要描述了20世纪70年代美国企业中的削减成本策略后出现的情况，所以D选项“介绍作者观察结果出现的历史背景”正确。

4.推理判断题。题干询问‘作者引用艾伯纳西的研究最有可能是为了…’根据文章第三段第二句‘AsAbernathy’sstudyofautomobilemanufacturershasshown,anindustrycaneasilybecomeprisonerofitsowninvestmentsincost-cuttingtechniques,reducingitsabilitytodevelopnewproducts.正如Abernathy对汽车制造商的研究表明，一个行业很容易成为自己在削减成本技术上投资的囚徒，从而降低了开发新产品的能力。’可以确定艾伯纳西的研究是为了证明前一句话‘Anotherproblemisthatthecost-cuttingapproachhindersinnovationanddiscouragescreativepeople.另一个问题是，削减成本的做法阻碍了创新，阻碍了有创造力的人。’所以B选项“支持前期有关一个提高生产率的方法的论断”正确。

5.观点态度题。题干询问‘作者对大多数工厂文化的态度可以用哪个词来描述？’文章一开始作者提出随着市场份额丢失，很多企业开始采用削减成本的策略；随后从几个方面指出这种策略的缺陷处；最后，作者提出了一种新的策略并证明它是行之有效的；所以B选项“无私的，公正的”正确。

5.单选题

Someoftheideasareverysimpleandsoundintuitivelyplausible.Theunderlinedpartmeans（）.

问题1选项

A.directly

B.reasonably

C.frankly

D.instinctively

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项directly“直接地；立即；马上”；B选项reasonably“合理地；相当地；适度地”；C选项frankly“坦率地；老实说”；D选项instinctively“本能地”。intuitively意为“直观地；直觉地”，D选项的意思最为接近。句意：有些想法非常简单，听起来觉得很有道理。

6.单选题

Hestudiedatafamouscollegewhenhewasyoung,（）contributedtohissuccessinlaterlife.

问题1选项

A.which

B.it

C.that

D.what

【答案】A

【解析】复合句语法知识。对定语从句的考查。题目为非限制性定语从句。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Shoesofthiskindare（

）tosliponwetground.

问题1选项

A.feasible

B.appropriate

C.apt

D.fitting

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。feasible“可行的”；appropriate“适当的，恰当的”；apt“恰当的，有……倾向的”；fitting“适合的，适宜的”。句意：这样的鞋子在湿地上容易打滑。选项C符合题意。

8.单选题

Afterthatshock,hisfriendsandfamilyoftenadvisehimnottodrinkmorewine

isgoodforhishealth.

问题1选项

A.that

B.than

C.as

D.but

【答案】C

【解析】考查连词的用法。根据句意，可知此处需要填入一个表示原因的连词。句意：在那次打击之后，他的朋友和家人经常劝他不要再喝酒了，因为这对他的健康有好处。选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

Chinaneedstoincreaseitsoverseasinvestment,especiallyinenergyandrawmaterials,asthiswill______worldsuppliesandbevitalforrebalancingtheworldeconomy.

问题1选项

A.indict

B.recruit

C.poke

D.boost

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.indict控告；起诉B.recruit吸收；招募

C.poke（用手指或其他东西）捅，戳，杵D.boost使增长；使兴旺

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据as可知，as在这里作为连词，表示原因，由主句Chinaneedstoincreaseitsoverseasinvestment（中国需要增加海外投资）可推知，will______worldsupplies指的是“将增加世界供应”，故该题选择D项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合句意。

【句意】中国需要增加海外投资，特别是在能源和原材料领域，因为这将增加世界供应，对世界经济的再平衡至关重要。

10.翻译题

即使在麦哲伦号航天器（Magellan）还未看穿金星（Venus）的云层覆盖之前，天文学家（astronomer）便很有把握地相信金星上没有水。金星的表面很热，至少有450摄氏度。它的温度超过了水星（Mercury），你也许认为水星会比金星热，因为它离太阳更近。然而，水星没有保温的大气层。

金星大气层中的二氧化碳（Carbondioxide）把太阳的热量保留了下来。这和温室能够保存太阳的热量好让植物生长类似。太阳的光线能够穿过云层到达金星表面，但其热量却无法逃逸。天文学家们懂得,水在如此炽热的环境下是无法以液体的形式存在的。然而，它附近的两颗行星——地球和火星（Mars）——却存在着水或冰。金星过去是否也曾有过水？

麦哲伦号航天器发回的照片没有提供曾有水存在的迹象。金星的表面有很多像河一样的长长的纹路，有些长达数百公里。但这些纹路似乎是熔岩（meltedrock）造成的，而不是水造成的。

金星上没有古海洋的迹象，也没有山峦被水冲刷的痕迹。一位天文学家说，金星太热，水星太冷，而地球恰好适合水的存在。

【答案】EvenbeforetheMagellanspacecraftsawthroughVenus’scloudcover,astronomerswereconfidentthatVenushadnowater.ThesurfaceofVenusisveryhot,atleast450degreesCelsius.It’shotterthanMercury,whichyoumightexpecttobehotterthanVenusbecauseit’sclosertotheSun.Mercury,however,hasnoinsulatingatmosphere.

TheCarbondioxideinVenus’atmospheretrapsthesun’sheat.Thisissimilartohowagreenhousepreservesthesun’sheattoallowplantstogrow.Thesun’srayscanpassthroughthecloudstoreachthesurfaceofVenus,butitsheatcannotescape.Astronomersknewthatwatercouldnotexistasaliquidinsuchhotconditions.However,twonearbyplanets,EarthandMars,havewaterorice.DidVenusoncehavewater?

PhotosfromtheMagellanspacecraftprovidenoevidencethatwatereverexisted.ThesurfaceofVenusislinedwithlongriverlines,somehundredsofkilometerslong.Buttheselinesseemtobecausedbylava,notwater.

Therearenosignsofanancientocean,ormountainswashedawaybywater.OneastronomersaysVenusistoohot,Mercuryistoocold,andEarthisjustrightforwater.

11.翻译题

在某种物理障碍物的后面，人们会感到安全。如果一种社会场景在某种方式上具有威胁性，那么就有必要设立这样的一种障碍。当一个小孩面对陌生人时，它会躲在母亲的身后，然后偷偷地观察闯入者下一少做什么。如果母亲不在身边，椅子或者其他的家具之类的东西也可以，那么小孩面对陌生人的问题就会得到解决。如果陌生人坚持地向它靠近，那张窥探的面孔也会一起藏起來。如果这位不敏感的闯入者继续靠近的话，虽然孩子已经明显表现出恐惧，那么小孩可能别无选择地哭泣或逃跑。

这种模式随着孩子的成熟，会逐渐地减少。但是在少女中，仍然可以发现他们咯咯笑的时候会用手或纸捂着面孔。在我们成年之后，童年时期的躲藏以及青少年时期的害羞在我们勇敢地见我们的客人、同伴、亲戚、同事以及客户的时候，就会全部地消失。

【答案】【参考译文】

Behindsomekindofphysicalbarrier,peoplefeelsafe.Ifasocialscenarioisthreateninginsomeway,itisnecessarytoerectsuchabarrier.Whenachildfacesastranger,ithidesbehinditsmotherandsecretlywatcheswhattheintruderdoesnext.Ifthemotherisn'taround,achairorotherpieceoffurniturewilldo,andthechild'sproblemwithstrangerswillbesolved.Ifthestrangerpersistedinapproachingit,thepeepingfacewouldhidewithhim.Iftheinsensitiveintrudercontinuestoapproach,thechildmayhavenochoicebuttocryorrunaway,eventhoughfearisalreadyevident.

Thispatterndiminishesasthechildgrowsup.Butamongteenagegirls,theycanstillbefoundgigglingwiththeirhandsorpaperovertheirfaces.Afterwereachadulthood,thehidingofchildhoodandtheshynessofadolescencealldisappearwhenwebravelymeetourguests,companions,relatives,colleaguesandclients.

12.单选题

Thejunior（

）wasimpatientforpromotionbutknewthathewouldonlygetitbysteppingintoadeadman’sshoes.

问题1选项

A.executive

B.explosive

C.captive

D.addictive

【答案】A

【解析】考察形近词辨析。executive总经理；执行官；explosive爆炸物，炸药；captive俘虏；addictive使人上瘾的。句意：这位初级执行官急不可耐地想要提升，但是他很清楚他只能等待填补死人的空缺。选项A符合句意。

13.单选题

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

问题1选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

问题2选项

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

问题3选项

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

问题4选项

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

问题5选项

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:1.事实细节题。本题有两个问题。第一个是“哪一种佛教扩大了菩萨的范畴”，第四段最后一句说到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”扩大了菩萨的范畴；第二个问题，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩萨与佛在艺术表现上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正说到了两者在艺术方面的区别“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在艺术上，菩萨和佛最明显的区别是他们的服饰：菩萨穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第2题:2.事实细节题。本题同样有两个问题。第一个问题“哪种佛教强调个人发展以达到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句说到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）强调自我修养，以达到涅槃的目的，即不再轮回，因此是小乘佛教强调个人发展达到涅槃；第二个问题“什么是涅槃”，因为涅槃是佛教强调的个人发展目的，因此涅槃与佛有关，第三段中说到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一个看到世界终极本质的人，因此不再受制于轮回，也就是生、死和重生的循环，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循环。对比选项发现B选项符合题意。

第3题:3.事实细节题。题干中受到父亲庇护的Siddhartha出现在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，释迦牟尼在出生时，被预言他或将是征服世界的统治者，或将是一个完全开悟的人。他的父亲希望他成为像自己一样的统治者，想让他免受痛苦而努力保护他。对比选项可知D选项正确。

第4题:4.事实细节题。本题又是两个问题。第一个问题“什么样的佛教在佛陀死后500年才兴盛起来，而且主要在东方发展得更远”，第四段第三句说到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年内，另一种佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起来；它最终在中国（作为禅宗和藏传佛教）和韩国、日本（作为禅宗）兴盛起来。第二个问题“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句说到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目标不是为涅槃，而是为宇宙中的每一个众生成佛（开悟）。对比选项可知A选项正确。

第5题:5.事实细节题。第二段中说到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在萨马斯的鹿园里进行了他的第一次教导，阐述了四圣谛的内容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…对比选项可知C选项正确。

14.单选题

Incalculatingthedailycalorierequirementsforanindividual,variationsinbodysize,physicalactivityandageshouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.broughtintopractice

B.takenintoaccount

C.thrownlighton

D.lookeddownupon

【答案】B

【解析】bringintopractice实行；takeintoaccount考虑；throwlighton照亮，阐明，使……显得清楚；lookdownupon看不起。句意：在计算个人每日所需热量时，应考虑到体型、体力活动和年龄的变化。选项B符合句意。

15.单选题

Thisfocusonrotememorizationcanbe____tocultivatingstrongcreativethinkersorcomingupwiththeirownwayofdoingthings.

问题1选项

A.detrimental

B.conducive

C.confidential

D.perceptual

【答案】A

【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项detrimental“不利的；有害的”；B选项conducive“有益的；有助于”；C选项confidential“机密的；表示信任的”；D选项perceptual“感知的；有知觉的”。句意：专注于死记硬背，对于培养具有强大的创造性思维思考者是____的，对于形成他们自己的做事方式也是____的。想培养创造性思维不能只死记硬背，A选项detrimental“不利的；有害的”符合语境。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

16.翻译题

Ofcourse,thereisfarmoreoilundergroundthancanberecovered.Itmaybeinapooltoosmallortoofarfromapotentialmarkettojustifytheexpenseofdrilling.Someoilliesunderregionswheredrillingisforbidden,suchasnationalparksorotherpubliclands.Evengiventhebestextractiontechniques,onlyabout30to40percentoftheoilinagivenpoolcanbebroughttothesurface.Therestisfartoodifficulttoextractandhastoremainunderground.

Moreover,gettingpetroleumoutofthegroundandfromundertheseaandtotheconsumercancreateenvironmentalproblemsanywherealongtheline.Pipelinescarryingoilcanbebrokenbyfaultsorlandslides,causingseriousoilspills.Spillagefromhugeoil-carryingcargoships,calledtankers,involvedincollisionsoraccidentalgroundings(suchastheoneoffAlaskain1989)cancreateoilslicksatsea.Offshoreplatformsmayalsoloseoil,creatingoilslicksthatdriftashoreandfoulthebeaches,harmingtheenvironment.Sometimes,thegroundatanoilfieldmaysubsideasoilisremoved.TheWilmingtonfieldnearLongBeach,California,hassubsidedninemetersin50years;protectivebarriershavehadtobebuilttopreventseawaterfromfloodingthearea.Finally,therefiningandburningofpetroleumanditsproductscancauseairpollution.Advancingtechnologyandstrictlaws,however,arehelpingcontrolsomeoftheseadverseenvironmentaleffects.

【答案】参考译文：

当然，地下还能发现更多的石油，油藏可能太小或远离潜在的市场因而钻井费用过高。一些石油存在于禁止钻井的地区，如国家公园或其他公共土地。即使提供最好的提取技术，油藏中也只有大约30%到40%的石油可以抽至地面。其余的因为太难抽取而不得不留在地下。

此外，从地下和海底开采石油并运送到消费者的途中的任何地方都会产生环境问题。石油运输管道可能因为故障或塌方损坏，造成严重的石油泄露。运载石油的油轮在发生碰撞或意外搁浅（如在1989年阿拉斯加发生的油轮搁浅）的情况下，石油泄露会导致海上产生浮油。海上钻井平台也可能会泄漏石油，导致油污漂流到岸上造成海滩污染，危害环境。有时一个油田的石油被抽取后，地面会发生下沉。加利福尼亚州长滩附近的威尔明顿油田在50年内下沉了9米；人们不得不建造保护屏障以防止海水灌进这个地区。最后，石油的炼制、燃烧以及其产品也会造成空气污染。不过，先进的技术和严格的法律正在协助控制这些对环境的不利影响。

17.单选题

Asanimportant（）forouremotionsandideas,musiccanplayahugeroleinourlife.

问题1选项

A.vessel

B.vest

C.venture

D.vehicle

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项vessel“船，器皿”，B项vest“背心，汗衫”，C项venture“冒险旅行”，D项vehicle“车辆，交通工具，运载工具”。后文提到“音乐在生活中发挥重要作用”，根据前文的ouremotionandideas（我们的情感和思想）可知空格处表示“载体”。句意：作为情感和思想的重要载体，音乐在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。因此，该题D项正确。

18.单选题

Onlybypublishingatleastfivearticlesontopjournals（

）havethechancetobepromotedtoprofessors.

问题1选项

A.teacherscan

B.canteachers

C.ateachercan

D.canateacher

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。这里考查的是部分倒装结构。句子开头是only引导的状语结构，用来修饰整个句子时，空格部分主句的谓语动词应该使用部分倒装结构。故需要将情态动词和助动词提前。句意为：只有顶级期刊上发表至少五篇论文，老师们才有机会晋升为教授。因此选项B正确。

19.单选题

Iaskedseveralvillagersthewaytotheriver,butnoneofthemwasvery（）.

问题1选项

A.trustworthy

B.knowledgeable

C.considerate

D.forthcoming

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。trustworthy“可靠的，可信赖的”；knowledgeable“知识渊博的，有知识的”；considerate“体贴的”；forthcoming“即将来临的”。句意：我问了好几个村民怎么样去那条河，但是他们的说法都不可靠。A项符合题意。

20.单选题

Becausethereisevidenceofseverelyharmfuleffectsfromchemicaldumps,thegovernmenthas_____tougherclean-upmeasures.

问题1选项

A.imposed

B.impulsed

C.implemented

D.incorporated

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项imposedv.强加，征税，以……欺骗；B选项impulsedv.推动；C选项implementedv.实施，执行；D选项incorporatedv.吸收，合并，包含。根据句意可知，有证据表明化学排污引起严重危害，因此，政府已经实施了严厉的清理方案。因此，C项符合题意。

21.单选题

TheEnglishteacherpausedafewseconds______themosteffectivewordtoexpresshismeaning.

问题1选项

A.embarkingon

B.embroilingin

C.branchingout

D.gropingfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查短语辨析。A项embarkon“从事，着手，登上船”，B项embroilin“使（自己或某人）卷入，牵连”，C项branchout“长出枝条，扩展范围，偏离主题”，D项gropefor“探索”。由themosteffectiveword“最有效的词”可知，四个选项中只有gropefor符合语境。句意：英语老师停顿了几秒钟，想找一个最有效的词来表达他的意思。因此，该题选择D项正确。

22.单选题

Everymonth¥3is（

）fromoursalaryforhouserepairingpayment.

问题1选项

A.excluded

B.expelled

C.compelled

D.docked

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。exclude“排除，排斥”；expel“开除，逐出”；compel“迫使，强迫”；dock“扣除”。句意：每个月会从我们的工资中扣除3元作为房屋维修基金。选项D符合题意。

23.单选题

Histestimonyisofno____tothecase.

问题1选项

A.relevance

B.relation

C.substance

D.connection

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.relevance相关性B.relation关系

C.substance根据D.connection关联

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析

【解题思路】原句句意为“他的证词与此案没有____”，根据选项推测，原句想表达的是“没有关系；不相关”，即他的证词与这个案件不相关，对这个案件没有帮助，A选项relevance“相关性”，最符合要求。某物与某一情境的相关性（relevance）是指它对该情境的重要性或意义。

【干扰项排除】

B选项relation“关系”，侧重于指两者之间的关系，比如艺术与生活之间的关系；

C选项substance“根据”，不符合原句语义衔接；

D选项connection“关联”，与relation相似，侧重于指两者之间的关系。

【句意】他的证词与此案并不相关。

24.单选题

SocialcircumstancesinEarlyModernEnglandmostlyservedtorepresswomen’svoices.Patriarchalcultureandinstitutionsconstructedthemaschaste,silent,obedient,andsubordinate.Atthebeginningof17thcentury,theideologyofpatriarchy,politicalabsolutism,andgenderhierarchywerereaffirmedpowerfullybyKingJamesinTheTrewLawofFreeMonarchieandtheBasilikonDoron;bythatideologytheabsolutepowerofGodthesupremepatriarchwasseentobeimagedintheabsolutemonarchofthestateandinthehusbandandfatherofafamily.Accordingly,awoman’ssubjection,firsttoherfatherandthentoherhusband,imagedthesubjectionofEnglishpeopletotheirmonarch,andofallChristianstoGod.Also,theperiodsawanoutpouringofrepressiveorovertlymisogynistsermons,tracts,andplays,detailingwomen’sphysicalandmentaldefects,spiritualevils,rebelliousness,shrewishness,andnaturalinferioritytomen.

Yetsomesocialandculturalconditionsservedtoempowerwomen.DuringtheElizabethanera(1558——1603)theculturewasdominatedbyapowerfulQueen,whoprovidedanimpressivefemaleexamplethoughsheleftscantculturalspaceforotherwomen.Elizabethanwomenwritersbegantoproduceoriginaltextsbutwereoccupiedchieflywithtranslation.Inthe17thcentury,however,variouscircumstancesenabledwomentowriteoriginaltextsinsomenumbers.Foronething,somecounterweighttopatriarchywasprovidedbyfemalecommunities—mothersanddaughters,extendedkinshipnetworks,closefemalefriends